Ib yam ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem yog kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic. Hais txog dab tsi ceramics yog, hom twg nws muab faib ua, dab tsi yog tsim los ntawm nws, nyeem hauv kab lus.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Ceramics yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov khoom ua los ntawm cov av nplaum uas tau raug rho tawm haujlwm. Ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los ua ntej tib neeg tuaj yeem tsim cov lus luv luv no. Tus txiv neej tau txaus siab rau kev tsim cov tais diav thaum nws tsis ua neej nyob thiab pib ua neej nyob. Kev tsim cov khoom siv tes ua tau yooj yim los ntawm kev txuas mus rau qhov chaw nyob mus tas li. Tib neeg tau dhau lawv txoj kev txawj ntse los ntawm cov laus mus rau cov hluas.
Nws yog qhov ua tau tias ceramics yog thawj cov khoom uas tib neeg tsim. Ceramics yog dab tsi? Ancient txiv neej tsis muab faib ua hom. Hauv nws txoj kev nkag siab, cov khoom hu ua av nplaum sib xyaw nrog txiv qaub, quartz lossis feldspar. Tus tswv tau ua tiav tag nrho cov no rau hauv ib pawg ntawm ib qho sib xws, tsim cov khoom manually, thiab tom qab ntawd rau ntawm lub lauj kaub lub log, thiab tua nws.
Ceramics hu ua dab tsi?
Greek rau "av nplaum". Ceramics yog dab tsi? Qhov tseeb, nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj xws li av nplaum,xuab zeb, zircon thiab lwm yam. Tus txiv neej tau koom nrog cov khoom siv tes ua los ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv ceramic hauv daim ntawv uas peb paub txij thaum nws tau kawm cov txuj ci ntawm melting organic particles ntawm qhov kub siab - txog 2500 degrees.
av nplaum tau txais cov khoom zoo ntawm ceramics hauv hluav taws. Cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov av nplaum dawb tau siv hu ua porcelain. Dawb av nplaum ua ke nrog quartz xuab zeb yog faience. Cov khoom los ntawm av nplaum liab - pottery.
Type of ceramics
Kev kos duab ntawm ceramics yog ib qho khoom siv pej xeem txij thaum ub. Cov khoom adorned lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg, lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv ceramic tau txawv nyob ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom, cov khoom siv raw, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txheej, thiab lub hom phiaj. Cov kws txawj ua lub lauj kaub tais diav ua paj lauj kaub, jugs rau mis nyuj thiab kvass, ntau lub tais, tais thiab ntau lwm yam khoom siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Cov khoom ntuj ntawm av nplaum (plasticity thiab lub suab ntawm cov khoom), ua ke nrog ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo ntawm glaze, pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov duab tiag tiag. Ntau lub sijhawm tau tso lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no. Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb ntawm ceramics tau dhau los ua ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj zog. Txaus siab rau kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws tau khaws cia.
Hnub no, ceramics tau dav siv nyob rau sab hauv ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm lub tsev. Hniav lattices thiab partitions, fireplaces, ornamental panels, vases, candlesticks, tais, hlab ntsha yog tsim los ntawm nws. Lub ntiaj teb ntawm ceramics aboundscov qauv tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj. Ceramics yog cov hauv qab no:
Terracotta - txhais los ntawm Italian li "ci ntiaj teb". Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim khoom yog xim av nplaum ntawm cov qauv ntxeem tau. Cov khoom tsis yog glazed. Nws yog siv rau tsev neeg, kev tsim kho kev xav tau thiab rau kev kos duab. Terracotta yog siv los ua tais diav, sculptures, vuas, vuas vov tsev, faus vuas, uas tam sim no yog tsim los ntawm Nephrite-Keramika OJSC, ib tug ua lag luam Lavxias teb sab
- Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Ceramics - cov khoom xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv. Ua ntej tua, lawv cov phab ntsa yog smoothed (glazed) kom cov kua tsis dhau los ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog ua kom txog thaum lub ci ntsa iab tshwm. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub txias thiab khaws cia hauv cov pa luam yeeb ntev. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua "staining". Cov khoom uas muaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv qhov cub yog muab tawm thiab qis rau hauv dej nrog hmoov. Qhov no yog "chaw nres tsheb" lossis "scalding". Qhov saum npoo yog them nrog zoo nkauj tan cim thiab tsis cia dej los ntawm. Cov tais diav yog siv los ua khoom hauv tsev.
- Majolica yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov av nplaum nplaum nrog cov xim glaze txheej. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv los ua cov vaj huam sib luag zoo nkauj, vuas, architraves, sculptures, tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom.
- Porcelain - qhov txawv ntawm cov xim dawb, pob tshab thiab nyias phab ntsa. Muaj peev xwm tsis dhau kua. Nyob ntawm qhov raug kub thiab txias, porcelain yog mos thiab tawv. Thawj yog siv rau kev tsim kho kom zoo nkaujkhoom, thiab qhov thib ob - rau tais diav.
Faience - zoo ib yam li cov plooj (porcelain), tab sis tsis yog dawb thiab pob tshab. Lub shard yog thicker, muaj ib tug ntxeem tau qauv, tsis tshua muaj check, thiab tso cai rau ya raws los ntawm. Cov tais diav, tais diav, ntxhua khaub ncaws, cov vuas luaj yog tsim los ntawm nws. Nephrite-Keramika yog ib lub lag luam uas yog tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim cov khoom tom kawg ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev ua lag luam. Cov khoom lag luam zoo tau lees paub los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, uas tau ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej Italian thiab Spanish niaj hnub
Semikarakorsk pottery
Nws tau txais lub npe no ua kev qhuas ntawm lub nroog hauv cheeb tsam Rostov. Ob centuries dhau los muaj ntau lub rooj cob qhia cov tais diav hauv Semikarakora. Tab sis los ntawm lub seventies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tsuas yog ib tug tseem tshuav, qhov twg faience tshwj xeeb yog tseem raug tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab rhiav. Masters nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv tau tsim lawv tus kheej artistic style, manufacturing technology thiab ntau yam khoom. Semikarakorsk painting yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov yeeb yuj ntau xim, uas qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab muab lub siab nyiam.
Ntawm ntawm Semikarakorsk ceramics
Cov kws tshaj lij kos duab tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab ntawm cov khoom. Ornaments tau tsim los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Cov phiaj xwm zoo ib yam li Gzhel painting: ntau yam paj ntawm cov paj uas pom ntawm lub paj loj. Semikarakorsk ceramics - tseem yog cov teb chaws steppe thiab fauna ntawm Don tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm cov daus-dawb faience, refined thiab exquisite toj roob hauv pes thiab ntau ntxiv.lwm yam. Txog niaj hnub no, kev tsim cov qauv kev coj ua ntawm Semikarakorsky painting txheej txheem tau ua tiav.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog kev siv phau ntawv ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem pleev xim ntawm cov khoom qub. Masters yog tiag tiag creators ntawm ingenuity thiab paj huam nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntawm décor. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua ceramic yog cov khoom siv hauv av, uas siv cov duab kos nrog gilding. Nws yog siv rau cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm glaze. Cov duab ntawm Cossack cov poj niam hnav khaub ncaws hauv teb chaws thiab lwm yam khoom plig tshwj xeeb yog nrov: tsheb, lub tais qab zib nrog lub hau hau, lub tuam tsev teapots thiab ntau dua.
Npe cov lauj kaub tais diav
Muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv. Qee tus ntawm lawv:
- Phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag - nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, chav tsev zoo ib yam dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb, ib tus xav tias muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev hwm ntawm cov tswv ntawm lub tsev lossis chaw ua haujlwm. Phab ntsa panels yog lub embodiment ntawm tej fantasies: zoo heev thiab keeb kwm thaj av, pej xeem motifs, abstract drawings.
- Ntxig yog cov duab kos duab me me. Txhawm rau sau lawv, tus tswv siv tha xim lossis nyem.
- Y Volumetric ceramics yog tais (vases, lauj kaub, thiab lwm yam). Kev zam rau hom ceramics yuav tsis ploj mus.
- Cache-lub lauj kaub rau cov nroj tsuag - qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv tsev yuav nce ntau zaus yog tias cov thawv rau lawv yog ua los ntawm ceramics.
txiaj ntsig ntawm ceramic tableware
Ceramics yog dab tsi? Thaum ub neeg tsis paub lo lus li no. Tom qab ntawd, lawvhu ua av nplaum cov khoom uas ua kom sov so ntawm tus tswv txhais tes. Lub lauj kaub tais diav tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov khoom siv kho mob, thiab txhua yam ua tsaug rau lub ntuj zoo ntawm av nplaum thiab nws lub peev xwm los nqus lub hnub ci zog.
Nyob ntev, tib neeg tau xaiv cov jugs av nplaum, uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub ntuj, ua qhov chaw khaws khoom noj. Chilled mis nyuj nyob rau hauv ib lub hub yuav tsis sov mus ntev, thiab boiling dej yuav tsis txias. Yog hais tias siav hauv cov tais diav, nws yuav mos thiab muaj kua.
Siv lwm qhov chaw
Cov khoom siv yog siv los tiv thaiv riam phom, dav hlau thiab lwm yam khoom siv phom sij. iav thiab ceramics tau dav siv hauv kev lag luam aviation.
Nws yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj thaum muaj kev phais mob rau cov pob txha prosthetics, hauv orthopedics thiab lwm qhov chaw. Cov vuas ntawm lub tsev JSC Nephrite-Keramika yog siv los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv hauv kev tsim sab hauv thiab sab nrauv ntawm thaj chaw.
