Cov ntaiv sab nraum zoov tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam haujlwm hauv tsev. Cov qauv no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo, hlau, pob zeb, cib lossis blocks. Qhov tseeb, kev sib dhos tshuab nws tus kheej nyob ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj thiab ntawm cov khoom siv hauv txheej txheem kev teeb tsa.
hom ntaiv sab nraum zoov
Hom nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv no yog, ntawm chav kawm, lub qab nthab. Xws li ib lub staircase muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub tsev. Ntxiv nrog rau porches, lub teb chaws cov tsev kuj tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke:
- ntaiv ua rau lub tsev pheeb suab lossis hauv pem teb thib ob;
- hluav taws kub.
Txoj kev ntawm hom no zoo li zoo li:
- ncig;
- rectangular;
- trapezoidal.
Kosoura feem ntau yog siv los ua kev txhawb nqa hauv cov kauj ruam thaum sib sau cov ntaiv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv hloov nrog ib txoj hlua khi. Nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam ntawm cottages thiab vaj tsev nyob, stairs nrog los yog tsis muaj railings yuav ntsia tau. Qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv no nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lub tsev kuj txawv. Yooj yim tuaj yeem ua tauCov ntaiv sab nraum zoov uas nyob ib sab ntawm cov tsev, thiab ntsia tau sib npaug rau cov phab ntsa lossis ntawm lub kaum sab xis rau lawv.
Los ntawm kev tsim, nruab nrab lub davhlau thiab kauv staircase yog qhov txawv. Thawj hom yog suav tias yog yooj yim dua rau siv. Porches thiab stairs ua rau hauv pem teb thib ob los yog lub qab nthab feem ntau yog ua los mus. Screw structures tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv yards. Lawv tsuas yog mounted xwb qhov twg tsis muaj chaw txaus los nruab ib tug marching ntau yam.
Ntog sab nraum cov ntaiv feem ntau tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov tsev siab siab hauv nroog. Tab sis qee zaum lawv tau mounted hauv cov tsev ntiag tug. Cov qauv no tsuas yog siv los ua cov neeg tua hluav taws xwb.
Fences
Cov railings ntawm sab nraum zoov ntaiv, zoo li cov kauj ruam lawv tus kheej, tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv: pob zeb, ntoo, hlau. Cov kev cai tseem ceeb rau fencing yog lub zog thiab zoo nkauj tsos. Yuav kom sib sau cov railing, nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau siv tib yam khoom siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj. Yog li, pob zeb ntaiv tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov hlau railings, steel nrog cov ntoo railings, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau tsuas yog ib qho yuav tsum tau ua rau railing handrails - lawv yuav tsum yooj yim siv. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm ntoo. Ntoo thiab board, raws li koj paub, muaj ib tug tsawg degree ntawm thermal conductivity. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov tes tuav ntoo tsis tuaj yeem ua kom sov thiab txias.
laj kab rau sab nraum zoov ntaiv: tsim
Nws tsim nyog mus txog qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim rau lub railingua tib zoo saib. Nws yog lawv cov qauv tsim uas feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov tsos ntawm staircase tag nrho. Ntoo laj kab feem ntau yog carved. Forged hlau railings kuj zoo nkauj heev. Galvanized niaj hnub steel railings kuj zoo nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog, piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv xws li polycarbonate los yog iav kev nyab xeeb.
Vuas lossis porcelain stoneware feem ntau yog siv los kho cov phab ntsa monolithic ntawm cov pob zeb nruab nrab ntawm lub davhlau. Qee lub sij hawm sab nraum zoov nyob ruaj ruaj ntaiv ntawm ntau yam no kuj yog siv pob zeb ntuj. Feem ntau nws yog granite lossis marble. Hauv cov tsev kim heev, pob zeb railings tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog jasper, serpentine, onyx, thiab lwm yam.
kauj ruam tsim
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim rau kev ya davhlau ntawm cov ntaiv, nrog rau cov railings, nyob ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom. Ntoo cov kauj ruam lawv tus kheej zoo heev impressive. Yog li ntawd, lawv feem ntau tsuas yog coated nrog cov kua roj vanish npaj rau kev ua cov qauv kev. Cov kauj ruam hlau feem ntau sheathed nrog ntoo lossis roj hmab lossis cov ntaub qhwv yas yog siv. Cov vaj tse pob zeb, zoo li monolithic railings, tau ntsib nrog cov vuas luaj los yog pob zeb ntuj.
SNiP qhov loj me yuav tsum
Tau kawg, cov ntaiv sab nraum zoov yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog zoo nkauj thiab xis siv, tab sis kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb. Thaum txhim kho cov qauv, cov qauv SNiP hauv qab no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua:
- Qhov dav ntawm tus ntaiv yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg dua 90 cm. Yog tias lub peb hlis ntujyuav nqaim, cov neeg tsiv mus rau ib leeg raws nws yooj yim yuav tsis tau tawg. Qhov dav dav ntawm cov ntaiv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev yooj yim yog 1-1.5 meters.
- Qhov tob ntawm cov kauj ruam lawv tus kheej yuav tsum yog qhov uas lawv haum tus taw ntawm tus neeg taug kev nce ntaiv. Raws li cov kev cai, daim duab no yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg tshaj 30 cm. Cov kauj ruam nqaim tsuas yog muaj kev khiav tawm sab nraum zoov. Rau kev tsim cov qauv no, ib lub ces kaum nrog lub txee ntawm 5-10 cm feem ntau yog siv.
- Hauv ib lub Peb Hlis, raws li txoj cai, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj 18 kauj ruam. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv tus lej tsawg kawg tsis txwv.
- Qhov siab zoo ntawm tus riser ntawm tus ntaiv siv txav cov neeg nyob hauv tsev yog 15-20 cm.
- Qhov siab ntawm cov tes tuav yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 90 cm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ntau tshaj 15 cm ntawm lub balusters yuav tsum tsis txhob tso tseg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li txoj cai no hauv cov tsev uas cov menyuam yaus. nyob. Cov me nyuam yaus xav paub heev thiab yog tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov balusters ntau dua, lawv tuaj yeem tso lawv lub taub hau ntawm lawv thiab daig.
Lub staircase ntsug ua rau lub qab nthab tuaj yeem kho lossis txuas. Qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog tsuas yog siv los muab kev nkag mus rau qhov chaw tsis muaj cua sov nkaus xwb. Cov qauv npaj rau kev nqa mus rau lub tsev nyob hauv tsev lossis mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob yuav tsum tsuas yog nyob ruaj ruaj.
Txoj kev sib dhos ntoo nruab nrab lub dav hlau ntaiv
Txoj kev ntawm cov khoom no feem ntau yog sib sau ua ke ntawm ntoo thuv. Xws lilumber yog ruaj, tiv taus ya raws thiab ultraviolet, thiab tib lub sijhawm nws tsis kim heev. Raws li kev txhawb nqa rau cov kauj ruam hauv cov ntaiv ntoo, stringers feem ntau yog siv. Qee zaum cov hlua kuj siv.
Marches ntawm stringers saib zoo thiab ntxim nyiam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los sib sau cov ntaiv. Lawv yog kosour dav boards nrog tsaws zes txiav rau hauv lawv raws ntug hauv qab cov kauj ruam. Bowstrings tsuas yog ntsia tau rau ib leeg. Kev txhawb nqa rau cov kauj ruam thaum siv lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo. Cov khoom no tsuas yog muab tso rau hauv cov hlua khi ntawm sab hauv nrog qee cov kauj ruam.
Ib lub staircase sab nraud mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob lossis mus rau lub tsev pheeb suab tuaj yeem sib sau los ntawm ob lossis peb txoj kev taug kev. Hauv qhov no, cov platform nruab nrab kuj tau sib sau los ntawm pawg thawj coj.
Txoj kev sib dhos hlau stairs
Cov qauv zoo li no feem ntau yog sib sau ua ke ntawm bowstrings. Ntxiv mus, tsuas yog ib qho kev txhawb nqa (los ntawm ib qho channel) feem ntau yog siv, tau pib nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub Peb Hlis. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, pieces ntawm ib lub ces kaum yog txuas nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam lawv tus kheej. Qee zaum stringers kuj tau welded nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam hlau. Kev tsaws zes ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa no yog ua los ntawm bent steel strips.
Cov qauv hlau feem ntau kim dua li ntoo. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv feem ntau, tsuas yog ib qho hluav taws kub sab nraud yog siv nyob rau hauv lub vaj. Qee lub sij hawm ib lub ces kaum thiab cov channel, txij li lawv muaj zog dua ntoo, kuj tseem siv los kho cov kev taug kev uas ua rau lub qab nthab los yog hauv pem teb thib ob. Porches tseem feem ntau nchuav los ntawm pob zeb los yog khob los ntawmboards.
Txuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaiv steel los ntawm kev vuam lossis siv bolts. Cov kauj ruam ntawm cov qauv no tuaj yeem yog cov hlau lossis cov lattice.
Tsim cov stairs
Nrog kev siv cov cement mortar ntawm txoj kev, tsuas yog cov porches ntawm cov tsev feem ntau yog nchuav. Yav dhau los, nyob rau hauv cov qauv zoo li no, lub hauv paus ruaj khov yog npaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb cushion. Tom ntej no, lub formwork yog mounted. Tom qab nchuav thawj kauj ruam, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab hauv qab daus ntawm lub tsev yog them nrog av los yog rubble thiab ua tib zoo compacted. Ces theem ob yog poured. Lub resulting "trough" yog dua them nrog rubble. Nyob rau hauv cov kab ke no, kev ua haujlwm yog nqa mus rau qhov siab xav tau ntawm lub sam thiaj. Thaum kawg, lub platform pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov rooj yog concreted.
Cov kauj ruam ntawm lub laj kab cement yuav tsum tau nchuav nrog kev txhawb nqa. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tus pas nrig mounted nyob rau hauv lawv thickness yuav tsum protrude raws cov npoo los ntawm 20 cm. Cov yav tas kuj yog nchuav rau hauv formwork.
Kauv txoj kev ntaiv
Sib sau cov qauv ntawm hom no, nrog rau cov qauv kev taug kev, tsis yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb nrog koj tus kheej tes. Lub ntsiab txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv kauv staircases yog ib tug muaj zog ncej. Cov kauj ruam yog tsau rau nws los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb fasteners. Lawv zoo li trapezoidal. Cov staircases zoo li niaj hnub thiab qub dua li nruab nrab lub dav hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua tsis tau raws li kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev txav mus los.
Yuav ua li cas ua tau
Txhua lub sijhawmstairs, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog, ntawm chav kawm, qhov tshwj xeeb cov qauv. Tag nrho cov kauj ruam hauv lub peb hlis ntuj yuav tsum muaj qhov loj me. Cov ntaiv pob zeb feem ntau tsuas yog " lag ntseg". Nyob rau hauv cov ntoo thiab hlau risers (ntsug ib feem) feem ntau ploj lawm. Xws li cov qauv tsim yog pheej yig dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaiv uas tsis muaj risers zoo li tsis tshua muaj zog thiab txhim khu kev qha zoo dua li cov " lag ntseg ".
Qee zaum nws tshwm sim tias thaum txhim kho cov qauv kev taug kev, tsis muaj chaw txaus rau kev teeb tsa lub xaib. Hauv qhov no, staircase yog ua tiav los ntawm kev khiav cov kauj ruam. Ib sab yog nqaim dua, lwm sab yog dav dua. Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv cov duab lawv zoo li cov kauj ruam ntawm cov qauv ntsia hlau.
Tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaiv no, txawm tias nws muaj, yuav tsum muaj zog li sai tau. Tshwj xeeb, ua tib zoo xaiv cov khoom siv rau cov qauv xws li ntoo sab nraum zoov ntaiv. Lub thickness ntawm cov kauj ruam board yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 2.5-3 cm. Nws yog txuas rau stringers los yog bowstrings xwb nrog bolts. Tus kheej tapping screws tsis tuaj yeem siv rau qhov no. Txwv tsis pub, cov kauj ruam yuav xoob sai heev thiab nws yuav ua rau tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb kom txav mus rau hauv cov ntaiv.
