Ib yam khoom tsis yog vaj tsev thiab lwm yam vaj tse xwb. Pob zeb thiab paj, tsiaj thiab noog, tib neeg thiab ntoo, ntau yam txheej txheem thiab khoom siv hauv tsev, ntuj thiab lwm yam tshwm sim - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem suav tias yog khoom.
Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv ib yam ntawm lwm tus
Tsiaj txhu thiab tsis muaj tsiaj, nrog rau daim ntawv tsis ruaj khov lossis zoo li qub - txhua yam khoom muaj lawv lub npe. Ntxiv nrog rau lub npe lossis lub npe, muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li lub xeev thiab tus cwj pwm, cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ib leeg. Tag nrho cov zoo no yog hu ua traits. Yog li, ib yam khoom yog ib yam dab tsi los yog ib tug neeg uas muaj tej yam ntxwv uas peculiar rau nws ib leeg. Txhua yam khoom muaj ob peb qhov me me lossis cov khoom uas tuaj yeem piav qhia thiab teev.
Yuav ua li cas yog vaj tse
Lub vaj tsev yog hu ua cov khoom siv nrog ntau lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm. Cov khoom vaj khoom tsev yog cov khoom vaj khoom tsev, cov khoom, inextricably txuas nrog thaj av uas nws nyob. Muaj peb qhov kev faib tawm rau txhua hom kev ua tswv cuab vaj tsev.
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thawj hom suav nrog cov vaj tsev thawj thiab theem nrab, uas tau muab faib ua pawg:
- thawj yog tsev nyob hauv kev lag luam, khoom kim heev, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam;
- theem nrab - cov no yog tsev ntawm qub Soviet thiab pre-Soviet kev tsim kho.
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Hom thib ob faib cov khoom vaj khoom tsev raws li cov hauv qab no:
- los ntawm lub hom phiaj: chaw ua haujlwm, tsev khaws khoom thiab thaj chaw, thaj chaw hauv nroog thiab thaj av, thaj chaw muaj khoom thiab chaw khaws khoom, thaj av rau kev tsim kho, chav thiab chav tsev;
- los ntawm keeb kwm: cov chaw loj dua, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm, thaj chaw thiab lwm lub tsev, cov tsev tsev, tsev loj thiab tsev, lub caij ntuj sov cottages thiab av vaj tse;
- los ntawm kev npaj ua haujlwm: nws hais txog kev ua tsis tiav lossis kev npaj ua haujlwm, xav tau kev tsim kho lossis kho loj.
- Qhov kev faib tawm no faib vaj tsev rau hauv vaj tse thiab tsis nyob. Cov vaj tse nyob yog ib lub nroog lossis cov vaj tse nyob hauv nroog uas tsim nyog rau kev nyob. Cov nyiaj tsis nyob hauv tsev muaj xws li kev lag luam, chaw ua haujlwm thiab cov tsev lag luam.
Kev faib khoom vaj khoom tsev hauv European lag luam
Kev lag luam vaj tsev sab hnub poob ua haujlwm hauv peb pawg:
- ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog lub tsev tsim khoom lossis thaj chaw loj loj uas muag rau tib lub sijhawm ua lag luam;
- khoom siv los tsim cov nyiaj tau los (qis chav tsev);
- cov khoom seem ntxiv - cov tsev uas tsis siv tam sim no.
Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kawm txog ntau yam kev faib tawmvaj tse nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab cov txheej txheem nce lub hom phiaj ntawm tus cwj pwm rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam vaj tse.
About engineering thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv
Kev tsim cov khoom vaj tse yuav tsum muaj kev paub txog engineering tsis yog hais txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog. Rau kev tsim kho dua tshiab, kho dua lossis tsim cov chaw tshiab, yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb engineering. Cov haujlwm no tau ua kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
- txog cov khoom ntuj thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw tsev;
- txog kev kwv yees thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws tau npaj los tsim cov chaw muaj kev phom sij;
- tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho suav ntawm txhua lub tsev thiab lub tsev, lub hauv paus thiab cov qauv;
- tsim qauv engineering ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig.
Yam khoom twg raug cais raws li qhov txaus ntshai
Ib lub tsev khoom tshwj xeeb yog cov qauv nrog cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- qhov siab ntawm 100 meters lossis ntau dua;
- ncua ntev dua 100m;
- muab av khawb 10m tob;
- console tshaj 20 meters siab.
Qhov txaus ntshai thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws yog cov qauv hydraulic thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau, cov khoom muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav chaw thiab aviation infrastructure. Metro, hiav txwv thiab dej loj ports, kev sib txuas lus thiab hluav taws xob kab, industrialkev tsim khoom, khaws cia thiab ua cov khoom siv phom sij kuj suav nrog hauv daim ntawv teev npe no.
Rau cov tuam txhab lag luam muaj kev faib tawm raws li qib kev phom sij, suav nrog plaub chav kawm. Qib 1 yog siv rau cov lag luam koom nrog kev tsim khoom thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm riam phom tshuaj. Rau kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog kev drilling thiab roj ntau lawm, 2nd, 3rd lossis 4th degree ntawm kev phom sij yog teeb tsa nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm hydrogen sulfide emissions.
Kev lag luam uas siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ntau lub tsheb cable thiab cov escalators tau muab cov chav kawm phom sij thib 3 thiab 4.
Hlau-smelting thiab mining industries, elevators thiab lwm yam granaries - tag nrho cov txaus ntshai lag luam xav tau tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob los tiv thaiv kev ua hauj lwm thiab ib puag ncig.
