Kev tsim ua haujlwm suav nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, uas tom qab siv los ua lub hauv paus rau kev siv cov khoom siv. Cov kev daws teeb meem hauv vaj tse hauv cov ntsiab lus no ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev tsim, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab zoo nkauj ntawm kev ua raws li txoj kev npaj. Lub tsev tau tsim los ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm, tab sis, yog tias ua tau, kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj kuj tau ua. Kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj yuav tsis ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho rau lwm tus neeg sab nrauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw. Cov neeg tsim khoom suav nrog kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam, kev huv thiab ib puag ncig thiab cov xwm txheej uas yuav siv lub tsev yav tom ntej.
Layout ntsiab
Kev npaj cuam tshuam rau ntau pawg ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom vaj tsev thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm lub tsev tsim. Daim ntawv teev npe no, nrog rau cov kev cai rau kev siv ntawm qhov project, yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb (SP). Kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj hnub no yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv SP 31-107, raws li cov pawg hauv qab no ntawm kev npaj cov ntsiab lus txawv:
- nkag pab pawg. Cov pawg no suav nrog vestibules, thaj chaw vestibule, chav ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam.
- Txoj kev khiav tawm thiab stairwells.
- Of elevator nodes thiab qhib. Qee cov phiaj xwm kuj suav nrog chute channel hauv pawg no.
Rau txhua pab pawg, architects xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev tso kawm tsis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ergonomics ntawm kev siv thiab kev nyab xeeb.
daws teeb meem kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig
Kev tsim lub tsev nyob, raws li tau sau tseg, suav nrog kev suav rau ib puag ncig thiab kev huv huv. Yog tias tsis ua tiav, cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ntsuas ntawm gamma keeb kwm yav dhau thiab cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw, uas tau npaj rau kev tsim kho. Yog tias qhov ntsuas tau pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb, tom qab ntawd kev txiav txim siab ntawm vaj tse thiab kev npaj ntawm cov tsev nyob yuav tsum suav nrog kev ntsuas txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm
Feem ntau, cov kws tsim vaj tsev tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev cais cov chav hauv av thiab hauv qab daus kom tsis txhob muaj roj sib tov. Raws li txoj cai, kev tawm tsam yog nrog radon hluav taws xob. Hauv kev xyaum, cov dej num zoo li no tau ua los ntawm kev sib khi cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke thiab cov crevices, ua kom cua nkag mus rau hauv av, thiab lwm yam. Cov phom sij tuaj yeem los ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb ze ze. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub tsev kuj tseem npaj kom muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pa pa tawm. Rau qhov notshwj xeeb structural superstructures raug tsim, nrog rau cov canopies hla qhov nkag. Hauv cov phiaj xwm niaj hnub no, cov chaw nres tsheb yog pib nyob deb ntawm qhov rais thiab nkag ntawm cov tsev nyob.
Tsis muaj suab nrov
Kev txo qis suab nrov nkag mus rau qhov chaw nyob yog qhov tsim nyog ntsuas raws li kev nplij siab. Thaum xub thawj, kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no yog siv los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, cov chav kawm txuj ci thiab kev siv hluav taws xob nyob rau sab ntawm txoj kev loj. Cov chav nyob, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog taw qhia rau sab ntsiag to - piv txwv li, ntawm lub tshav puam. Tab sis cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo cov suab nrov tsis xav tau yog tso los ntawm cov chaw tsim vaj tsev tsim kev daws teeb meem raws li kev tsim kho thiab kev ua tiav.
Qhov no txhais tau tias cov khoom siv phab ntsa yuav tsum muaj qee qhov tuab thiab cov qauv tsim nyog rau kev muab cov suab nrov txaus. Yog li, lub suab nrov zoo yog tsim los ntawm cov npuas dej thiab cov pob zeb aerated, tab sis lawv poob rau cov cib ib txwm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog thiab kav ntev. Hais txog kev ua tiav, kev rwb thaiv tsev tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov ntaub plaub ntxhia, styrofoam boards, muaj ntaub qhwv, thiab lwm yam.
Insolation kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyob zoo thiab nyab xeeb. Nws qhia txog theem ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob ncaj qha hnub ci ntawm thaj chaw nyob. Normalization ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog tiav los ntawmpom kev deb ntawm kev sib nrig sib shading facades. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug yuav ua tsis tau yam tsis xav txog kev tsim kho orientation ntawm cov khoom. Cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm qhov project tsis yog tsuas yog xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws sab rau kev tso chaw ntawm thaj chaw nyob, tab sis tswj hwm qhov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev thiab cov ntu lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm cov tsev ntom ntom, ib qho kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj tuaj yeem muab cov txheej txheem insolation los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntxiv. Cov no suav nrog kev siv cov txheej txheem kev sib tw, cov seem offset, tso cov khoom nqa thiab cov stairwells nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntxoov ntxoo, thiab lwm yam.
Lub cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb hauv kev npaj
Txoj cai tswjfwm faib cov cheeb tsam raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb, muab cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau txhua pab pawg. Thawj pab pawg, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau tsim nrog tsawg kawg ntawm cov tswv yim pab pawg. Koj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txo cov daus drifts thiab kub poob. Cov pawg thib ob thiab thib peb muab kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov tsev nrog kev tiv thaiv cua thiab daus zoo dua.
Txhawm rau txo cov cua txias nkag mus, ntxiv kev nkag mus rau cov tsev tau raug qhia los ntawm ob sab. Kev rwb thaiv tsev sab hauv yog siv los ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem, raws li muab los ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj daws teeb meem. Cov cheeb tsam uas muaj huab cua hnyav heev tsis pom zoo kom ua nrog cov tsev nrog qhov siab ntawm ntau tshaj 4-5 plag tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib cais ntawm lub ru tsev tsis suav nrog, thiab cov chaw hauv qab nthab yuav tsum tau txais kev tiv thaiv cua.nrog rwb thaiv tsev.
Apartment layouts
Kev txhim kho cov haujlwm rau cov tsev feem ntau yog tsom rau qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov ntev thiab thaj chaw rau txhua chav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev pom tsis zoo yog to taub raws li qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav ua rau koj yooj yim tso cov rooj tog tsim nyog, khoom siv thiab khoom siv hauv tsev. Lub layout nws tus kheej yog tsim los rau hauv tus account lub climatic tej yam kev mob, raws li zoo raws li domestic thiab pej xeem yam. Hom chav tsev kuj raug coj mus rau hauv tus account - rau kev ntiav ntiav lossis kev ntiav neeg ua haujlwm. Cov kev cai tswj hwm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj daws teeb meem rau cov tsev apartment kuj tsim ib thaj tsam tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev, ib chav tsev yuav tsum muaj thaj tsam ntawm tsawg kawg yog 14 m22. Yog tias muaj 2 chav nyob lossis ntau dua, tus nqi no nce mus rau 16 m2.
Muaj peev xwm hloov pauv qhov layout
Cov tswv yim rau kev hloov kho cov chav tsev feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg nyob tshiab niaj hnub. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem qub, uas tsis haum rau cov tswv yim tshiab txog kev tsim sab hauv. Yog li ntawd, cov tsev tshiab raug coj los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej. Qhov no txhais li cas? Yam tsawg kawg nkaus, tus tswv yuav tuaj yeem hloov kho chav, sib txuas chav lossis hloov chaw ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv qhov hloov tau yooj yim tshaj plaws, kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj tseem tso cai rau kev sib txuas cov tsev nyob hauv tib lub tsev. Cov no yog radical mus kom ze rau transformation, qhov kev siv ntawm uashais txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob engineering networks.
Planning general thaj chaw
Lub Sijhawm rau kev npaj cov chaw pej xeem hauv cov tsev nyob hauv tsev yog thawj zaug coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv qhov project lossis ntxiv cov khoom nruab nrog raws li txoj hauv kev txuas nrog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub architectural thiab npaj daws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub peev xwm cuam tshuam ntawm no hom ntawm thaj chaw nyob rau hauv overlying chav nyob. Cov ntsuas suab nrov, huab cua muaj kuab paug, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv engineering tshiab, thiab lwm yam raug soj ntsuam.
Zaj lus
Ib yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj yog tias nws tso cai rau kev txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov tsev nyob sab nraum cov kab tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev xav tau rau lub zog, kav ntev thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom. Engineers tsom rau cov txheej txheem no, feem ntau tsis quav ntsej lwm yam kev ua haujlwm. Integrated architectural thiab kev npaj tsim kev daws teeb meem, nyob rau hauv lem, muab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg nyob rau ergonomics thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov kev thov no yog raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv ntau qhov chaw. Tib cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cai ntawm kev coj ua yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev pabcuam huv, ib puag ncig, tus tsim qauv, tus kwv yees, thiab lwm yam.
