Lub ru tsev pitched yog raws li rafters - ib tug load-bearing qauv uas tuav lub ru tsev tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov ncej, uas nyob rau hauv ib co configurations kuj ua raws li lub qab nthab lub cev. Txhawm rau kom lub kaw lus truss ua tau raws li cov dej num ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm hauv tsev, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mus rau nws qhov kev tsim, xam thiab kev teeb tsa.
Original rafter tsim
Lub ru tsev pitched tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov khoom ua vaj tse vim yog qhov hnyav hnyav lawv tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lub ntsiab ncej thiab cov plag tsev. Yog li no, txawm tias niaj hnub no, ntoo "skeleton" nrog kab teeb thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa hauv cov duab peb sab tseem yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau lub vov tsev.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nkag siab, lub truss ncej tuaj yeem muab piv rau lub crate. Lub hauv paus rau cov kabmob load-bearing beams yog cib, pob zeb lossis ntoo phab ntsa, uas cov khoom thauj los ntawm tag nrho lub ru tsev nrog vov tsev yog pauv mus. Tus qauv tsim ntawm truss system muaj xws li transom qhov chaw (beams), girders, racks nrog kev txhawb nqa, struts thiab lwm yam.khoom.
Mauerlats nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv thav duab - los ntawm txoj kev, txoj kev uas lawv raug tua txiav txim siab seb lub kaw lus puas yog los ntawm cov qauv qub lossis niaj hnub. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv classical tej yaam num Mauerlats qhib sab nrauv, niaj hnub no architects thiab designers tuaj nrog ntau yam kev xaiv rau lawv disguise nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev "pie". Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv, uas bears lub load los ntawm tag nrho cov ncej. Mauerlat yog lub teeb loj loj uas txuas ncaj qha rau phab ntsa façade thiab rafters. Thiab tam sim no nws tsim nyog xav txog lwm cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov thav duab ntawm lub ru tsev pitched.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov system
Yog li, Mauerlats nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm phab ntsa masonry yuav ua raws li kev txhawb nqa ncaj qha rau cov qauv truss. Raws li txoj cai, ob kab teeb yog nteg - raws txoj kab nqes nqes. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tom ntej tuaj yeem hu ua rafter ceg. Cov no yog cov kab teeb uas txuas ntawm lub kaum sab xis rau Mauerlats thiab txuas nrog hauv cov yas, tsim cov duab peb sab. Raws li txoj cai, ib kab crate yog teem, ua lub hauv paus rau lub zog ntawm lub truss system (puffs, fab, kho vajtse, thiab lwm yam). Cov cuab yeej fastening nyob rau yav tom ntej yuav ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua tiav crate thiab vov tsev.
Lub rafter ceg txuas nrog Mauerlats nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev nrog rau kev cia siab ntawm cov daus thiab cua loads, tab sis qhov fixation ib leeg tsis txaus. Yog li ntawd, nruab nrab nodes ntawm lub truss system yog nkag mus rau hauv lub thav duab, uas protrudestructural fasteners. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog girders, khi beams thiab cov kav hlau. Hauv thawj ob qhov xwm txheej, peb tab tom tham txog cov ntoo tuav uas hla los yog raws tag nrho cov kab ntawm cov rafter ob txhais ceg, sib txuas ua ke rau hauv ib lub zog tsim. Raws li rau cov kav hlau, lawv tsis tau fastened los ntawm sab nraud nrog cov thauj tog rau nkoj, ib yam li cov kab teeb, tab sis tau ntxig thiab nkag mus rau lub ntsiab ntawm lub crate los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb.
Types of rafter system
Nws twb tau sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam qis dua ob txhais ceg rafter pw thiab tsau rau Mauerlats, thiab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab sauv lawv dhau mus rau hauv daim duab peb sab. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog thav duab tso chaw teeb tsa, tab sis nws yog qhov feem ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txheej rafters yog siv, nyob rau hauv uas ob txhais ceg so ntawm kev txhawb nqa, thiab thaum lawv sawv, lawv tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm racks, struts thiab girders nyob rau hauv lub crate.
Nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub cuab yeej ntawm lub rafter system ntawm txheej txheej muab rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug ridge. Ob lub ru tsev slopes yuav so ntawm nws. Qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa no suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib faib ntawm cov khoom thauj thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam nrog rau kev ua kom ntev ntawm cov ceg rafter. Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob txoj kev khiav, lub crate tuaj yeem ncav cuag 12-15 m.
Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm lub truss ncej. Qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov tswv yim no yog qhov tsis lees txais cov kev txhawb nqa nruab nrab ntawm cov kabmob - piv txwv li, purlins thiab crossbars. Tag nrho cov load yog pauv mus raumauerlats thiab skate. Dab tsi ua rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm hanging truss system? Ua ntej, nws qhov kev siv tsuas yog tso cai rau hauv cov tsev nrog cov phab ntsa, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov tsis tshaj 6.5 m, uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej ua rau qhov hnyav poob. Qhov thib ob, lub ru tsev yuav tsis muaj ob, tab sis plaub qhov nqes hav uas yuav sib sau ua ke hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab, thiab qhov no kuj ua rau muaj peev xwm ua rau lub cev muaj zog.
System design
Thawj zaug, koj yuav tsum tsim daim duab kos duab ntawm daim ntawv. Niaj hnub no, cov tuam txhab tsim qauv siv software zoo li SolidWorks thiab SCAD rau txoj haujlwm no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim ib qhov project coj mus rau hauv tus account cov qauv kev tsim kho ntawm SNiP, uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txwv qhov loj ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub qab nthab ntawm theem ntawm muaerlat mus rau lub ridge yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 2.5 m. Cov qauv kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem sawv cev rau hauv daim duab square lossis duab plaub. Qhov nqes hav yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw - dua, qhov project ntawm lub truss system rau ib tug ntiav tsev yuav tsum muab rau ob los yog plaub slopes, uas kuj yuav txiav txim seb lub configuration ntawm lub thav duab tso. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom tswj tau qhov sib luag ntawm qhov chaw sib tshooj.
Tom ntej no, qhov pom qhov ntev ntawm Mauerlat, rafter ob txhais ceg, hauv pem teb blocks thiab racks raug txiav txim. Txhawm rau xam cov cheeb tsam, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los faib qhov sib tshooj rau hauv ntau thaj chaw ua haujlwm, tom qab ntawd suav nrog lawv thiab tso saib cov ntsiab lus nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws. Lub ridge yuav nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no - raws tag nrho cov kab nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev, los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug me me ntu nyob rau hauv lub center, raws li zoo raws li cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug plaub-txoj kab nqes.
Xaivload-bearing designs
Feem ntau, cua thiab daus loads raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum xaiv hom ru tsev "pie", uas tsis yog tag nrho - lub zog zoo ntawm lub ru tsev nrog cov txheej sab nraud ncaj qha nyob ntawm tus qauv truss. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum xam qhov nqes hav. Lub kaum ntse ntse ntawm lub crate, qhov dej nag tsawg dua thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, cov daus loj yuav nyob rau ntawm lub ru tsev. Rau sab sauv rafters, nws yuav yog li ntawm 15-30 °, thiab rau cov qis - tsawg kawg yog 60 °.
Cua loads kuj tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm txoj kab nqes. Hauv qhov no, geometry thiab dav hlau ntawm lub ru tsev yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, txoj kab nqes ntxhab yuav raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cua, thiab txoj kab nqes flattened yuav nqa los ntawm sab leeward. Kab rov tav kev taw qhia ntawm huab cua ntws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws configuration ntawm lub truss system tso cai rau lawv tawg nrog lub siab tshem tawm mus rau lub hauv paus thiab tangentially los ntawm lub ru tsev overhang.
Ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej huab cua, tus kheej thauj khoom los ntawm huab hwm coj ntawm rafter thiab ru tsev qauv kuj tseem ceeb, uas yog xam hauv kg ib 1 m2. Cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm kev suav ntawm pawg rau cov khoom hauv qab no:
- Nyhav ntoo siv rau kab, ncej, girders, battens, thiab lwm yam.
- Nyhav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev.
- Nyhav ntawm substrates thiab ru tsev.
- Nyhav ntawm fasteners, fittings thiab txuas rods.
Lub ru tsev yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev thauj khoom. Lub teeb tshaj plaws yuav yog truss system rau corrugated board, ntawm qhov nruab nrab,4-5 kg / m2. Rau shingles thiab slates, qhov nruab nrab tus nqi yog 10-12 kg / m2. Thiab ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua hauv kev xam qhov siab ntawm lub ru tsev nrog cov vuas luaj ceramic thiab cement. Qhov no yog ib lub ru tsev hnyav, exerting load ntawm theem ntawm 30-40 kg / m2. Raws li txoj cai, tag nrho lub zog siab ntawm lub ru tsev decking tsis tshaj 50 kg ib 1 m2, yog li tus nqi no tuaj yeem siv tau raws li tus qauv tus nqi hauv kev suav. Txawm zoo dua, tawm me me nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub zog majeure.
Cov khoom siv twg yog siv hauv kev tsim kho?
Yuav kom siv cov kabmob zoo thiab ruaj khov, yuav tsum siv cov ntoo uas tsim nyog. Optimally suited ntoo thuv, spruce thiab lwm yam conifers, characterized los ntawm yooj, lub zog thiab yooj yim ntawm kev ua. Thiab tsuas yog qib siab tshaj tuaj yeem siv tau. Yog tias, txhawm rau txuag nyiaj, nws tau txiav txim siab muab qhov nyiam rau qib 2 thiab qib 3, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau kho tus kheej ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau tus qauv. Ua yuam kev, ntau tus ntseeg tias qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws yog cov ntoo ntoo. Nws yog rau lub ru tsev uas cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom muab cov ntu uas tsis muaj deformation thiab ua rau lub cev muaj zog. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog av noo. Los ntawm cov ntoo nrog cov dej noo txog li 20%, lub ru tsev truss system yog tsim, insulated los ntawm sab hauv nrog gypsum boards. Ua kom cov coefficient nce mus rau 23-25% txhais tau hais tias qee lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau nyob sab nraum zoov. Qhov kev xaiv phem tshaj yuav yoglumber los ntawm cov ntoo tshiab tshiab, cov dej noo uas yog 30%.
Laying Mauerlat thiab ceilings
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub truss ncej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Mauerlat yog ntsia raws ib puag ncig ntawm phab ntsa. Ib txheej ntawm waterproofing los yog vov tsev cov ntaub ntawv yog muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem brickwork thiab cov ntoo. Nyob rau theem ntawm Mauerlat ntaus ntawv, lub installation ntawm lub truss system yog nqa tawm siv anchors, studs los yog hlau. Nws yog ntshaw kom kho cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem fastening nws tus kheej tso cai rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kos rau hauv phab ntsa masonry.
Tom qab ntawd cov kab hlais tau muab tso los ntawm tib lub cav ntoo. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yuav tsum txuas ob phab ntsa, uas yuav ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub qab nthab. Docking ntawm Mauerlat nrog kab teeb yog nqa tawm nrog cov ces kaum hlau los yog tus kheej tapping screws. Nyob rau theem no, cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev ncua deb thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg yuav tsum tau khaws cia. Yog li, kev tsim kho cov kab ke hauv cov kabmob yuav tsum tau nqa tawm nrog kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab teeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm 50 txog 100 cm. Cov kauj ruam zoo yog 60-70 cm.
Kev txhim kho rafters
Nyob rau theem no, ib lub nqaj rau sab rafters thiab cov khoom nyob ib sab yog npaj thiab mounted. Rau kev txuas mus rau Mauerlat, txuas cov grooves raug txiav rau hauv kab teeb thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, qhov tau ua. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke rau hauv lub niche ntawm lub nqaj, lub ru tsev yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov hlau staples yog fastened nrog ib tug mounting stapler.
Cov ob txhais ceg ntawm Mauerlat tab tom mus rau txoj kab tav toj. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab nws qhov chaw. Hauv cheeb tsam no, ib qho kev tsheb ciav hlau ib ntus raug ntsia rau qhov kawg yuav tuav. Cov kab teeb yog fastened nyob rau sab saum toj taw tes nrog kev pab los ntawm hlau daim hlau thiab loj-hom kho vajtse - los ntawm cov rau tes mus rau brackets. Tsis txhob quav ntsej txog kev siv cov pob qij txha grooved. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub kaw lus truss nrog cov xauv, kaum thiab bolts yuav ua rau kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov qauv.
Thaum lub thav duab sib sau ua ke, koj tuaj yeem nteg cov gables tshwm sim nrog cib, boards lossis hlau profiles. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub qhov cua thiab qhov rais.
Kev cais tawm
Txawm tias lub qab nthab nyob rau hauv lub rafter ncej yuav tsis siv los ua ib lub tsev, lub ru tsev yuav tsum tau insulated thiab waterproofed. Txawm hais tias ua ntej theem qis ntawm cov khoom qab zib vov tsev, nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau muab cov txee-lattice, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov cua rau qhov cua, ib zaj duab xis los tiv thaiv cov dej noo nkag, thiab lwm yam. Lub lathing yog tsim los ntawm slats thiab ntoo ntawm lub txhawb nqa beam. Yog hais tias lub installation ntawm lub truss system yog siv los ntawm cov kav hlau, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los mus txuas ntxiv lub rear superstructure ntawm lub crate nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm txoj kab nqes los ntawm lawv. Qhov no yuav ntxiv kev ntseeg tau thiab durability rau cov qauv. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas yuav tsum tau muab los ua ib qho ntxiv yog kev kho cov hlau nto nrog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv corrosion.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv dej yog txuas rau cov rafters. Koj tuaj yeem siv universal membrane hydrovapor barrier, nteg nws nruj nreem,tsis sib tshooj. Cov pob qij txha yuav tsum tau glued nrog kev tsim daim kab xev rau sealing. Lub rwb thaiv tsev txheej yog mounted los ntawm sab hauv. Nws tuaj yeem nthuav dav polystyrene, ntxhia wool lossis cov ntaub ntawv xav tau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais txog tias cov cuab yeej ntawm lub truss system yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau qhov ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws. Yog li ntawd, kev xaiv ntawm ntuj thiab combustible hluavtaws insulators yuav tsum tau mus kom ze heev. Hauv cov duab, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov phaj tuab. Lawv lub cev txhim khu kev qha ntau dua thiab, ntxiv rau kev rwb thaiv tsev, yuav muab lub suab rwb thaiv tsev zoo.
Zaj lus
Cov qauv truss classic nrog lub voj voog thiab nruab nrab txhawb nqa yog yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas. Qhov kev teeb tsa no tsis txwv tus tswv ntawm lub tsev hauv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm nthuav dav ntawm lub ru tsev. Piv txwv li, huab cua ducts, daus catchers, qhov rais nrog hatches, thiab lwm yam yuav muab kev koom ua ke rau hauv nws, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub ru tsev truss system tas li ua tau raws li cov kev cai thiab kev khiav hauj lwm yuav tsum tau, tiv nrog cov loads. Thiab rau qhov no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hloov kho lub rafter ob txhais ceg, kev txhawb nqa thiab crossbars. Cov qauv ntoo yuav tsum tau kho tsis tu ncua nrog noo noo-pov thawj, lom thiab refractory impregnations. Kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb yuav nyob ntawm seb hom ntoo, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dej noo thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb mloog yog them rau fasteners. Cov ntsiab lus hlau, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau hloov ntawm qhov kos npe me ntsis ntawm corrosion. Rau lawv, tshwj xeeb tiv thaivnyiaj.
