Laminate tso cai rau koj kom zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm zoo nkauj hauv pem teb yam tsis hloov tus qauv tsim ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Ntxiv mus, cov flooring no tuaj yeem ua ke nrog qee qhov kev sib txuas lus, ua rau lawv nyob hauv ib qho chaw hauv av. Nws tsuas yog tso cov laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes kom nws ua haujlwm tau ntev thiab tsis poob nws cov khoom zoo nkauj.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov laminated vaj huam sib luag zoo?
Laminate feem ntau siv hauv thaj chaw nyob, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm naturalness, thawj kev ntxhib los mos thiab ergonomics. Tab sis lub ntsiab parameter ntawm kev xaiv yuav yog chav kawm muaj zog. Yog li, muaj cov chav kawm 31, 32, 33 thiab 34. Thawj ob yog tsim rau txhua chav hauv tsev lossis chav tsev. Pawg 33 thiab 34 yog kev lag luam ib nrab, uas yog, npaj rau cov txheej txheem uas yuav ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv. Cov qauv zoo li no yuav tsum tau xaiv rau txoj hauv kev lossis txoj kev hauv tsev. Tom ntej no, xyuam xim rau lub thickness. Nws tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm lamellae, tab sis rau ntau dua txiav txim siabdamping peev xwm ntawm txheej. Qhov ntawd yog elasticity thiab rigidity. Qhov teeb meem ntau dua lub hauv paus rau kev tso, qhov tuab ntawm cov panels yuav tsum yog. Yuav ua li cas nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes rau ntawm qhov chaw nrog pits thiab pob? Hauv qhov no, txawm tias lub thickness ntawm 12 hli yuav tsis tso cai rau koj ua yam tsis muaj substrate lossis lwm txheej txheej. Tab sis qhov teeb meem no daws nws tus kheej ntawm theem ntawm kev npaj nto. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw lawv tus kheej kuj raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Rau chav dej thiab chav ua noj, qhov ntsuas dej tsis haum yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb, hauv chav nyob - cov organic ua ke nrog kev ntxhib los mos ntawm sab hauv, thiab rau chav pw - txo suab nrov.
Yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom yuav tsum tau rau kev teeb tsa?
Los ntawm cov cuab yeej koj yuav xav tau cov hauv qab no:
- Level los yog kab kav dej. Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov qib hluav taws xob nrog qhov ua tau ntawm laser projection ntawm cov kab teeb ci.
- Txoj kev txiav cov slats. Tsuas yog qee zaus nws muaj peev xwm nteg laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes siv cov khoom vaj huam sib luag nkaus xwb. Raws li cov npoo thiab hauv thaj chaw nyuaj, nws yuav zoo yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom tawg thiab qhov chaw ntawm lamella. Rau kev txiav, nws raug nquahu kom siv jigsaw lossis hacksaw rau hlau.
- Rauj los yog mallet. Siv cov cuab yeej no, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tamp lub panels rau qhov xav tau txoj haujlwm.
- Planer. Tej zaum yuav xav tau thaum npaj lub hauv paus ntoo - kom tshem tawm cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus thaum leveling saum npoo.
Koj tseem yuav xav tau cov khoom siv hauv qab no:
- Txiav ceg txheem ntseeg. Rau tuav ruajslats.
- Plinth.
- YPlastic film.
- Kaw. Lub tsev sib txuas yog siv, raws li txoj cai, haum rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntoo.
- Nkauj.
- Hardware. Mounting cov ntaub ntawv xws li dowels thiab self-tapping screws.
Tsis tas yuav tsum muaj tag nrho cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, tab sis raws li txoj cai, txhua qhov ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum npaj ua haujlwm. Qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no lossis cov khoom siv thaum lub sijhawm npaj tsis tau txhais hais tias qhov kev xav tau ntawm nws yuav tsis tshwm sim hauv chav ua haujlwm.
Kev tso chaw dav dav
Lub durability ntawm txheej yog ua kom ntseeg tau zoo los ntawm kev teeb tsa zoo. Parquet floorers pom zoo ua raws li cov cai hauv qab no hauv ntu no:
- zoo microclimatic tswj hwm. Cov av noo hauv chav ua haujlwm yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 40 thiab 70% thiab qhov kub ntawm 15 txog 30 ° C. Qhov no tsis siv rau cov laminate tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rau kev teeb tsa hauv chav dej lossis chav ua noj.
- Tsis muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov chaw tso. Lub tshuab installation tsis tso cai rau qhov sib txawv nrog tus nqi ntawm 2 hli ib 1 m2. Qhov no feem ntau siv rau qhov ntxhib screed. Yuav ua li cas nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm lub pob zeb nto nrog qhov siab sib txawv? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, kev npaj tsim nyog ntawm lub hauv paus yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj leveling thiab priming agents. Kev tso ntxiv yog ua raws li kev siv tshuab dav dav.
- Ntog kev ntseeg tau. Txawm hais tias lub hauv paus txawm thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag, nwsinstability yog ib qho kev txwv rau laminate installation. Qhov no feem ntau siv rau cov ntoo hauv pem teb nteg rau ntawm cov cav lwj, tshwj xeeb.
- Koj tsuas tuaj yeem mount lamellas uas yav tas los khaws cia hauv chav sov li ob hnub.
Npaj subfloor
Yog lub hom phiaj muaj cov txheej qub, nws yuav tsum raug tshem tawm. Qhov no siv rau cov ntaub pua plag, parquet, paintwork, linoleum, thiab lwm yam. Mounting rau tej qhov chaw yog tsis tso cai. Tom qab dismantling, qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub hauv paus ntxhib raug soj ntsuam. Yuav ua li cas nteg laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm ib tug ntoo flooring yog hais tias muaj tsis ruaj tsis khov los yog puas qhov chaw? Txhua lub rooj tsav xwm tsis zoo yuav tsum tau hloov nrog cov fasteners. Yog hais tias peb tab tom tham txog ib tug laus plank flooring, ces nws yog advisable mus ua ib tug ua tiav bulkhead ntawm flooring nrog lags. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov khoom lag luam tshiab thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm tib hom yog npaj ua ntej. Tom qab dismantling hauv pem teb, lawv yuav muab ntsia rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm rotten thiab deformed ntsiab. Self-tapping screws thiab screws kuj tau siv tshiab thaum hloov.
Ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb kuj xav tau rau kev ua vaj tse screed. Cov neeg ua hauj lwm priming uas twb tau hais lawm yuav tso cai rau koj los tsim cov laminate zoo nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm cov pob zeb hauv pem teb. Lawv sau cov qhov me me, tawg thiab lwm yam tsis zoo. Yog tias qhov kev puas tsuaj tob tau sau tseg thoob plaws tag nrho cov tuab ntawm screed, ces nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov polymer qhuav nrog cov nyhuv ntawm tus kheej. Vim lawv cov fluidity siab, lawv tsis tsuas yog ua rau kev puas tsuaj tob, tab sis kuj tsim ib txheej nyias thiab tawv ntawm cov screed tshiab rau saum npoo.
Device substrate hauv qabslats
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb lub substrate siv nyob rau hauv cov slats. Kev saib xyuas yog kos rau ntau yam ntxwv: txo suab nrov, cushioning thiab waterproofing zog. Rau cov ntoo decks, nyob rau hauv txoj cai, rwb thaiv tsev los rau pem hauv ntej. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, ua npuas ncauj thiab polyethylene zaj duab xis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nrog xws li substrates, koj muaj peev xwm qualitatively nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm ib tug ntoo pem teb siv tus kheej-nplaum daim kab xev los yog nplaum daim kab xev, withstanding 20 cm overlaps. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev, suab nrov txo thiab cushioning muaj peev xwm, films yog qhov phem tshaj kev daws.
Extruded polystyrene ua npuas ncauj yog pom zoo rau soundproofing. Nws sib npaug qhov sib txawv qhov siab txog li 4 cm, khaws cov cua sov hauv cov chav tsis muaj cua sov, thiab tseem tiv thaiv sab nraub qaum ntawm lamella los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov kab mob thiab pwm. Kev teeb tsa yog nqa tawm kawg-rau-kawg nrog kev tsaws ntawm nthuav dav polystyrene panels ntawm cov kua nplaum. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws, uas tsis suav nrog kev siv cov substrate hauv chav pw thiab chaw zov me nyuam.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab me ntsis kev daws teeb meem rau kev teeb tsa ntawm lub substrate yuav yog cork board lossis ntoo-fiber panels. Ob leeg cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov suab nrov txo cov nyhuv, leveling peev xwm thiab cushioning. Tab sis yuav ua li cas nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes rau ntawm ib tug substrate ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm, thiaj li hais tias pwm thiab noo noo tsis ua puas nws? Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, koj yuav tau siv ib tug ua ke mus kom ze nrog rau kev tso cork los yog ntoo boards.nyob rau hauv ib tug waterproofing txheej ntawm polyethylene ua npuas ncauj. Nws yog ib qho ua tau los npaj cov yob ntawm 1-1.5 m txhua, ua tib qhov sib tshooj ntawm 20 cm thaum lub sij hawm tso, kho daim kab xev yog glued raws cov pob qij txha, thiab cov npoo yog ntxiv kho nrog mounting kua nplaum. Raws li kev kho cork thiab ntoo fiber ntau panels, lawv feem ntau yog ntsia rau ntawm cov kua nplaum, txawm hais tias kev hloov kho nruj dua ntawm cov laug cam kuj tuaj yeem kho tau siv dowels nrog tus kheej tapping screws.
Yuav ua li cas nteg ib lub laminate rau hauv pem teb nrog koj tus kheej tes yam tsis muaj substrate?
Kev tso cai tso cai rau koj tshem tawm ntau yam kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ib zaug, tab sis koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws. Muaj cov kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb ntawm lamellas, uas muaj cov damper thiab suab-absorbing txheej twb muab rau sab nraub qaum. Lub tsuas drawback ntawm xws li panels yog hais tias lawv yog muab tshwj xeeb rau cov hauv paus ca. Ntawd yog, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsis muab cov nyhuv leveling, thiab ntawm qhov tsis sib xws me ntsis, cov qauv tuaj yeem deformed. Yuav ua li cas nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes raws li cov lus qhia, yog hais tias lub substrate tsis muab? Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau siv cov nplaum tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua kua substrate, uas yog sib npaug zos rau qhov ntxhib nto. Tom qab tso cov lamellas, cov hlua khi ruaj ruaj kho cov khoom rau hauv pem teb. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov pob no kuj nce ob qho tib si txo nqi thiab kev nqus suab nrov.
Koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub substrate yog tias koj npaj yuav nruab ib lub tsev sov hauv ib qho chaw hauv av. Qhov no system, nyob rau hauv txoj cai, muab rau rwb thaiv tsev ntawm sab sauv, tab sishard flooring nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv yuav tsim qhov tsim nyog damping nyhuv. Lwm qhov yog tias lub zog thermal los ntawm infrared lev thiab hluav taws xob cables tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo. Yog li ntawd, laminate flooring tsuas yog ua ke nrog dej hauv pem teb cua sov tshuab. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kws txawj pom zoo kom siv lamellas nrog ib tug nruj thiab kub-resistant puag.
Yuav ua li cas txiav laminate?
Txoj kev xav, txhua tus cutters tsim rau ntoo lossis hlau yog tsim rau txiav lamellae. Cov khoom yog malleable heev, yog li cov txheej txheem yuav tsis ua teeb meem. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, tsuas yog ib tug hluav taws xob jigsaw los yog ib tug hacksaw rau hlau yuav tso cai rau koj kom tau ib tug high-zoo thiab txawm txiav. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev xaiv thib ob suav nrog kev ua phau ntawv ntawm ib qho me me ntawm qhov khoob. Lub jigsaw, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav tso cai rau koj kom tau txais tusyees sawn fragments ntawm tej complexity. Kev ua haujlwm yuav muaj cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
- Tshuaj xyuas thiab kho cov jigsaw. Yog hais tias tus qauv yog rechargeable, cov theem nqi nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb yog xyuas, thiab yog hais tias tus qauv yog lub mains, cov hluav taws xob thaiv yog xyuas. Qhov zoo ntawm cov fasteners thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab yeej raug ntsuas cais.
- Cov kab txiav raug cim - tus txiav yuav raug coj raws lawv.
- Lub workpiece muab tso rau ntawm lub tiaj tiaj thiab tom qab ntawd tuav nrog ib txhais tes. Ob txhais tes yuav txiav. Qhov kev txiav yuav tsum tau ua nrog me ntsis offset los ntawm cov kab kos mus rau sab saud - yav tom ntej qhov no yuav tso cai rau koj tso cov laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes nrog cov khoom zoo thiab tsis muaj qhov khoob. Video qhia txog txheej txheemTxoj kev txiav lamella qhia hauv qab no qhia txog tus txheej txheem no.
- Tom qab txiav, yog tias tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem zom cov npoo nrog nplua-grained abrasive.
Txoj kev sib txuas slats
Qhov kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj yog siv cov nplaum. Kev tsim kho lossis cov nplaum nplaum yuav tso cai rau koj kom ruaj ntseg kho cov npoo ntawm lamellas ntawm qhov chaw teeb tsa. Cov txheej txheem ua tiav yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab rab phom foob yuav pab taw tes laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm cov kua nplaum. Nrog nws cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem ua tib zoo qhia qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau hauv qhov chaw nyuaj mus txog thaum tso lamellas. Txoj kev no yog qhov tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas nws tau npaj los tsim cov cheeb tsam loj ntawm thaj chaw nrog cov kev xav tau siab. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev nplaum ntawm kev txhim kho laminated panels muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom dismantle lamellas yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, tsis txhob hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kua nplaum tuaj yeem qhuav thiab poob zoo li lub sijhawm, uas thaum kawg ua rau lub laminate nws tus kheej puas.
Ntau cov thev naus laus zis thiab kev yooj yim dua los txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hauv pem teb koom nrog kev siv Nyem thiab Xauv xauv. Hauv thawj kis, cov txheej txheem tenon-groove fastening ntawm 30-degree lub kaum sab xis yog siv, thiab cov txheej txheem thib ob feem ntau yog siv hauv cov qauv chamfered. Qhov kev xaiv no yog qhov nyuaj dua, tab sis nws muab kev txhim khu kev qha ntau dua. Yuav ua li cas nteg laminate nrog chamfer nrog koj tus kheej tes? Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib txuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias lub stacker yuav tsum tau kho kom raug cov npoo ntawm ob lamellas rau ib leeg los ntawm kov - ib tug tshwj xeeb connector ntawm ib lub vaj huam sib luag pib.lub xauv qhov rooj yog qhov thib ob, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hneev taw ua kom txog thaum nws nyem.
Packing configurations
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws raug nquahu kom ua raws li txoj cai tso rau hauv ib qho kev coj mus rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub hnub ci kom tsis pom kev ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov pob qij txha. Yog tias qhov nuance no tsis ua lub luag haujlwm, ces koj tuaj yeem xaiv ib qho ntawm peb txoj kev ua vaj tse:
- Classic. Hom ca mounting configuration nyob rau hauv vaj huam sib luag kab. Txoj kev no yuav tso cai rau koj tso cov laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab tsis txiav txhua. Cov lus qhia rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheej classic kuj tseem sau tseg tias thaum pib ntawm thawj kab, koj tuaj yeem nruab ib lub rooj tsavxwm nrog qhov ntev ntawm yam tsawg 30 cm. Qhov no thawj zaug tawg tau them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov txheej, tsis muaj kev nyuaj. taub qab pob qij txha.
- Chess styling. Qhov kev xaiv no suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua kab txuas ntxiv mus rau yav dhau los ib nrab ntawm ib qho lamella. Kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txheej yuav raug xyuas, tab sis nrog pov tseg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 10-15%.
- kab pheeb ces kaum mounting. Technically txoj kev nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tso, uas cov lamellas tsis yog perpendicular rau phab ntsa, tab sis obliquely ntawm lub kaum sab xis 45-degree. Yuav ua li cas nteg laminate diagonally nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes? Ntawm lub kaum sab xis saum toj no, cov vaj huam sib luag uas tau npaj yuav muab tso rau hauv thawj kab yog trimmed. Yog li, tag nrho cov huab lamellas yuav tsum tau txais kev txiav angular. Raws li, cov khoom pov tseg yuav yog 15-20%.
slat installation cov lus qhia
Thaum tag nrho cov khoom siv nrog cov cuab yeej npaj tau thiab xaiv cov kab hluav taws xob zoo, koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Yuav ua li cas nteg laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes? Cov lus qhia ua ntu zus hauv qab no yuav pab koj daws txoj haujlwm no:
- Nyob ntawm phab ntsa, uas yuav yog qhov chaw pib rau kev tso, npaj cov npoo yog tsau. Lawv yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv me me ntawm phab ntsa thiab thawj kab ntawm lamellas.
- Pib pib ntawm lub ces kaum, koj yuav tsum nteg thawj lub caij, uas tam sim ntawd kho lub vaj huam sib luag nyob ib sab. Qhov no yog li cas tag nrho thawj kab yog sib sau ua ke.
- kab thib ob yuav tsum pib nrog kev tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm 15-20 cm.
- Thaum ob kab tiav lawm, koj yuav tsum koom nrog lawv cov npoo nrog txoj kev xaiv kev sib txuas. Tso lub laminate ntawm cov kua nplaum nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes tsis yog qhov nyuaj yog tias koj siv cov phom mounting uas twb muaj lawm pointwise ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txuas. Tab sis thaum tso lub xauv, yuav tsum muaj kev pab los ntawm ib tug khub, vim koj yuav tsum nqa ob kab sib sau ua ke ntawm ob sab thiab koom nrog cov vaj huam sib luag ntawm qhov kawg.
- kab kawg yog ua tib zoo ntsuas. Lub cim thiab trimming ntawm lub panels rau nws yog ua nyob rau hauv lub kawg, thaum lub parameters ntawm qhov chaw txoj hauj lwm yog raws nraim paub. Raws li qhov ntev, nws raug txiav thiab muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa nrog tib lub npoo, tab sis los ntawm sab nraud.
Yuav ua li cas nteg laminate rau ntawm phab ntsa nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes?
Laminated panels yog txuam nrog hauv pem teb, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem kho cov phab ntsa. Kev teeb tsa tau ua nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:
- Nrog kua nplaum haum. Yog thaum lub sij hawm hauv pem teb nteg nplaumQhov loj yog siv pointwise mus rau kho cov npoo ntawm txhua lamella, tab sis nws yog tsim nyog los kho cov khoom mus rau lub phab ntsa nyob rau hauv ib tug nruam txoj kev nrog preliminary txheej ntawm nto. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau ib qho los ntawm ib qho nrog tos kom txog thaum txhua kab dries.
- Nyob rau ntawm lub crate. Txoj kev classic ntawm mounting panels thiab cladding nplooj ntawv vertically. Yuav ua li cas nteg ib lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej tes rau ntawm phab ntsa nrog lub crate? Lub thav duab yog mounted los ntawm ntoo blocks, tom qab uas txhua lub vaj huam sib luag yog alternated fastened nrog clamps thiab kua rau tes.
Txoj kev siv phab ntsa mounted ntawm kev siv laminate yog yooj yim vim qhov tseeb tias cov kev xav tau siab tsis raug yuam rau lamellas hais txog kev hnav tsis kam. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv thinner thiab sib dua tuaj yeem siv tau. Kev txhim kho kuj yooj yim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub crate, txij li kev npaj tshwj xeeb ntawm phab ntsa nto nrog nws cov kev sib dhos tsis suav nrog.
Zaj lus
Txawm hais tias laminate yog cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis thiab ua haujlwm, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev thiab xav tau hauv kev teeb tsa. Qhov no yog vim ob qho tib si rau cov qauv thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no cuam tshuam txog lub hauv paus tsim. Piv txwv li, yuav ua li cas nteg lub laminate nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ntawm lub pob zeb nto uas muaj cov kab nrib pleb thiab pob? Txawm hais tias noj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheej substrate yuav tso cai rau qee qhov tsis xws luag, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev lawv yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej hnov los ntawm txheej txheej. Yog li ntawd, nws yog thawj zaug pom zoo kom ua ib qho kev kho tshwj xeeb ntawm hauv pem teb siv grout, primer thiab pa cement compositions. Yog li cascov plag tsev ntoo ua haujlwm kho thiab kho dua qub, tab sis nrog lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb thiab siv cov ntoo ua khoom siv.
