Cov xim qhuav yog cov hmoov loj ntawm kev sib tsoo zoo, cov khoom uas, thaum sifted, tuaj yeem dhau ntawm cov hlwb ntawm txoj kab uas me tshaj plaws. Qhov zoo ntawm cov pigments ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov kev sib tsoo.
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Kom tau txais cov khoom tiav tiav, cov xim sib xyaw nrog cov khoom sib khi. Pigments raug cais raws li nws yog xim hlau, hluavtaws thiab ntuj. Cov tom kawg yog tsim los ntawm kev nplua nuj, sib tsoo ntawm cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb, ua raws li kev kho cua sov. Cov khoom siv hlau yog tau los ntawm cov hmoov av zoo li kev sib tsoo ntawm cov hlau alloys, thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws (synthetic) yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Bronze thiab silver aluminium hmoov tau dhau los ua qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov xim hlau xim.
Ignition tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov tsis muaj organic thiab organic keeb kwm, rau qhov no, cov hmoov yog nchuav rau hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb lossis mus rau ib daim hlau thiab rhuab. Cov xim organic qhuav yuav ua rau cov xim tsaus dua vim yog cov pa roj carbon.
ntsuas kev nyab xeeb
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog cov khoom muaj kuab lom thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv xim ntawm txhua yam. belongs rau qeb ntawm lomxim qhuav, muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm zinc, tooj liab thiab arsenic. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm xws tebchaw, txoj kev ntawm daim ntawv thov nrog ib tug txhuam yog ntau rational, vim qhov no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lom yuav txo tau. Cov teebmeem tshwm sim tau tshwm sim ntau dua thaum siv rab phom, tshuaj tsuag thiab lwm yam khoom siv nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws. Txawm hais tias yuav siv txoj kev twg los xij, kev ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv lub npog ntsej muag lossis lub tshuab ua pa yog tsim nyog.
Daim ntawv thov
Cov xim qhuav zoo rau cov pob zeb tsis tuaj yeem ua kom tsis zoo thiab tsis hloov xim hauv ib puag ncig alkaline, thaum raug ultraviolet rays, thaum ua kom qhuav tawm thiab ua rau cov dej noo ntau ntxiv. Cov khoom no txawv ntawm ultramarine, ocher, umber, sienna, mummy, cinnabar, manganese peroxide; pigments: txiv kab ntxwv, scarlet, burgundy thiab txiv qaub. Lawv siv tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov compositions rau coloring, lwm tus yog siv nyob rau hauv nplaum hom xim, raws li zoo raws li emulsion.
Kom tau txais qee lub suab nrov, yuav tsum muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam khoom qhuav. Pigments yuav tsum tau tsau rau hauv dej ua ntej siv, sib tov kom huv si thiab ntxiv rau cov xim muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog kev nplawm tas li. Thaum sib tov ncaj qha nrog cov xim muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua tiav tsis tiav ua rau pom cov streaks ntawm cov xim pleev xim.
Powder xim ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab xim yog siv rau pleev xim hlau dav hlau thiab hlau, raug rau dilution nrog ziab roj los yogkua roj vanish. Kev faib khoom loj tshaj plaws yog sau tseg hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj qub ntawm iav, duab thav duab thiab lwm yam khoom sab hauv.
Alkali-resistant compositions yog siv rau daim ntawv thov rau qab nthab thiab phab ntsa - cov no yog ultramarine, umber, ocher, liab lead. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog lub peev xwm los siv rau txhua yam xim.
xim dawb
Muaj ntau cov xim sib txawv: dub, liab, xim av, xiav, daj thiab dawb. Cov tom kawg suav nrog txiv qaub, whitewash thiab chalk. Chalk yog muag nyob rau hauv hmoov daim ntawv nrog ib tug daj los yog grey tint, raws li zoo raws li dawb loj lumps. Cov ntau yam no muab faib ua peb hom. Rau daim ntawv thov ntawm phab ntsa, chalk yog siv nrog kev sib tsoo zoo tshaj plaws, zoo li cov hmoov nplej zoo.
Air-hom txiv qaub feem ntau yog siv los pleev xim rau sab nrauv thiab sab hauv phab ntsa. Cov quenched saib tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov xim qhuav uas tsis hloov xim, xws li cov xim txiv kab ntxwv daj, liab thiab xiav, nrog rau cov pob txha hlawv, umber thiab ocher.
Dawb yog cov hmoov nplej dawb. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov xim qhuav ntawm hom no suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm titanium ores, lithopone, txhuas, hlau zinc. Feem ntau siv dawb yog yuav los ua ib feem rau cov xim roj thiab putties.
xim daj thiab xiav
Ultramarine thiab azure belongs rau qeb ntawm xiav pigments. Azure yog ntxiv los txhim kho cov xim nyob rau hauv soot thiab yog siv los ua enamel thiab roj-raws li colouring compositions. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsaus ntuj thaum raug hluav taws xob ultraviolet, vim qhov no, nws siv tau tsuas yog hauv kev ua haujlwm sab hauv. Xiav (ultramarine) - xim qhuav nrog ntsuab lossis xiav tint, yog ib feem ntawm cov txiv qaub thiab chalk bases.
Burnt sienna, crown thiab ocher yog cais raws li xim daj. Ocher muaj qhov txawv txav thiab ntau lub suab nrov. Piv txwv li, tom qab ua tib zoo calcination, koj tuaj yeem tau txais xim liab-xim av hu ua burnt ocher. Crowns muaj xws li pigments xws li xim ntawm txiv kab ntxwv mus rau ci txiv qaub. Nrog ocher, burnt sienna zoo ib yam li cov yam ntxwv. Nws tau txais qhov kev faib loj tshaj plaws rau daim ntawv thov ntawm cov dav hlau ntsug hauv qab tshauv lossis ntoo qhib.
xim liab
Lead thiab hlau minium, mummy, cinnabar yog xim liab. Cov hmoov pleev xim tom kawg yog qhov tiv taus thiab siv rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv vim raug tshav ntuj. Cov hlau lead liab yog cov txiv kab ntxwv-liab tint siv nruj me ntsis rau sab nraum zoov siv vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg siab. Lub mummy tuaj yeem muaj lub teeb thiab tsaus ntxoov ntxoo ntawm liab. Txawm hais tias tus txheeb ze tsis kam, nws tsis yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov. Tej zaum yuav yog ntuj lossis dag. Thaum dyeing, nws muaj xim daj uas tsaus nti tom qab ib pliag thiab hloov mus ua xim liab-xim av.
Dub thiab ntsuab
Chromium thiab lead ntsuab xa mus raupawg ntawm cov xim ntsuab. Chromium oxide yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov yas daj thiab azure, nrog rau qhov txo qis los yog nce ntxiv ntawm qhov tom kawg, lwm yam xim tuaj yeem tau txais. Lead ntsuab kuj tau los ntawm kev sib tov xim daj thiab xiav.
Charcoal, carbon dub thiab manganese peroxide yog cov hmoov xim dub. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pa roj carbon dub tau txais thaum lub sij hawm ua cov pa roj los yog roj tsuas yog tov nrog roj tov, xab npum thiab kua nplaum.
