Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv yog hardness, tsis kam hnav, kub, thiab lwm yam. Ua raws li cov qauv no tso cai rau txiav. Txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheej saum npoo ntawm cov khoom ua tiav, cov hniav rau kev txiav cov haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov alloys muaj zog. Hardness tuaj yeem yog ntuj lossis tau txais.
Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej ua lag luam ua hlau yog yooj yim los txiav. Tom qab txhua yam thiab thermal ua, nrog rau kev sib tsoo thiab sharpening, lawv theem ntawm lub zog thiab hardness nce.
Yuav txiav txim siab li cas?
Tus yam ntxwv tuaj yeem txhais tau ntau txoj hauv kev. Cov cuab yeej steel muaj Rockwell hardness, hardness muaj tus lej tsim, nrog rau tsab ntawv HR nrog qhov ntsuas ntawm A, B lossis C (piv txwv li, HRC). Kev xaiv cov khoom siv yog nyob ntawm hom hlau ua tiav.
Qhov kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov tshaj plaws thiab hnav tsis tshua muaj cov hniav uastau txais kev kho cua sov, tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog HRC ntawm 63 lossis 64. Ntawm tus nqi qis dua, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog siab heev, thiab ntawm qhov nyuaj siab, lawv pib tawg vim brittleness.
Metals nrog lub hardness ntawm HRC 30-35 yog zoo kawg nkaus machined nrog hlau cov cuab yeej uas tau raug tshav kub kho nrog ib tug HRC ntawm 63-64. Yog li, qhov piv ntawm hardness ntsuas yog 1: 2.
Txhim kho cov hlau nrog HRC 45-55, cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau siv, uas yog raws li cov alloys nyuaj. Lawv qhov ntsuas yog HRA 87-93. Cov khoom siv hluavtaws tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm cov hlau tawv tawv.
Lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv
Thaum lub sijhawm txiav, lub zog ntawm 10 kN lossis ntau dua yog siv rau qhov ua haujlwm. Nws provokes high voltage, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cuab yeej. Txhawm rau zam qhov no, cov ntaub ntawv txiav yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb siab.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov yam ntxwv muaj zog muaj cov cuab yeej hlau. Cov khoom ua haujlwm ua los ntawm lawv zoo kawg nkaus tiv taus cov khoom hnyav thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv compression, torsion, khoov thiab ncab.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab yeej
Thaum cua sov tawm thaum txiav cov hlau, lawv cov hniav raug cua sov, kom ntau dua - qhov chaw. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias qis dua qhov cim tseem ceeb (rau txhua yam khoom nws muaj nws tus kheej)qauv thiab hardness tsis hloov. Yog hais tias cov cua kub kub ua siab tshaj qhov kev tso cai, ces theem ntawm hardness poob. Qhov kub tseem ceeb yog hu ua liab hardness.
lo lus "liab tawv" txhais li cas?
Red hardness yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov hlau kom ci xim liab thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm 600 ° C. Lub sij hawm implies tias cov hlau tuav nws hardness thiab hnav tsis kam. Ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais, nws muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias. Rau cov khoom sib txawv muaj qhov txwv, ntawm 220 txog 1800 ° C.
Yuav ua li cas txiav cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm tau nce?
Cov khoom siv ntawm cov cuab yeej txiav yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv thaum ua kom kub tsis kam thiab txhim kho kev tshem tawm cov cua sov uas tsim los ntawm cov hniav thaum txiav. Kub nce qhov kub.
Qhov kub ntau dua raug tshem tawm ntawm cov hniav sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub cuab yeej, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm nws qhov chaw sib cuag. Qib ntawm thermal conductivity nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cua sov.
Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li tungsten thiab vanadium hauv cov hlau ua rau txo qis hauv nws cov thermal conductivity, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm titanium, cob alt thiab molybdenum ua rau nws nce.
Dab tsi txiav txim siab qhov coefficient ntawm zawv zawg kev sib txhuam?
Cov coefficient ntawm zawv zawg kev sib txhuam yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev lub zog ntawm cov khoom sib cuag, nrog rau cov nqi kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw,raug kev sib txhuam thiab plam. Cov coefficient cuam tshuam qhov hnav tsis kam ntawm cov khoom.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov cuab yeej nrog cov khoom siv uas tau ua tiav nrog kev txav mus tas li.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas tau coj li cas hauv qhov xwm txheej no? Hom ntawm lawv hnav sib npaug.
Lawv yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm:
- muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov hlau nws tuaj yeem tiv nrog;
- muaj peev xwm ua kom pom kev tiv thaiv hnav, uas yog, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Hniav hnav tshwm sim txhua lub sijhawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov khoom siv poob lawv cov khoom, thiab cov duab ntawm lawv qhov chaw ua haujlwm kuj hloov pauv.
Hnav tsis kam tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm kev txiav.
Yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej steel muab faib ua?
Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:
- cermet (hard alloys);
- cermets, lossis ntxhia ceramics;
- boron nitride raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws;
- synthetic diamonds;
- Carbon-based tool steels.
Cov cuab yeej hlau tuaj yeem yog carbon, alloy thiab kev kub ceev.
Cov cuab yeej carbon-based steels
Cov ntaub ntawv Carbonaceous tau pib siv los ua cov cuab yeej. Lawv txiav ceev yog qeeb.
Cov cuab yeej steel cim li cas? Cov ntaub ntawv raug xaiv los ntawm tsab ntawv (piv txwv li, "U" txhais tau tias carbon), nrog rau tus lej (qhia txog kaum ntawm ib feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon). Lub xub ntiag ntawm tsab ntawv "A" nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm lub cim qhia tias cov hlau zoo (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj xws li sulfur thiab phosphorus tsis pub tshaj 0.03%).
Cov khoom siv carbon muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm 62-65 HRC thiab tsis kub tsis kam.
U9 thiab U10A qib ntawm cov khoom siv yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov saws, thiab U11, U11A thiab U12 series yog tsim los rau tes kais thiab lwm yam cuab yeej.
Qhov ntsuas kub tsis kam ntawm U10A, U13A series steels yog 220 ° C, yog li nws raug pom zoo kom siv cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no ntawm kev txiav ceev ntawm 8-10 m / min.
alloyed hlau
Alloyed cov khoom siv tuaj yeem yog chromium, chromium-silicon, tungsten thiab chromium-tungsten, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm manganese. Cov koob no tau qhia los ntawm cov lej, thiab lawv kuj muaj cov ntawv cim. Thawj daim duab sab laug qhia cov coefficient ntawm carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv kaum yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab yog tsawg dua 1%. Cov lej ntawm sab xis sawv cev rau qhov nruab nrab alloying cov ntsiab lus raws li feem pua.
Cov khoom siv qib X yog tsim los ua cov kais dej thiab tuag. B1 steel yog tsim rau kev xyaum me me, kais dej thiab reamers.
Qhov ntsuas kub tsis kam ntawm cov khoom siv alloyed yog 350-400 ° C, yog li kev txiav ceev yog ib thiab ib nrab zaus sai dua raucarbon hlau.
High-alloy steels siv rau dab tsi?
Ntau yam khoom siv ceev ceev yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tho, txee thiab cov kais dej. Lawv tau sau nrog cov ntawv thiab cov lej. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom yog tungsten, molybdenum, chromium thiab vanadium.
HSS tau muab faib ua ob pawg: ib txwm ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm siab.
Ntau yam steels
Cov qeb ntawm cov hlau nrog qib ib txwm ua haujlwm suav nrog qib R18, R9, R9F5 thiab tungsten alloys nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm molybdenum ntawm R6MZ, R6M5 series, uas khaws cov hardness tsawg kawg yog HRC 58 ntawm 620 ° C.. Haum rau carbon thiab qis alloy steels, grey cam khwb cia hlau thiab non-ferrous alloys.
kev ua haujlwm siab steels
qeb no suav nrog qib R18F2, R14F4, R6M5K5, R9M4K8, R9K5, R9K10, R10K5F5, R18K5F2. Lawv muaj peev xwm tuav tau HRC 64 ntawm qhov kub ntawm 630 txog 640 ° C. Pawg no suav nrog cov khoom siv superhard. Nws yog tsim los rau hlau thiab alloys uas nyuaj rau tshuab, nrog rau titanium.
Hardmetals
Cov ntaub ntawv xws li:
- cermet;
- Ymineral ceramic.
Cov duab ntawm daim hlau yog nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuab. Cov cuab yeej no ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav ceev piv rau cov khoom siv ceev ceev.
Hlau ceramics
Cermet carbides yog:
- tungsten;
- tungsten titanium;
- tungsten nrog suav nrog titanium thiab tantalum.
VK series suav nrog tungsten thiab titanium. Cov cuab yeej raws li cov khoom no tau nce hnav tsis kam, tab sis lawv cov qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo yog tsawg. Cov khoom siv ntawm lub hauv paus no yog siv los ua cov hlau cam.
Tungsten-titanium-cob alt alloy yog siv tau rau txhua yam hlau.
Kev sib txuas ntawm tungsten, titanium, tantalum thiab cob alt yog siv tshwj xeeb thaum lwm cov khoom siv tsis zoo.
Carbide qib yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qib siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntaub ntawv ua los ntawm tungsten tuaj yeem tswj hwm lawv cov khoom nrog HRC 83-90, thiab tungsten nrog titanium - nrog HRC 87-92 ntawm qhov kub ntawm 800 txog 950 ° C, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav ceev (los ntawm 500 m / min. mus txog 2700 m / min thaum machining aluminium).
Rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm uas tiv taus xeb thiab kub kub, cov cuab yeej los ntawm OM nplua-grain alloy series yog siv. Qib VK6-OM yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav, thaum VK10-OM thiab VK15-OM yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav ib nrab thiab roughing.
Txawm tias ua haujlwm tau zoo dua thaum ua haujlwm nrog "qhov nyuaj" yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm BK10-XOM thiab BK15-XOM series. Lawv hloov tantalum carbide nrog chromium carbide, ua rau lawv ruaj khov txawm tias thaum kub kub.
txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau nce qib ntawm cov phaj khoom, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau txheej nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv. Titanium carbide, nitride thiab carbonite yog siv, uas yog siv rau hauv ib txheej nyias nyias. Lub thickness yog los ntawm 5 mus rau 10 microns. Yog li ntawd, ib txheej ntawm nplua-grained titanium carbide yog tsim. Cov inserts no muaj peb npaug ntawm lub cuab yeej lub neej ntawm uncoated inserts, nce txiav ceev los ntawm 30%.
Qee zaum, cov ntaub ntawv cermet yog siv, uas tau los ntawm txhuas oxide nrog ntxiv ntawm tungsten, titanium, tantalum thiab cob alt.
Mineral ceramics TsM-332 yog siv rau cov cuab yeej txiav. Nws muaj qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam. Lub hardness Performance index HRC yog los ntawm 89 txog 95 ntawm 1200 ° C. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hnav tsis kam, uas tso cai rau kev ua cov hlau, cam khwb cia hlau thiab tsis-ferrous alloys ntawm kev txiav ceev.
Yuav ua cov cuab yeej txiav, B-series cermet kuj tseem siv tau. Nws yog ua raws li oxide thiab carbide. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov hlau carbide, nrog rau molybdenum thiab chromium rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntxhia hauv ceramics, pab txhim kho lub cev thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm cermet thiab tshem tawm nws cov brittleness. Qhov txiav ceev yog nce. Semi-tiav thiab ua tiav nrog cov cuab yeej cermet yog tsim rau grey ductile hlau, hard-to-machine steel thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm non-ferrous hlau. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 435-1000 m / min. Txiav ceramics yog kub resistant. Nws hardness yog HRC90-95 ntawm 950-1100 ° C.
Rau kev ua cov hlau tawv tawv, cam khwb cia hlau ruaj khov, nrog rau fiberglass, siv lub cuab yeej, qhov txiav uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv uas muaj boron nitride thiab pob zeb diamond. Lub hardness index ntawm elbor (boron nitride) yog hais txog tib yam li cov pob zeb diamond. Nws tiv taus kub yog ob npaug ntawm qhov kawg. Elbor yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov inertness rau cov ntaub ntawv hlau. Lub zog txwv ntawm nws cov polycrystals hauv compression yog 4-5 GPa (400-500 kgf / mm 2), thiab hauv dabtsi yog khoov - 0.7 GPa (70 kgf / mm2). Kub tiv taus yog mus txog 1350-1450 ° C.
Tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog cov pob zeb hluavtaws hluavtaws ntawm ASB series thiab carbonado ntawm ASPK series. Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tom kawg rau cov khoom siv carbon ntau dua. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li siv tau thaum sharpening qhov chaw ua los ntawm non-ferrous hlau, alloys nrog ib tug siab silicon ntsiab lus, cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj VK10, VK30, raws li zoo raws li cov uas tsis yog-metallic nto.
Lub cuab yeej lub neej ntawm carbonade cutters yog 20-50 npaug ntawm cov alloys nyuaj.
Yuav siv cov hlau twg hauv kev lag luam?
Instrumental khoom raug tso tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Cov khoom siv hauv Russia, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Europe, feem ntau tsis muaj tungsten. Lawv koom nrog KNT016 thiab TN020 series. Cov qauv no tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv rau T15K6, T14K8 thiab VK8 hom. Lawv siv los ua cov hlau rau cov qauv, cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab cov khoom siv.
Cov kev cai tshiab rau cov khoom siv vim tsis txaus ntawm tungsten thiabcob alt. Nws yog qhov tseeb nrog qhov tseem ceeb no uas lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov khoom siv tawv tawv tshiab uas tsis muaj tungsten tau tsim los tas li nyob hauv Asmeskas, European lub teb chaws thiab Russia.
Piv txwv li, Titan 50, 60, 80, 100 series cov cuab yeej cuab yeej tsim los ntawm Asmeskas tuam txhab Adamas Carbide Co muaj carbide, titanium thiab molybdenum. Kev nce tus lej qhia tias qib ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm qhov kev tso tawm no implies ib theem siab ntawm lub zog. Piv txwv li, Titan100 series muaj lub zog ntawm 1000 MPa. Nws yog tus neeg sib tw rau ceramics.
