Beam yog, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov phab ntsa thiab lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev, thaum sib sau ua ke ceilings, laj kab, thiab lwm yam. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau lub assembled qauv kom tig mus rau ib tug txhim khu kev qha, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws seem ntawm lub nqaj thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho. Txheem qhov ntev hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab yuav tsum tau ua raws nraim. Muaj ntau ntau hom ntoo hauv khw niaj hnub no raws li qhov ntsuas no.
Length of ntoo
Feem ntau, cov chaw lag luam tshwj xeeb thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm muab kev lag luam nrog 6 m ntoo. Cov khoom siv no yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los thiab kev sib dhos ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau. Tsis tas li, yog tias xav tau, piv txwv li, cov tswv ntawm thaj chaw hauv nroog uas txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub tsev, chav da dej lossis chav nres tsheb, tuaj yeem yuav cov nqaj ntawm tus qauv ntev 2, 4, 8, 10 thiab 12 m.
Qee zaum nws tshwm sim tias nws tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov khoom ntawm qhov ntev uas xav tau. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, koj tuaj yeem yuav tus qauv nqaj ntawm 6 m thiab txiavnws mus rau hauv tus lej tsim nyog. Kuj tseem muaj txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau kev tsim cov ntoo thaum sib sau ua ke ntau hom kev tsim vaj tsev. Piv txwv li, kom tau ib lub nqaj ntawm 8 m, koj tuaj yeem:
-
txiav ib kab 6-meter rau hauv 3 qhov, tau peb daim ntawm 2 m txhua;
- Txuas ib feem ntawm lawv mus rau lwm lub nqaj ntawm 6 m.
Section
Nws yuav tsis yooj yim hloov qhov ntev ntawm cov ntoo yuav khoom thaum tsim ntau yam qauv. Qhov xwm txheej no txawv kiag li nrog rau ntu ntu ntawm lub nqaj. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev xaiv yuav tsum tau mus nrog txhua lub luag haujlwm.
Nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam niaj hnub no muaj cov ntoo ntawm no ntau yam nrog ob lub square thiab rectangular seem. Ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntoo ntoo no sib npaug nrog cov neeg tsim khoom. Hauv qhov no, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thawj ntau yam tuaj yeem muaj cov qauv ntu:
- 50 x 50mm;
- 100 x 100mm;
- 120 x 120mm;
- 150 x 150mm.
Kuj nquag siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, ntoo 200x200x6000 mm lossis 250x250x6000 mm yog siv.
txheem ntoo muaj nyob rau ntawm lub khw hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg:
- 50 x 100mm;
- 100 x 150mm;
- 200 x 250 mm.
Rectangular lumber yog zoo haum rau kev tsim kho, piv txwv li, truss systems. Square beam feem ntau yog siv los sib sau ua ke lub thawv tsev.
Dimensions ntawm cov khoom nplaum
Feem ntau, thaum tsim ntau hom tsev, tau kawg, siv ib qho bar. Cov khoom zoo li no tsis yog kim heev, tab sis muaj qee qhov tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, log cabins los ntawm ib lub bar zoo tib yam muab lub zog shrinkage. Tsis tas li, cov khoom no feem ntau tsis muaj cov duab geometric tsis tu ncua.
Yog li ntawd, tsis ntev los no, ib hom ntoo tshwj xeeb - nplaum - tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam heev nrog cov neeg tsim khoom, suav nrog ntau zaus. Cov khoom zoo li no kav ntev dua li ib txwm, muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, thiab xyaum tsis ntshai ntawm ya raws.
Tau kawg, kev saib xyuas qhov ntev yuav tsum tau them thaum xaiv hom ntoo no. Qhov ntev ntawm cov ntoo ntawm ntau yam no tuaj yeem yog 6 lossis 12 m. Tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv ntu ntu ntawm cov kab sib txuas:
- dav tuaj yeem sib npaug li 80-380 mm rau maple thiab los ntawm 80 txog 280 mm rau ntoo thuv thiab spruce;
- qhov siab tuaj yeem yog 80-240mm thiab 135-270mm raws.
Profile ntoo
Cov khoom siv zoo li no (nrog rau qhov zoo tib yam thiab nplaum) kuj siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntau zaus. Cov nqaj profiled muaj qhov tshwj xeeb teeb tsa hauv ntu ntu. Lub thawv ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv tsim los ntawm nws saib zoo dua li cov uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo zoo tib yam. Ib square lossis duab plaub profiled beam, ntawm lwm yam, muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev yooj yim rau nruab. Tab sis raws li qee qhov kev ua tau zoo, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej, cov khoom sivhom nplaum no tseem qis dua.
Standard dav ntawm profiled ntoo tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 80-230mm. Qhov siab ntawm xws li ntoo ua los ntawm ntoo thuv, spruce los yog aspen yog feem ntau 140 hli. Rau qhov profiled larch beam, daim duab no yog 190 mm.
Yuav ua li cas xam cov seem uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov thermal conductivity
Tau kawg, qhov me me ntawm cov nqaj tuab, qhov pheej yig dua yog yuav nws rau tus tswv ntawm thaj chaw suburban. Tab sis xaiv xws li ntoo, raws li kev lag luam, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tsim nyog. Lub tsev tsim tsa los ntawm cov ntoo yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog kim heev, tab sis kuj xis nyob thiab sov.
Thaum xaiv qhov ntu ntu ntawm lub nqaj rau kev sib sau ua ke ib qho qauv, yuav tsum tau ua kom raug suav. Tus tswv ntawm thaj chaw suburban uas txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub tsev ntawm nws yuav tsum tau nrhiav ib qho chaw nruab nrab uas nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yuav ua kom zoo nrog rau qhov loj ntawm cov khoom.
Kev suav ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov nqaj raws li SNiP yog ua tiav, raws li cov qauv hauv qab no:
S=Kt x R where
Kt - coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity ntawm ntoo;
R - tshav kub hloov coefficient ntawm phab ntsa.
Daim duab kawg yuav txawv nyob ntawm thaj tsam uas lub tsev tau tsim. Yog li, piv txwv li, rau Moscow, R qhov taw qhia yuav yog 3.16, rau Rostov - 2.63, rau Arkhangelsk - 3.56.
Lub thermal conductivity ntawm nqaj nws tus kheej, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob ntawm seb hom ntoo nws yog ua los ntawmua. Rau cedar, piv txwv li, daim duab no yuav yog 0.095, rau linden thiab birch - 0.15, rau spruce - 0.11 thiab lwm yam.
Qee lub sij hawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xam yog tsis yog tus qauv lumber thickness. Yog tias, thaum ua kev suav, nws hloov tawm tias qhov kev xaiv 180 x 180 cm yog xav tau los tsim lub tsev sov so, cov tswv tsev yuav tau yuav ib lub 200 x 200 mm beam. Ntawd yog, qhov taw qhia thaum kos ib qhov project ib txwm nce upwards.
Siv hauv kev tsim kho lub ru tsev
Phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov ntoo yog sau hauv peb lub tebchaws, feem ntau tsuas yog hauv thaj chaw ntoo. Hauv thaj av steppe, cov khoom siv no kim heev. Thiab yog li ntawd, tsuas yog lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev raug tsa los ntawm nws ntawm no. Siv lub nqaj, qhov no, lub kaw lus yog mounted.
Tau kawg, thaum sib sau ua ke lub ru tsev thav duab, nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev txiav txim siab hla ntu ntawm cov khoom. Thermal conductivity thaum siv los ua kev txhawb nqa rau lub ru tsev ntawm lub nqaj nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Tab sis lub zog ntawm cov ntoo kuj nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv. Ntawm chav kawm, lub russ system ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum yooj yim tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm ob "pie" ntawm lub ru tsev nws tus kheej thiab cov daus lingering rau nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum xaiv ib lub nqaj rau kev sib sau ua ke lub ru tsev ncej, cua load kuj yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv tus account.
Yuav ua li cas xam hla ntu
Nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas no rau lub nqaj thaum siv nws los sib sau ua ke lub kaw lus tuaj yeem nyob ntawm ntau yam:
- project ntev ntawm rafter ceg;
- kauj ruam uas nws yuav tsum tau mount txhawb cov ntsiab lus;
- ntsuas cua thiab daus loads rau thaj tsam tshwj xeeb no.
Thaum ua cov lus suav hauv qhov no, ntau lub rooj yog siv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv npaj txhij.
Kev txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob rau cov kab hluav taws xob hauv ib cheeb tsam yuav tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv feem ntau yog:
- rau ob txhais ceg lawv tus kheej - loj 100 x 150 lossis 100 x 200 mm;
- rau daim phiaj fais fab - ntu 100 x 100, 150 x 150 mm;
- rau racks - 100 x 100 lossis 150 x 150 mm.
Rau Mauerlat ntawm cov tsev loj, ib kab ntawm 200 x 200 mm lossis txawm 250 x 250 mm kuj siv tau.
SNiP qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov ntoo tuab nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv
Cov tsev hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua rau thaj chaw suburban:
- tsev;
- lub teb chaws;
- tsev nyob.
Tag nrho cov hom tsev no tuaj yeem tsim tau siv ntoo. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov no, ntawm chav kawm, yuav xaiv tau nyob rau hauv txawv qhov ntev. Thaum sib sau ua ke ib lub thawv ntawm ntau qhov kev tsim tawm, ib qho bar nrog ib feem ntawm 100 x 100 lossis 100-150 mm feem ntau yog siv. Xws li cov khoom siv feem ntau yog pheej yig heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, koj tuaj yeem sib sau los ntawm nws, piv txwv li, lub tsev da dej, sauna, tsev noj mov, chaw nres tsheb lossis chaw siv hluav taws xob.
Lub teb chaws txawv ntawm cov tsev nyob uas tib neeg tsis nyob hauv lawvxyoo puag ncig. Ntau tus pej xeem tuaj xyuas thaj chaw suburban, tsuas yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lig lossis caij nplooj zeeg ntxov. Yog li ntawd, cov kev cai loj heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub peev xwm los khaws cov cua sov feem ntau tsis raug rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev. Tab sis cov chaw zoo li no, txij li cov tswv nyob hauv lawv, suav nrog hauv lub caij so, yuav tsum tseem sov txaus. Ib qho bar thaum sib sau cov thawv ntawm lub teb chaws tsev feem ntau yog siv nrog ib feem ntawm 120 x 120 mm. Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug beam ntawm 6 m thiab 150x150 cm kuj siv tau, nws yog advisable siv cov khoom, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub txias cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws - nyob rau hauv lub Urals los yog Siberia.
Muaj, tau kawg, tshwj xeeb rau cov tsev nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm phab ntsa kom khaws cov cua sov. Kev suav ntawm cov seem uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yog ua raws li cov qauv uas tau tham saum toj no hauv kab lus. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, ib tug nqaj ntawm 200x200x6000 mm los yog txawm 250x250x6000 mm yog siv rau kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob. Qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau Siberia thiab Urals.
Standard bar qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Qee zaum, thaum tsim ntau yam qauv hauv thaj chaw suburban, ntawm lwm yam, cov tuav kuj siv tau. Xws li lumber tuaj yeem siv los ua ke ntawm txoj kev me me architectural forms, laj kab, rooj zaum thiab lwm yam. Lawv txawv ntawm ib qho bar hauv ib ntu me. Tau kawg, cov kev cob qhia ua raws li cov qauv hauv kev tsim cov ntoo li no. Qhov ntev ntawm lub bar yog raws li nram no:
- rau softwood - dav thiab qhov siab ntawm 16 txog 25cm (3cm kis), 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75mm;
- rau cov ntoo tawv - 19 txog 25 (3 cm), 32, 40, 45 thiab 50 txog 100 (nrog rau qhov sib kis ntawm 10 cm).
Nkauj tawm tshiab
Tus qauv ntev ntawm cov ntoo ntoo tuaj yeem sib txawv li ntawm 1-6 m nrog kev sib tw ntawm 0.25 m., thickness - 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm. Cov khoom siv no yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau hom tsev nyob rau hauv suburban cheeb tsam raws li feem ntau cov ntoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntiag tug yog cov khoom siv ntawm hom no nrog qhov dav ntawm 150-200 mm thiab tuab ntawm 2-4.5 cm.
