Pigment yog tshuaj lom neeg uas hloov cov xim ntawm cov khoom dyed. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo no yog ua raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm lub hauv paus, vim tias qhov wavelength ntawm lub teeb nthwv dej tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom pleev xim yog hloov kho. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev no yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog fluorescence, phosphorescence, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm luminescence uas cov khoom nws tus kheej emits lub teeb.
Pigment yog dab tsi thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas?
Pigments yog dyes. Tsis zoo li dyes, lawv muaj cov khoom siv thiab ua tau zoo nyob hauv nruab nrab kom muaj xim. Qhov nruab nrab yuav tsum tau xim yog cov khoom uas lub pigment yog qhia. Hauv biology, lo lus "pigment" yog hais txog tag nrho cov xim xim hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob.
Pigments rov tsim dua lawv cov xim vim lawv xaiv qhov xav tau thiab nqus tau qee lub teeb. Cov xim dawb yog kwv yees li sib npaug ntawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm tag nrho qhov pom ntawm lub teeb spectrum. Thaum xws li nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb ntsib cov xim, qee qhov ntawm cov nthwv dej tau nqus los ntawm cov xim xim cov khoom sib txuas thiab cov khoom hloov pauv, thaum lwm tus tau cuam tshuam. Qhov tshiab spectrum ntawm reflected lub teeb tsim ib tug tsos ntawm cov xim. Piv txwv li, xiav tsausCov xim qhia txog lub teeb xiav thiab nqus lwm cov xim.
Nws tau dhau los ua qhov pom tseeb me ntsis tias cov xim yog dab tsi, tab sis peb yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov xim xim, piv nrog cov tshuaj fluorescent lossis phosphorescent, tsuas yog nqus tau cov nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb uas lawv tau txais, tab sis tsis tawm cov tshiab. Lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim, xws li nws cov concentration lossis ci ntsa iab, tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lwm yam khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog pigments. Pure dye kis tsawg wavelengths ntawm lub teeb dawb, muab cov xim nplua nuj.
History
Cov xim tshwm sim ib txwm muaj xws li indigo, ocher, alizarin thiab hlau oxides tau siv los ua dyes txij li lub sijhawm prehistoric. Archaeologists tau pom cov pov thawj tias cov neeg thaum ub siv lawv rau lub hom phiaj zoo nkauj, xws li kho lawv lub cev. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 350,000 thiab 400,000 xyoo pigments thiab cov cuab yeej rau lawv cov khoom tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov tsua hauv Twin Rivers, ze rau Lusaka hauv Zambia.
Ua ntej Industrial Revolution, ntau yam ntawm cov xim muaj rau kev kos duab thiab lwm yam kev siv kho kom zoo nkauj raug txwv. Feem ntau ntawm cov dyes siv ces yog los ntawm ntuj tsim. Pigments los ntawm cov khoom tsis yog ib txwm muaj xws li cov teeb meem nroj tsuag, kab, thiab plhaub ntses kuj raug tsim thiab ua lag luam. Qee cov xim nyuaj lossis tsis yooj yim los npaj siv cov ntxoov ntxoo muaj.
Cov xim tsis tshua muaj xim feem ntau nyuaj kom tau txais, thiab thev naus laus zislawv cov khoom raug khaws cia nruj me ntsis los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Xws li cov khoom kim heev thiab nyuaj rau kev tsim, thiab cov khoom pleev xim nrog nws yog lub cim ntawm lub hwj chim thiab kev nplua nuj.
Kev siv cov pigments
Cov xim sib txawv tau siv sijhawm ntev thiab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev kos duab zoo nkauj thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm. Lub ntsiab ntuj pigments siv yog cov ntxhia los yog lom neeg keeb kwm. Qhov xav tau kom tau txais cov xim tsis tshua kim, muab qhov tsis txaus ntawm qee qhov ntxoov ntxoo, xws li xiav, tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws.
Pigments yog siv los muab cov xim rau cov xim pleev xim, number case, iav, plastics, textiles, ntoo, tshuaj pleev ib ce, zaub mov thiab lwm yam khoom. Feem ntau ntawm lawv siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv kev kos duab yog qhuav dyes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm finely faib hmoov. Xws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ntxiv rau "carrier" lossis "base" - ib qho khoom nruab nrab thiab tsis muaj xim uas ua raws li cov nplaum nplaum. Rau kev lag luam thiab kev kos duab, kev ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov yog cov khoom tsim nyog.
Pigments uas, vim qee yam ntawm lub cev, tsis tuaj yeem nyob ruaj khov, yog hu ua volatile. Cov hom dyes ploj zuj zus nrog lub sijhawm lossis raug rau lub teeb ultraviolet, thaum lwm tus thaum kawg tig dub.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov xim?
Cov hauv qab no yog qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim uas ua rau lawv haum rau qee yam kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv:
- Txoj kev phem.
- xim zog.
- Light resistance.
- Dispersion.
- Kub resistant.
- Opacity thiab pob tshab.
- Resistant mus rau qhov hnyav ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis.
- Reactions ntawm cov xim sib xyaw.
Kev xaiv cov xim rau ib daim ntawv thov yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws tus nqi, nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov xim nws tus kheej. Piv txwv li, cov xim uas siv rau xim iav yuav tsum muaj qhov kub thiab txias heev los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov khoom iav yuav tsum tau ua kom ntev kom nws tuaj yeem siv tau, piv txwv li, hauv kev lag luam thauj. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm iav rau cov khoom siv acidic lossis alkaline tsis tseem ceeb.
Hauv kev kos duab kos duab, kev tiv thaiv tshav kub tsis tshua muaj qhov tseem ceeb, thaum kev tiv thaiv rau lub teeb thiab hnyav ib puag ncig yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog cov xim siv rau cov pobzeb pavement. Cov xim zoo li no yuav tsum tiv taus kom ploj mus thiab kev puas tsuaj raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob thiab nag lossis daus.
Qee hom thiab npe ntawm cov xim
Qhov no yuav pab koj txiav txim siab:
- Cov pigments: carbon dub, ivory dub, vine dub, pa luam yeeb dub. Cov no yog cov pigments feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce. Lawv yog ib qho zoo heev ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti.
- Cadmium pigments: cadmium ntsuab, cadmium liab, cadmium daj, txiv kab ntxwv. Cov xim nomuaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov kua qaub thiab kub.
- Pigments ntawm hlau oxides: liab oxide, ocher, liab ocher, Venetian liab. Qhov tseem ceeb pigments rau cov xim. suav nrog cov ntxhia.
- Chromium pigments: chrome ntsuab, chrome daj. Xws li pigments yog dav siv nyob rau hauv painting. Zoo heev pov thawj ua ke nrog acrylic.
- Cob alt pigments: cob alt azure xiav, violet, cob alt daj. Cov khoom zoo li no muaj zog heev thiab muaj opacity siab. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm cov xim no yog siab.
- tooj liab pigments: Parisian ntsuab, verdigris, Egyptian xiav. Cov pigments no tau siv txij li lub sijhawm immemorial nyob rau hauv painting thiab artistic teb. Yuav luag tsis siv tam sim no vim lawv cov tshuaj lom.
- Cov xim lom neeg: alizarin, alizarin-carmine, indigo, cochineal, tiropurpura, phthalocyanine. Universal pigments uas tau siv nyob txhua qhov chaw: hauv lub neej txhua hnub, thiab hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tias cov xim pigments tau siv dav hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
