Nyob ntawm hom thiab geometry ntawm lub ru tsev, qee yam khoom raug xaiv rau nws kev tsim kho. Cov ru tsev yog: tiaj tus (cov tsev lag luam, chav da dej) thiab pitched (cov tsev nyob thiab lwm lub tsev). Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus nqes hav, lawv tau muab faib ua: ib leeg (seem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug trapezoid), ob sab (muaj cov duab peb sab), ib nrab-hip, duav (muaj ob peb nqes hav), hipped. (zoo li lub pyramid), qab nthab. Tus lej ntawm txoj kab nqes, txoj kab nqes ntawm lub ru tsev, muaj lub qab nthab - tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab kev txhawb nqa tus kheej ntawm lub ru tsev.
Txhawb nqa cov qauv
Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub ru tsev yog kev txhawb nqa. Rafter ob txhais ceg lossis trusses feem ntau tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntawm:
- top crown hauv cav tsev;
- hlua board nyob rau hauv lub tsev ncej;
- Mauerlat hauv cov tsev pob zeb;
- hlau kab, brackets.
Mauerlat yog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ru tsev, uas yog ib qho nqaj (feem ntau yog ib feem ntawm 100 × 100, 150 × 150 cm). Nws txuas ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter.phab ntsa nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas rafters los yog trusses yuav txhawb nqa. Mauerlat yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev faib khoom sib xws thiab muaj zog fastening ntawm cov khoom siv thauj khoom. Tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws, tab sis nws muab kev nruj ntxiv rau tag nrho lub ru tsev.
Yog lub tsev tsim los ntawm cov ntoo, ces lub sab sauv yog siv los txhawb. Nws muaj tag nrho cov tsim nyog fasteners, yog li load-bearing lug yog tam sim ntawd mounted rau nws. Cov tuam tsev yog sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov ntoo panels. Lawv muaj xws li ntsug planks tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm ib tug strapping caij. Nws yog rau nws tias lub ru tsev yav tom ntej txuas.
Yog hais tias nws yog ua los ntawm cov hlau trusses los yog rafters, ces ib tug channel los yog ib tug I-nqaj yuav pab txhawb nqa. Lawv tuaj yeem txuas rau phab ntsa pob zeb nrog cov thauj tog rau nkoj.
Rafter system
Lub kaw lus truss yog lub ru tsev uas muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm tag nrho lub ru tsev "pie" (npog, lathing, rwb thaiv tsev, xov). Feem ntau, thaum txhim kho lub ru tsev, rafter ob txhais ceg yog siv, uas yog: dai thiab inclined.
Cov qauv dai yog ua raws li ob lub ntsiab lus nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa load-bearing. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system, cov phab ntsa muaj kab rov tav loads, uas yog txo los ntawm hlau los yog ntoo puffs. Mansard thiab qab nthab yog mounted nyob rau hauv no txoj kev.
Slanted rafters yog tsim rau cov tsev sab hauv uas muaj kev txhawb nqa nruab nrab (phab ntsa sab hauv, kem lossis kab). Lwm qhov kawg yog nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa sab nrauv. Cov kev xaiv mounting norafters tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ib leeg: xaiv cov inclined yog tias muaj kev txhawb nqa sab hauv, thiab siv cov dai yog tias lawv tsis yog.
Kuj rafters tuaj yeem ua los ntawm hlau. Rau cov tsev loj loj, nws tuaj yeem siv cov qauv zoo li no hauv qab cov skates. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov sib txuas ntawm cov hlau nrog ntoo yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv insulating. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov khoom ntoo tsis rot los ntawm cov condensation uas ua rau ntawm cov hlau.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Qhov tseem ceeb thiab txhim khu kev qha ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev - ru tsev trusses. Lawv yog: ntoo, hlau (welded thiab prefabricated), reinforced pob zeb. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev thiab cov khoom uas tau ntsib. Kev ua liaj ua teb yog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom (racks, braces, puffs) uas txuas ua ke.
Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog cov qauv ntoo, uas yog lub teeb yuag, ruaj khov, pheej yig. Txhawm rau txuas lawv qhov chaw, txiav, bolts, ntsia hlau, MZP yog siv. Hlau thiab reinforced pob zeb trusses feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv loj-ntev vaj tse. Lawv kim dua, ruaj thiab hnyav. Cov ntsiab lus hlau yog fastened nrog bolts thiab vuam.
Hauv kev tsim kho niaj hnub no, ntoo trusses txuas nrog cov hlau hniav hlau (MZP) yog qhov xav tau zoo. Lawv muaj ntau qhov zoo:
- nrawm nrawm nrawm raws li cov trusses raug xa mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm npaj ua (tsim los ntawm hydraulicnias);
- ua kom tiav yooj yim nrog lawv lub duav duav. Lub crate yog txuas rau nws, thiab ces lub sheathing nws tus kheej;
- cia ncua mus txog 30 m;
- simplifies lub rooj sib txoos ntawm cov ru tsev complex (hip, mansard, attic).
Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv
Yuav kom lub ru tsev zoo zoo, zoo nkauj thiab tsis tas yuav kho, nws yuav tsum tau siv cov ntsiab lus ntxiv rau lub ru tsev. Lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv (los ntawm ya raws, plua plav) thiab kho cov qauv. Feem ntau, cov khoom no yog ua los ntawm galvanized steel. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem yog xim tib yam li cov khoom siv vov tsev.
Ntau lub ru tsev lub npe:
- Eaves plank. Ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cornice thiab thawj kab ntawm kev npog.
- Pem hauv ntej plank. Kaw qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kab rov tav nrog ntsug nto.
- Roob phaj. nkaum qhov ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub ru tsev.
- Valley (rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud). Kaw qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm kev sib tshuam dav hlau.
- Eave rail. Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob nag lossis daus, plua plav thiab av los ntawm cov eaves.
- Txoj kev sib tw. Tiv thaiv thaj tsam kev sib txuas ntawm cov txheej nrog parapets, kav dej, chimneys.
- Snow guard. Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob daus los ntawm lub ru tsev.
- False pipe. Nws yog ib daim ntawv du uas kho lub qhov chimney.
- xob laim thiab av. Tiv thaiv lub tsev los ntawm xob laim.
- Qhov rai tide. Kaw cov pob qij txhaqhov ib puag ncig ntawm qhov qhib qhov rais kom tsis txhob ya raws los ntawm lawv.
- Plugs rau gutters, skates, thiab lwm yam.
- me me (ntau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, gaskets, thiab lwm yam).
- Cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj (cov ntsuas cua, spiers, chimney caps, qhov cua, parapets).
Dashers thiab aerators
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus yog ua kom qhov chaw nyob hauv lub ru tsev. Qhov no yog tsim nyog kom lub rwb thaiv tsev tsis rot. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov rais dormer yog 1.2 × 0.8 m (nrog ob tis). Balconies tuaj yeem txuas nrog cov qauv loj. Qhov sib nrug ntawm qhov qhib yog tsawg kawg yog 800 mm. Lawv qhov dav tag nrho yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj ib nrab ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev.
Dormers - cov ntsiab lus ru tsev uas tau teeb tsa hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj 35 degrees. Outwardly, lawv zoo li cov qauv sib cais uas muaj lawv tus kheej phab ntsa, lub ru tsev thiab cov kav dej.
Raws li rau lub tshuab aerators, lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: tsim cov cua ntsawj ntshab hauv cov yeeb nkab lossis muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm vim muaj kev sib txawv hauv lub ru tsev thiab ntawm txoj kev. Yog tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus me me no, cov huab cua yuav tsis tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub ru tsev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm, cov qauv tsis khov, tsis thaw, thiab tsis npog nrog noo noo. Qhov no ua rau lawv lub neej ua haujlwm ntev.
Raws li txoj kev ua pa, aerators tau muab faib ua cov ntsiab lus thiab txuas ntxiv. Cov tom kawg yog nyob rau ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub ridge, thiab outwardly lawv tsis pom. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj (nrog qhov nkag los ntawm lub ru tsev sab saum toj tsis pub tshaj 600 hli) los yog ntawm ib lub ridge.
Nkaujsystem
Lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev yog qhov dej ntws. Nws muaj cov khoom nram qab no:
- Nkauj. Nrog lawv pab, dej ntws mus rau qhov raug.
- Tub. Ua tsaug rau lawv, nag lossis daus nkag rau hauv qhov dej.
- Funnel. Los ntawm lawv, dej nkag mus rau hauv cov kav dej.
- Stubs. Siv los txwv kev ntws.
- Fasteners. Cov kav dej yog fastened nrog clamps, thiab gutters nrog brackets.
Nyob ntawm cov khoom, gutters yog yas thiab hlau. Cov khoom yas yog suav tias yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws niaj hnub no. Lawv yog cov hnyav, txaus nyiam, yooj yim rau nruab thiab kav ntev. Hlau gutters kuj nyob rau hauv kev thov. Ua los ntawm galvanized hlau nrog polymer txheej. Lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom no yog tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab (scratches, shock loads).
khoom siv vov tsev
Cov ntaub pua tsev yog: dov (ru tsev xav), ntawv (cov vuas hlau) thiab daim (ceramic thiab saj zawg zog vuas). Cov ntaub ntawv yob yog pheej yig, siv tau ntev thiab yooj yim rau nruab. Raws li lub hauv paus rau lawv, ib qho khoom siv hauv pem teb yog siv, uas ua rau saum npoo txawm li cas los xij. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom siv, bituminous mastic yog siv, rhuab los ntawm lub burner los yog blowtorch. Cov khoom lag luam tau muab tso rau hauv ob peb txheej, tuaj nrog qhov offset.
Cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub ru tsev ntoo lossis lwm yam. RauCov pab pawg no suav nrog: cov vuas hlau thiab corrugated board. Nyob rau hauv lawv yuav tsum muaj ib lub crate, lub suab uas nyob ntawm lub wavelength ntawm cov khoom (feem ntau yog 300-400 mm). Decking yog qhov xav tau zoo vim nws tus nqi qis, yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Ob qho khoom siv tuaj yeem txuas nrog tus kheej tapping screws nrog lossis tsis muaj seam seams. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog suav tias yog kev ntseeg siab dua, raws li kev nruj ntawm lub ru tsev nce.
cov vuas ceramic zoo nkauj, ruaj, tab sis hnyav heev thiab kim. Yog vim li ntawd nws tsis tshwm sim ntau zaus. Lwm cov khoom siv - cov vuas hloov tau - yog nrov dua niaj hnub no. Nws yog ua los ntawm cov xim sib txawv, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheej zoo li voluminous thiab ruaj khov heev. Yog tias nws pib los nag, cov txheej yuav muffle qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov te (uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog cov pobzeb hlau).
tiv thaiv zaj duab xis
Yog tias lub ru tsev yuav raug rwb thaiv tsev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tiv thaiv cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev nrog cov pa thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab windproof. Waterproofing yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qab cov ntaub ntawv. Tag nrho cov yeeb yaj kiab no yuav tiv thaiv cov dej noo, condensation thiab lwj. Waterproofing thiab windproof txheej tau ua ke niaj hnub no rau hauv ib yam khoom. Cia peb kawm paub lawv zoo dua.
Waterproofing nteg hauv qab lub hau tiv thaiv condensation. Nws kuj tseem siv tau thaum txhim kho qhov cua - nws tsis tso cai rau dej nkag mus rau hauv qhov system. Waterproofing zoo hla huab cua, tab sis tsis cia noo noo los ntawm nws tus kheej. Yog hais tias condensation accumulates nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, cov txheej txheem txhawb yuav pib rot los yog xeb. Zaj duab xisyog txuas rau lub ru tsev truss caij, tom qab uas lub counter-battens thiab lub crate yog nailed. Tsis txhob rub nws nruj heev - nws yuav tsum sag me ntsis.
Npua thaiv yog siv rau hauv cov ru tsev insulated nkaus xwb. Nws kaw cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev los ntawm sab hauv ntawm chav tsev. Nws tuaj yeem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm kab rov tav thiab ntsug (piv txwv li, hauv attics). Yog tias cov yeeb yaj kiab no tsis tau pw, cov rwb thaiv tsev yuav ntub thiab tsis txhob khaws cov cua sov ib txwm. Mounted nrog me me rau tes los yog ib qho kev tsim kho stapler. Qhov sib txawv ntawm 100 mm yog pw ntawm qhov vapor barrier thiab thermal rwb thaiv tsev.
Insulation Nyob
Muaj ntau qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ru tsev xws li rwb thaiv tsev thermal. Nws yuav tsum yog lub teeb yuag, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, ruaj thiab hluav taws kub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv cov rwb thaiv tsev los ntawm ya raws kom tsis txhob poob nws cov khoom.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrov tshaj plaws:
- Styrofoam. Lub teeb yuag, ruaj thiab zoo tshaj plaws rau lub ru tsev tiaj tus.
- Polyurethane ua npuas ncauj. Ua kom sov zoo, ruaj khov thiab hnav.
- iav ntaub plaub. Nws yog tsim los ntawm melted iav los yog nws cov pov tseg. Cov khoom siv absorbs suab zoo, tsis nqus dej noo, tsis ntshai Frost thiab tsis wrinkle thaum ua haujlwm.
- Mineral wool. Cov qauv ntawm nws cov fibers tuaj yeem sib txawv: txheej, spatial, corrugated lossis vertically txheej. Cov khoom khaws cia cua sov zoo, nqus suab, tsis ntshai ntawm ya raws, nas thiab kub hloov.
kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua kom tiav lub ru tsev ntawm sab hauv. Feem ntau cov haujlwm no tau ua tiav hauv attics lossis hauv attics sov. Raws li cov sheathing, koj tuaj yeem siv: phab ntsa qhuav, hauv ob sab phlu, plywood lossis OSB-phaj.
Kev ua tiav nrog cov phab ntsa qhuav pib nrog cov nqes hav thiab gables, tom qab ntawd lawv txav mus rau lub qab nthab. Ib lub crate nce mus txog 1 m yuav pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm. Cov kab txuas ntxiv yog nailed horizontally (qib 300-500 mm). Tom qab ntawd, phab ntsa ntub dej yog fastened nrog tus kheej tapping screws mus rau qhov chaw npaj. Nws yog leveled nrog putty (hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov) thiab primed.
Ib kab hauv ob sab tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo ntawm lub ru tsev. Nws yog txiav thiab txuas rau lub crate nrog rau tes. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los saib xyuas qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw nrog ib theem. Thaum lub caij kawg raug kho, cov hauv ob sab phlu yog varnished.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv yog kev siv plywood. Nws zoo nyob rau saum npoo, tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem npog nrog cov xim lossis phab ntsa. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv plywood-resistant plywood li sheathing thiaj li tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev huam yuaj. Cov khoom yog txuas nrog lub crate nrog rau tes los yog tus kheej tapping screws. Ua hauj lwm pib nrog gables thiab slopes, thiab ces txav mus rau lub qab nthab.
OSB-phaj tuaj yeem txuas ncaj qha rau rafters thiab trusses (tsis muaj batten ntxiv). Ua ntej ua tiav, qhov saum npoo yog leveled, thiab tom qab ntawd daim ntawv yog fastened nrog screws. Yuav tsis xav tau kev sib tw ntxiv yog tias cov qauv truss yog tsim los ntawm sanded board.
Attic device
Attic tauyuav txawv kiag li, tab sis cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ru tsev yuav luag zoo ib yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov arsenal tsis txawv ntawm cov ru tsev zoo tib yam.
Nyob ntawm cov nqes hav, lub qab nthab muab faib ua:
- Lub. Lub tsev zoo li no muaj ib phab ntsa siab thiab lwm qhov qis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob leeg tuaj yeem mus ntawm lub kaum sab xis. Nws yog ua tau rau mount tib phab ntsa nrog ib tug shed truss.
- Ob txoj kab nqes. Xws li lofts muaj ntau heev vim lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab thiab kev teeb tsa yooj yim.
- Txoj kab tawg. Qhov kev xaiv no yog siv yog tias yuav tsum tau tsim lub tsev me me.
- Nplhaib thiab ib nrab lub duav. Cov ru tsev zoo li no nyob rau hauv kev thov vim yog siv ntau qhov chaw.
- Conical, pyramidal thiab domed. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov vaj tse polygonal lossis rounded. Attics zoo nkauj, tab sis nyuaj tsim.
Nws yuav zoo li lub ru tsev tsis muaj ntau yam. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib kom ntseeg tau qhov opposite. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua lub ntsiab lus ua haujlwm qee yam, uas ua rau lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem hloov tsis tau.
