Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov plag tsev uas siv thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov tsev thiab cov qauv. Lawv muaj qee qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Ib qho ntawm cov spectacular ntau yam yog lub qab nthab coffered. Nws yog siv tsawg dua li monolithic slabs. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj ntau qhov zoo. Dab tsi yog lub tsev coffered yuav tham tom qab.
Kev piav qhia dav dav
Ntau tus neeg tsis paub tias hom flooring hu ua coffered. Qhov no tsis yog ntau hom qab nthab. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua tau raws li lub tsev project nrog xws li ib tug sib tshooj. Qhov no yog dab tsi attracts ntau builders. Sab hauv siv cov cuab yeej no yog thawj.
Txhua qhov sib tshooj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov qauv, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai tsim. Caisson flooring tau paub txog tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, ib tug zoo xws li cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Nrogntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, lub qab nthab ntawm ntau yam nthuav tawm tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ntawm qhov zoo.
Nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws, cov kev sib tshooj no tsis tshua muaj siv, tab sis lawv tau nquag siv hauv tsev hauv lwm lub tebchaws. Nws muaj cov kab teeb uas tau coj mus rau ib leeg ntawm lub kaum sab xis (tsis tas yuav ncaj). Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau koj los tsim lub teeb pom kev zoo. Nws muaj qhov zoo li qub thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev npaj ntawm ntau lub tsev.
Koj tuaj yeem mount lub qab nthab nrog koj tus kheej tes. Niaj hnub no, rau qhov no, ntau yam khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv tsim tau muag. Qhov no pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv. Koj tuaj yeem yuav txhua yam koj xav tau ntawm lub khw muag khoom kho vajtse thiab ua qhov kev teeb tsa koj tus kheej.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Caisson ceilings (cov duab tau nthuav tawm hauv kev tshuaj xyuas) tau nthuav dav hauv architecture ntawm Ancient Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Flooring tau ntsia nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kab teeb. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paintings los yog sculptural ntsiab.
Thaum ntxov, cov plag tsev ntawm hom nthuav tawm tau ua los ntawm ntoo. Cov qauv zoo li no kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv lwm lub tebchaws, piv txwv li, hauv Egypt thaum ub. Qab nthab ntawm hom no tau pom nyob rau hauv frescoes thiab ancient mosaics.
Cov coffered monolithic reinforced pob zeb slab tau dhau los ua qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim kho. Cov khoom no tau siv nyob rau hauv Russia txij thaum 1861. Feem ntau, cov qab nthab thiab kab tau tsim los ntawm nws.
Thawj lub tsev nrog cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog tau tsim hauv xyoo 1934. Qhov no yogyog lub tsev ntawm Central Union (tus kws kes duab vajtse Le Corbusier). Cov npoo ntawm qhov sib tshooj no tau qhia upwards. Tus qauv tsim yog tsim los ntawm kev siv tshuab monolithic.
Ntau zaus cov cuab yeej nthuav tawm yog siv hauv kev tsim kho hauv txawv teb chaws. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov tsev zoo li no tau tswj hwm ntev los yeej cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Spain, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, England, Ltalis, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, cov qauv no tau siv thiab tam sim no siv rau hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse.
Lub ntsiab nta
Caisson monolithic flooring yog tsim los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag uas tau nruab rau ntawm kaum kab kabmob. Cov phaj zoo li no muaj daim ntawv ntawm tav los yog kab sib tshuam ntawm txoj cai kaum. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib txheej nyias ntawm pob zeb, lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho system. Qhov no yog li cas lub qab nthab tau txais, zoo li lub waffle hauv nws qhov tsos.
Feem ntau cov phaj muaj cov duab plaub, tab sis nws tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, piv txwv li, domed.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov qab nthab zoo tib yam nrog kev kho cov phiaj los ntawm kab teeb. Cov no yog cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov qauv. Caisson hom hauv pem teb muaj cov tav tshwj xeeb. Lawv ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab teeb. Cov tav nyob rau hauv caisson qauv muaj ib lub suab tsis ntau tshaj 1.5 m. Lawv tsim ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim phiaj. Qhov no tso cai rau koj rov faib cov load. Qhov no ua rau cov qauv muaj zog. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los txo cov thickness ntawm txheej ntawm monolithic slabs rau 5-8 cm.
Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau ntau dua, kev txhim kho ntawm cov plag tsev coffered yog ua tiav. Cov phaj muaj lub thickness ntawm 25-45cm Qhov siab ntawm cov tav uas protrude saum lub hauv paus ncav cuag 20-40 cm. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov kev faib ua feem tsim los ntawm lub tsev lis dej num thiab cov kev cai yuav tsum tau khaws cia. Qhov siab ntawm tav yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg dua 1/20 ntawm qhov ntev. Qhov ntev ntawm lub qab nthab coffered tuaj yeem sib txawv. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv ncav cuag qhov ntev ntawm 35x35 m.
Slabs tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntawm cov kab kabmob lossis phab ntsa. Hauv thawj qhov kev xaiv, 4 kev txhawb nqa yog xav tau. Cov kab yuav tuav cov qauv ntawm cov ces kaum.
txiaj ntsig
hom slab no muaj ntau yam zoo. Qhov no ua kom qhov muaj koob meej loj hlob ntawm kev nthuav tawm hom kev tsim kho. Hauv coffered ceilings, ribs tsim lub hauv paus. Ua tsaug rau lawv lub xub ntiag, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv cov cement los ntawm 2 zaug, thiab kev txhawb zog - los ntawm 3 zaug, piv nrog cov pa hauv pem teb ntawm lub zog ntawm tib lub zog.
Qhov no tso cai rau koj nthuav dav qhov muaj peev xwm thaum tsim lub thickness ntawm lub qab nthab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov duab tuaj yeem yog qhov qub heev. Lub configuration yuav luag txhua. Koj tuaj yeem tsim lub dome lossis arch qauv.
Hnub no, thev naus laus zis nrog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau lub slab ntawm 10 mus rau 34 m tau tsim thiab siv rau hauv qhov no, ib qho me me ua rau ntawm phab ntsa lossis kab. Qhov no yog vim qhov txo qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib tshooj. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau kom txo tau tag nrho cov loads uas ua rau lub hauv paus.
Lwm qhov zoo yog qhov tseeb tias cov plag tsev coffered resistant rau av qeeg vim kev co. ATthaj chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj seismic, lawv siv tau yog tias muaj qhov ntev ntawm ntau tshaj 6 m.
Ribbed ntau yam ntawm cov qauv yog qhov txawv los ntawm 2-3 npaug ntau dua cov kabmob muaj peev xwm. Lub thickness nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ua tau 2 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li nrog rau kev npaj ntawm cov pa du plag tsev. Tsawg load-bearing ntsiab yuav tsum tau mounted, uas ua rau kom cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho. Cov khoom siv ntawm kev tsim kho kuj txo. Cov nqi tsim kho tau txo qis heev. Qee zaum, daim duab no nce mus txog 3 zaug.
Scope of application
Caisson flooring yog siv ntau hom kev tsim kho. Feem ntau, hom qauv no yog siv nyob rau hauv loaded engineering lug. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau lawv tau nruab rau hauv cov tsev nrog coob tus neeg. Cov no tuaj yeem yog khw, lom zem lossis chaw ua kis las, xinesmas lossis ua yeeb yam, tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau hauv cov nroog loj hauv peb lub tebchaws, cov khoom loj loj raug xa mus rau sab nraud. Los ntawm lawv muaj cov tsev loj, uas qee zaum txawm tias tsis tsim nyog, los ntawm kev lag luam ntawm qhov pom, kom rhuav tshem. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw zoo li no tau raug kho dua tshiab, tig mus rau hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm ntau yam. Ntawm no ntxiv kev sib tshooj yog tsim. Feem ntau lawv tau ua los ntawm caisson technology.
Yog tias nws yuav tsum tau muab lub tsev tsim khoom nrog nyiaj siv ua haujlwm cranes, yuav tsum tau siv lub qab nthab ntxiv. Qhov siab ntawm cov complexes muaj peev xwm tshaj 10 m. Los xyuas kom meej nws cov hauj lwm zoo, lawv tsimcoffered hom pem teb. Lawv zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no hauv txhua qhov kev hwm.
Cov peev txheej ntawm cov qauv nthuav tawm tsis txwv rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Hauv cov tsev ntiag tug, cov cuab yeej nthuav qhia kuj tuaj yeem siv tau. Qhov no tso cai rau koj txo tus nqi, nrog rau ua lub qab nthab qub.
Ntau yam
Muaj ob hom coffered qab nthab raws li kev tsim tshuab. Cov no yog monolithic thiab prefabricated-monolithic ntau yam ntawm cov qauv. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv.
Yog li, prefabricated monolithic pem teb muaj prefabricated hollow blocks. Lawv qhov ntev yog 20x20x60 cm thiab 30x30x80 cm. Blocks nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog mounted nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim duab kaw ntawm txhua sab. Lub caisson formwork ntawm cov plag tsev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog tsau, nws muaj beams uas nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb lub cev. Lub thickness ntawm monolithic txheej ntawm cov pob zeb saum toj no cov kab teeb yuav tsum yog 5-6 cm. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov qauv txuas nrog cov kev txhawb nqa, cov slab yog cov khoom, vim tensile loads ua rau nws nyob rau hauv cov chaw no. Thaiv thiab sab saum toj txhawb nqa.
Monolithic ntau yam ntawm cov plag tsev ntawm hom nthuav tawm yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov ntsuas pom zoo ntawm kev faib cov cement. Tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntau dhau ntawm cov tav. Qhov no txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv. Nws muaj ib tug ribbed qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub stretched aav ntawm seem, qhov sib tov yog tsis nteg. Ntawm no, tsuas yog cov tav yog concreted. Kev txhawb zog dhau los ntawm lawv, uas nce lub zog ntawmncab. Hom qab nthab no tso cai rau koj kom txuag tau ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov sib tshooj sib tshooj tuaj yeem nce ntxiv hauv qhov no.
khoom siv
Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, koj yuav tsum xam lub qab nthab coffered. Nws yog tsim raws li PPR raws li cov duab kos duab ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm, koj yuav tsum tau npaj cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom tsim nyog. Tus nqi ntawm cov cement thiab kev txhawb zog yog nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm chav tsev. Npaj cov duab kos yog siv rau kev xam kom raug.
Thaum ua haujlwm, koj yuav xav tau lub tshuab sib tsoo, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, nrog rau lub taub hau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tsim khoom sib tov. Cement mortar tuaj yeem yuav npaj tau los yog ua los ntawm nws tus kheej siv lub pob zeb sib tov. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog yooj yim dua, yog li nyiam dua. Tab sis nws yuav pheej yig dua los ua cov sib tov koj tus kheej.
Koj yuav tsum npaj ib txheej ntawm cov ciaj ntswj, lub hau ntswj thiab cov ntsia hlau. Ib lub chisel thiab trowel kuj tuaj yeem ua ke. Thaum ua haujlwm, cov neeg tsim khoom siv spatula, pliers thiab hacksaw (nrog rau cov hlau). Kev ntsuas yog nqa tawm siv daim kab xev ntsuas thiab xaum. Koj tseem yuav xav tau ib txoj kab kav dej thiab qib tsev. Npaj txhua yam koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem mus ua haujlwm. Nws yog ua los ntawm kev siv tshuab tshwj xeeb.
Formwork npaj
Cov neeg tsim kho pom zoo ua-nws-koj tus kheej coffered qab nthab ntawm qhov chaw. Lub formwork yuav tsum yog ib hom tshwj xeeb, tshem tau. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 3 ntawm lawv ntau yam yog haum rau qhov no:
- Standard Skydome hom system. Nws suav nrog cov khoom yas uas tso cai rau koj kom yooj yimtshem tawm cov formwork tom qab lub pob zeb tau kho. Nws qhov chaw tawm tsam cov tshuaj, yog li nws tsis lo rau cov pwm nto. Xws li formwork yog reusable. Lawv kuj suav nrog cov ntsia hlau thiab racks rau mounting.
- sib xyaw ua ke. Ua li no, ua ib ntus flooring ntawm plywood. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ua qauv yog tom qab ntsia rau ntawm nws.
- Daim ntawv yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo hauv pem teb, nrog rau tus kheej ua plywood formwork. Qhov no feem ntau yog ib qho kev tsim ib zaug. Nws tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov duab los qhia nrog txheej txheej ntawm polyethylene.
Pov pob zeb
Qhob yog nchuav rau hauv pwm npaj hauv ob theem. Lub reinforcement yuav tsum tau mounted thiaj li hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub formwork. Nws fixation yuav tsum muaj zog kom nws tsis txav thaum pouring.
Tom ntej, tshwj xeeb clamps raug ntsia. Kev txhawb zog tseem yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ob qhov kev hla. Ua ntej, nws yog muab tso rau hauv cov tav. Sab saum toj reinforcement tseem tsis tau pw. Hauv qhov no, clamps yog siv. Thaum thawj batch ntawm pob zeb yog poured (qhov no tso cai rau tsim cov tav), koj muaj peev xwm mount lub tom ntej no ncej ntawm hlau reinforcement. Nws muaj cov ntsiab lus qis thiab sab sauv ntev, uas tau kho nrog clamps.
Kev sib tshooj yuav tsum muaj zog txaus. Lub aggregate nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb sib tov yuav tsum tau nplua-grained los yog pa. Cov chav kawm muaj zog yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog B15. Cov pob zeb uas muaj zog B12, 5 tuaj yeem siv tau, qhov sib piv dej-cement yuav tsum muaj qhov ntsuas ntawm 0.5. Pouring yog ua raws li tus qauv txheej txheem.
Nrog lub vibratorkoob hom, qhov loj yog compacted nyob rau hauv lub formwork. Cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub pob zeb vertically lossis ntawm me ntsis incline.
ntoo qab nthab
Ntau tus neeg tsim qauv niaj hnub no tau txais cov txheej txheem nthuav tawm. Yog li ntawd, lub qab nthab yog tsim los ntawm cov tav sib tshuam nrog ib leeg. Lawv tsim ib daim phiaj ntawm lub qab nthab. Ib txheej nyias sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua ke. Rau xws li lub qab nthab, cov kabmob zoo yog qhov thib ob. Nws yuav tsum yog lub teeb thiab zoo nkauj.
Lub qab nthab ntawm hom nthuav tawm muaj peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Cov no yog ribs (beams) uas muab rigidity, puag thiab hniav ntsiab. Raws li yav tas los, ciam teb, cornices, qauv, thiab lwm yam yog nquag siv.
Caffered ceilings tuaj yeem ua tsis tau los ntawm ntoo, tab sis kuj los ntawm yas. Lub hauv paus feem ntau yog ua los ntawm chipboard, polyurethane los xij, phab ntsa qhuav lossis plywood. Kho kom zoo nkauj ntsiab cam khwb cia los ntawm gypsum zoo spectacular. Cov tsom teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov hlwb. Ribs tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv. Qhov no muab cov teebmeem sib txawv ntawm lub teeb tawg. Qhov kev tsim no zoo nkaus li nthuav hauv cov qauv sab hauv sib txawv.
