Gypsum kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lawv tsis tau xav tsis thoob rau leej twg tau ntev. Tab sis ob peb tus neeg xav txog dab tsi gypsum binder tiag tiag yog, dab tsi ua cov khoom siv raw rau nws thiab seb nws tau txais li cas. Tab sis rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev (plasters, masonry mortars, plaster sheets) thiab lwm qhov chaw, koj yuav tsum xub npaj cov ntaub ntawv raw. Tom qab tag nrho, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tiav mus rau qhov loj nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
Txoj kev xav thiab kev sib sau
Gypsum binder yog cov khoom siv airy uas feem ntau yog gypsum dihydrate. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm gypsum kuj tau ntxiv los ntawm ntuj anhydride thiab qee yam kev lag luam pov tseg, uas suav nrog calcium sulfide.
Tib pab pawg kuj suav nrog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Lawv suav nrog semi-aqueous gypsum, txiv qaub, moj tej tawg rauv slag, cement.
Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim khoom yog pob zeb uas muaj sulfates. GOST txhais tau tias,uas rau kev tsim cov gypsum binder, tsuas yog gypsum pob zeb (uas ua tau raws li tag nrho cov kev cai uas siv rau hauv GOST 4013) los yog phosphogypsum, uas kuj ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tswj, yuav siv tau.
yam ntxwv ntawm gypsum binders
Gypsum mortar yuav tsum tau siv kom txog thaum nws yog tag nrho hardened. Koj tsis tuaj yeem do nws tom qab cov txheej txheem crystallization twb pib lawm. Stirring ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ntawm lub moj khaum crystals. Qhov no ua rau lub mortar poob nws astringency.
Gypsum cov khoom tsis muaj dej tsis zoo. Tab sis cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tau pom txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias ntau yam ntxiv ntawm gypsum binders tuaj yeem ua rau daim duab no. Yog li ntawd, ntau yam tshuaj ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg: txiv qaub, crushed blast-kub slag, carbamide resins, organic kua, uas muaj xws li silicon.
Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv gypsum tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom ntxiv ntxiv. Lawv tsis ntsws, tawg ntawm qhov chaw kho mob yuav tsis tshwm sim. Gypsum binders, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce hauv ntim tom qab ua tiav hardening. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, sawdust, hluav taws kub, pumice, nthuav av nplaum thiab lwm yam khoom ntxiv.
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb - gypsum cov ntaub ntawv ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm corrosion ntawm ferrous hlau (cov rau tes, rebar, hlau, thiab lwm yam). Cov txheej txheem no tseem nrawm dua hauv cov dej ntub dej.
Gypsum binder sai absorbs noo noo thiab poob nws cov dej num. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm cia thiabkev thauj mus los yuav tsum ua raws li qee txoj cai. Cov khoom tuaj yeem khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav. Txawm hais tias txoj cai no, tom qab peb lub hlis ntawm kev khaws cia, cov khoom siv yuav poob txog peb caug feem pua ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Cov khoom yog thauj mus rau hauv tej los yog ntim rau hauv ntim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv nws ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab ya raws.
Production
Cov txheej txheem hauv qab no yuav tsum tau ua rau tus txheej txheem no:
- crushing ntuj gypsum tshuaj;
- ziab raw khoom;
- cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Gypsum pob zeb yog pub rau hauv bunker, los ntawm qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau hauv lub crusher. Nyob ntawd nws yog crushed rau hauv pieces, qhov loj ntawm uas tsis pub tshaj plaub centimeters. Tom qab crushing, cov khoom raug xa mus rau lub feed hopper los ntawm lub elevator. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, hauv qhov sib npaug, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub zeb. Nyob ntawd nws yog qhuav thiab crushed rau ib feem me me. Kev ziab ntawm theem no yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom nrawm thiab pab txhawb cov txheej txheem ntawm crushing cov khoom.
Nyob hauv lub zeb, cov hmoov yog cua sov rau cuaj caum degrees. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, nws yog thauj mus rau lub gypsum boiler. Nws yog nyob ntawd tias qhov tso dej tawm ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tua hluav taws. Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog qhov kub thiab txias (txog yim caum degrees). Tab sis dej los ntawm cov khoom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshem tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm ib puas thiab kaum mus rau ib puas thiab yim caum degrees.
Txoj kev kho qhov kub thiab txias tau muab faib ua ob theem. Ua ntej, cov khoom yog khaws cia rau hauv lub digester rau peb teev. Dej raug tshem tawm nyob rau ntawd, thiab gypsum dihydratehloov mus rau hauv ib nrab dej. Tag nrho cov sij hawm no, lub gypsum yog stirred rau uniformity ntawm cua sov. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm teev, cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug rhuab lub xeev yog xa mus rau lub thiaj li hu ua languishing bunker. Nws tsis sov li lawm. Tab sis vim qhov kub ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev qhuav dej tseem nyob ntawd. Qhov no yuav siv sij hawm plaub caug feeb los yog li ntawd. Tom qab ntawd, cov binders raug xam tias yog npaj txhij. Thiab lawv raug xa mus rau lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm cov khoom tiav.
khoom kho
Gypsum binders harden thaum hmoov tov nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug yas loj yog tsim, uas hardens nyob rau hauv ob peb feeb. Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, muaj cov txheej txheem uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Nws tsuas tshwm sim sai dua. Ntawd yog, semi-aqueous gypsum txuas dej, ua rau tsim cov tshuaj dihydrate gypsum. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem.
Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam, cov tshuaj semi-aqueous gypsum yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej los tsim ib tug saturated tov ntawm gypsum dihydrate. Lub dihydrate muaj ib tug siab solubility index. Vim li no, cov txheej txheem ntawm supersaturation ntawm cov tshuaj tshwm sim sai heev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim - nag lossis daus, uas yog dihydrate. Cov precipitated hais lo lo ua ke, yog li pib qhov txheej txheem.
kauj ruam tom ntej yog crystallization. Cais cov crystals ntawm cov khoom, thaum lawv loj hlob, pib sib txuas thiab tsim ib lub thav duab muaj zog. Raws li ziab (nqus tau muab tshem tawm), cov ntawv cog lus ntawm cov muaju uamuaj zog.
Hloov chaw ceev
Cov txheej txheem teeb tsa tuaj yeem nrawm dua lossis, hloov pauv, qeeb raws li xav tau. Lawv ua qhov no nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom ntxiv uas ntxiv rau gypsum binders.
Hom tshuaj ntxiv uas ua kom cov txheej txheem teeb tsa:
cov khoom uas ua rau kom cov kua dej ntawm hemihydrate: sodium los yog potassium sulfate, cov ntsev ntsev thiab lwm yam;
cov khoom uas yuav yog qhov chaw ntawm crystallization hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: phosphoric acid ntsev, crushed natural gypsum thiab lwm yam
Qhov feem ntau siv crushed gypsum pob zeb. Nws cov khoom siv ua crystallization chaw nyob ib puag ncig uas cov siv lead ua yuav loj hlob yav tom ntej. Kev ua haujlwm zoo dua yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm "secondary" gypsum. Nws tau nkag siab tias yog gypsum, uas twb tau mus rau theem ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab hardening ntawm calcium sulfide. Cov khoom tawg thiab crushed tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau hom no.
Cov tshuaj hauv qab no ua rau qeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem:
nce cov yas ntawm lub khob noom cookie: cov kua nplaum ntoo hauv dej, coniferous infusion, txiv qaub-kua nplaum emulsion, LST thiab lwm yam;
Crystal kev loj hlob yog tiv thaiv los ntawm zaj duab xis uas tsim ntawm semi-aqueous gypsum nplej nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom xws li borax, ammonia, keratin retarder, alkali hlau phosphates thiab borates, lilac cawv thiab lwm yam
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev qhia txog cov tshuaj ntxiv ua kom cov txheej txheem tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm gypsum. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj thiab ntxiv me me.
Tsim sijhawm(hardening) feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom noj, lub sijhawm thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev khaws cia, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw cov khoom nrog dej, thiab txawm tias lub sijhawm sib tov ntawm cov tshuaj.
Lub sijhawm luv luv yog feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv dihydrate hauv cov khoom, uas tseem nyob ntawd tom qab tua. Lub sijhawm teeb tsa kuj tseem yuav nce ntxiv yog tias cov khoom siv gypsum tau rhuab mus txog plaub caug-tsib degrees. Yog hais tias qhov kub ntawm cov khoom yog nce ntxiv, ces cov txheej txheem, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, yuav qeeb. Kev sib xyaw ntev ntawm cov gypsum sib tov yuav ua kom cov txheej txheem teeb tsa.
Qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev xav thiab kev xyaum
Ib yam ntawm cov txheej txheem hardening yog tias gypsum, tsis zoo li lwm cov binders, nce nyob rau hauv ntim thaum hardening (txog li ib feem pua). Vim li no, rau lub hydration ntawm ib tug semi-aqueous tshuaj, xav tau plaub zaug ntau dua dej ntau tshaj li qhov yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav. Hauv kev xav, dej yuav tsum muaj kwv yees li 18.6% los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, dej yog coj mus rau ib qho kev daws ntawm ib txwm ntom nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm xya caum feem pua. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog cov dej yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab yog qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv tsis sib xws (cov khoom qab zib taub 180 + 5 millimeters).
Lwm qhov sib txawv hauv kev xyaum yog tias thaum cov dej ntau dhau raug tshem tawm thaum ziab, qhov pores tsim hauv cov khoom. Vim li no, gypsum pob zeb poob nws lub zog. Tshem tawm lub sijhawm no los ntawm kev ziab ntxiv. Gypsum khoom yog qhuav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tsis tshajxya caum degrees. Yog tias koj nce qhov kub thiab txias ntau dua, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej yuav pib.
Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim
Kom tau txais gypsum binder, gypsum pob zeb raug kub hnyiab. Nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas kub no, cov tshuaj gypsum tuaj yeem yog ob hom:
Kev kub hnyiab, rau kev tsim cov khoom siv raw khoom siv nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm ib puas nees nkaum mus rau ib puas yim caum degrees. Cov khoom siv raw hauv qhov no feem ntau yog semi-aqueous gypsum. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov khoom no yog kev kub ceev ntawm solidification
Kub kub (anhydrite), uas yog tsim los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (ntau tshaj ob puas degrees). Hardens cov khoom siv ntev dua. Nws kuj yuav siv sij hawm ntev dua los teeb
Txhua pawg no, dhau los, muaj ntau yam khoom sib txawv suav nrog.
Tseem ntawm cov hlua hluav taws xob qis
Gypsum binder ntawm pawg no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
Kev tsim kho gypsum. Rau nws kev tsim khoom, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xaiv cov khoom siv raw. Kev tsim cov gypsum rau kev tsim kho ua haujlwm tau tso cai siv los ua cov khoom siv raw cov ntaub ntawv qib tsib thiab siab dua, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov sieve tsis ntau tshaj kaum ob feem pua. Rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev, ib daim ntawv khi rau qib thib ob rau qib xya yog qhov tsim nyog, tsis hais lub sijhawm teem sijhawm thiab qib ntawm kev sib tsoo. Cov khoom zoo nkauj yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tib yam. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm coarse sib tsoo tshuaj thiabmaj mam tuav. Gypsum plaster mixs yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom qib 2-25, tshwj tsis yog rau ib lub binder nrog ntxhib sib tsoo thiab ceev-hardening
High-lub zog gypsum tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib qho ntawm ntau qib (nrog rau qhov ntsuas ntawm 200 txog 500). Lub zog ntawm cov khoom no yog hais txog 15-25 MPa, uas yog ntau dua li ntawm lwm hom
Moulding plaster muaj qib siab ntawm kev thov dej thiab lub zog siab hauv lub xeev tawv. Gypsum khoom yog tsim los ntawm nws: ceramic pwm, porcelain-faience ntsiab, thiab hais txog
Anhydrite khoom
Hom no, dhau los, tsim ob yam khoom:
anhydrite cement tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub txog li xya puas degrees;
Estrich-gypsum, tsim los ntawm calcium sulfate tshaj 900 degrees
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm anhydrite gypsum suav nrog: los ntawm ob mus rau tsib feem pua cov txiv qaub, sib tov ntawm sulfate nrog vitriol (tooj liab los yog hlau) txog li ib feem pua, los ntawm peb mus rau yim feem pua ntawm dolomite, los ntawm kaum mus rau kaum tsib feem pua tshuaj tua hluav taws. slag.
Anhydrite cement muaj qhov chaw qeeb (los ntawm peb caug feeb mus rau ib hnub). Nyob ntawm lub zog, nws muab faib ua cov qib hauv qab no: M50, M100, M 150, M200. Cement ntawm hom no yog siv dav hauv kev tsim kho. Nws yog siv rau:
tsim cov nplaum, plaster lossis masonry mortar;
pob zeb ntau lawm;
tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj;
tsim cov thermal rwb thaiv tsevkhoom siv
Estrich gypsum muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Slow grasp.
- Txoj kev mus txog nees nkaum megapascals.
- Tsawg thermal conductivity.
- Nyob zoo mloog.
- Resistant to noo.
- Frost resistant.
- me ntsis deformed.
Cov no yog lub ntsiab, tab sis deb ntawm txhua qhov, qhov zoo uas estrich gypsum muaj. Nws daim ntawv thov yog raws li cov ntsuas no. Nws yog siv rau phab ntsa plastering, dag marble ntau lawm, mosaic flooring thiab hais txog.
Kev faib cov ntawv rau hauv hom
Cov khoom ntawm gypsum binders tso cai rau peb faib ua ntau pawg. Ntau qhov kev faib yog siv rau qhov no.
Cov pab pawg hauv qab no yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev teeb tsa lub sijhawm:
Group "A". Nws suav nrog astringents uas teem sai sai. Qhov no siv sijhawm ob mus rau kaum tsib feeb
Group "B". Cov binders ntawm pab pawg no txeeb nyob rau hauv rau rau peb caug feeb. Lawv hu ua ib txwm teeb tsa tus neeg sawv cev
Pab pawg "B", uas suav nrog maj mam teeb tsa cov ntawv khi. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau tshaj nees nkaum feeb los teeb. Kev txwv sab saud tsis yog tus qauv
Qhov zoo ntawm kev sib tsoo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom seem ntawm lub sieve. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias gypsum binders ib txwm nyob twj ywm ntawm ib tug sieve nrog ib tug mesh loj ntawm 0.2 hli. GOST qhia cov pab pawg hauv qab no:
Kev sib tsoo lossis thawj pab pawg qhia tias txog li nees nkaum-peb feem pua ntawm cov khoom tseem nyob ntawm lub sieve
Kev sib tw nruab nrab(ib pab pawg thib ob), yog tias tsis pub ntau tshaj kaum plaub feem pua ntawm cov binder tso rau ntawm lub sieve
Kev sib tsoo zoo (peb pawg) qhia tias qhov seem ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub sieve tsis pub dhau ob feem pua
Cov khoom siv yog kuaj rau flexural thiab compressive zog. Ua li no, tuav nrog qhov loj ntawm 40 x 40 x 160 millimeters yog npaj los ntawm gypsum mortar. Ob teev tom qab kev tsim khoom, thaum cov txheej txheem crystallization thiab hydration tiav, kev sim pib. Gypsum binders (GOST 125-79) muab faib ua kaum ob qib raws li lub zog. Lawv muaj qhov ntsuas ntawm ob mus rau nees nkaum tsib. Tus nqi ntawm lub zog tensile nyob ntawm cov qib tau sau rau hauv cov rooj tshwj xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem pom txawm nyob hauv GOST nws tus kheej.
Qhov tsis tseem ceeb thiab hom khoom tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm nws daim ntawv lo. Nws zoo li no: G-6-A-11. Cov ntawv sau no yuav txhais tau li hauv qab no:
- G- gypsum binder.
- 6 - qib khoom (txhais tau tias lub zog yog ntau tshaj li rau megapascals).
- A - txiav txim siab hom los ntawm kev teeb tsa lub sijhawm (uas yog, nrawm nrawm).
- 11 - qhia txog qib kev sib tsoo (hauv qhov nruab nrab no).
Teb daim ntawv thov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv gypsum
Lub thev naus laus zis ntawm gypsum binders ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev siv ntau yam. Gypsum feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim kho. Qhov ntsuas ntawm nws daim ntawv thov tuaj yeem muab piv nrog kev siv cov cement. Gypsum binder muaj qee qhov zoo dua li tib cov cement. Piv txwv li, nws cov khoom siv roj tsawg los ntawm yuav luagplaub zaug. Nws yog huv si, tiv taus hluav taws, muaj qhov porosity li ntawm peb caug mus rau rau caum feem pua, tsawg ntom (txog li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab kilograms ib cubic meter). Cov yam ntxwv no tau txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv.
Gypsum yog dav siv rau plastering. Nws daim ntawv thov tsis nyob ntawm cov qib ntawm cov khoom. Ib tug binder nrog nplua thiab nruab nrab sib tsoo hais yog siv, feem ntau thiab maj mam teeb. Gypsum yog ntxiv rau limestone thiab xuab zeb plaster. Qhov no txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tom qab ziab. Thiab txheej ntawm plaster rau saum npoo yuav du thiab lub teeb, haum rau kev ua tiav ntxiv.
Gypsum tshuaj muaj nyob rau qib G-2 txog G-7 yog siv rau kev tsim cov vaj huam sib luag, cov nplooj ntawv hu ua qhuav plaster thiab lwm yam khoom siv gypsum. Lawv tau ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem kom tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm sab hauv.
Ceramic, porcelain thiab faience cov khoom thiab qhov chaw yog tsim nrog ntxiv ntawm ib tug binder ntawm gypsum, belongs rau qib ntawm G-5 mus rau G-25. Lub binder yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm ib txwm teeb thiab finely av tshuaj.
Gypsum binder yog siv los npaj cov tshuaj khib nyiab, uas yog siv rau kev ua kom lub qhov rais, qhov rooj, muab faib. Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov khoom siv qis dua yog qhov tsim nyog.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov yam ntxwv ntawm gypsum binder ua rau nws siv tau cov khoom siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj thiab hauv ntau yam kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog ruaj, Frost-resistant,Hygienic, eco-friendly, fireproof khoom. Nws cov yam ntxwv zoo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev koom nrog ib pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib lub hauv paus tshwj xeeb.
