Metallurgy tsis nyob twj ywm, tab sis hloov mus tas li. Ib qho ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws txog tam sim no yog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam. Lawv yog dab tsi? Lawv siv qhov twg? Dab tsi yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov hlau tsis sib txhuam?
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Yog li, rau qhov pib, cia peb txiav txim siab vim li cas cov hlau tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam yog xav tau. Lawv yog siv los ua kom cov durability ntawm rubbing nto ntawm mechanisms thiab tshuab. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam. Ua tsaug rau kev siv cov khoom siv no, cov khoom siv no ua haujlwm ntev dua thiab hnav tawm qeeb dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov kev pom zoo yog tsim los siv cov roj nplua nyeem. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav zoo dua khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw thov.
Ntse
Peb tseem xav txog kev sib txhuam cov hlau nplaum. Cov khoom ntawm cov kev txhim kho no feem ntau nyob ntawm cov khoom siv. Tin, txhuas, tooj liab, txhuas thiab ntau lwm tus tuaj yeem siv tau kom tau txais cov hom phiaj xav tau. Vim lub hauv paus mos, cov khoom uas tshwm sim yuav zoo khiav thaum twgkev sib txhuam. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov hlau tawv (xws li tooj liab, zinc, antimony) ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas ib feem tuaj yeem tiv taus. Vim yog kev sib xyaw ua ke, nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom siv nrog cov coefficient tsawg ntawm kev sib txhuam, siab thermal conductivity thiab zoo khiav. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias muaj ntau qhov kev txhim kho hauv cheeb tsam no. Raws li cov hom phiaj tau ua, lawv tsim cov kev cai rau kev sib txhuam cov hlau nplaum.
Babbits
Nov yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam raws cov hlau lead lossis tin. Lawv qhov kev faib loj tshaj plaws yog qhov casting ntawm cov kabmob tiaj tus. Cov khoom siv babbits tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Lawv kuj tiv tau zoo nrog kev sib txawv thiab kev poob siab. Cov kev cai rau kev tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam sib txawv nyob ntawm seb lawv puas yog ib qho ntawm peb pawg. Yog li, lawv tuaj yeem yuav luag tag nrho ua los ntawm cov tin, txhuas thiab nrog cov feem pua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntawm no koj yuav tsum xaiv ntawm efficiency thiab durability. Yog li, tin babbits muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam. Kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov hlau lead muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab tshem tawm lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias babbits raws li cov khoom siv no yog pheej yig dua. Txhawm rau nrhiav qhov sib npaug, cov khoom siv lead ua yog siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm lub teeb.
Bronzes
Tseem muaj ob peb tug:
- Tin Phosphorous Bronzesyog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum muaj antifriction siab. Lawv tuaj yeem muab kev sib txhuam qis, hnav qis thiab thermal conductivity. Yog li, cov khoom no tuaj yeem siv tau zoo thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom hnyav thiab siab peripheral ceev.
- Aluminium bronzes yog hnav resistant. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txoj kev siv yuav txo tau lub neej ntawm tus ncej.
- Cov bonzes yog tsim los tiv thaiv kev poob siab.
Yog tias nws tau npaj siv lub tshuab ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab thiab qis qis, ces tooj dag siv tau.
YSiv aluminium
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov qee qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov hlau lead thiab cov tin. Yog li ntawd, kev sib txhuam los tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam raws li aluminium tau dhau los ua kev coj ua. Lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo, nrog rau cov neeg kho tshuab, thev naus laus zis thiab kev tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam. Anti-kev sib txhuam aluminium alloys yog siv rau hauv ib txheej nyias ntawm lub hauv paus steel. Yog li, technologists tau txais cov khoom siv zoo bimetallic. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim yuav txawv ntawm nws cov khoom siv tshuaj. Muaj ob pawg ntawm alloys:
- Qhov no suav nrog txhuas nrog antimony, tooj liab thiab lwm yam khoom uas tuaj yeem tsim cov theem khoom hauv lub hauv paus mos. Muaj ib tug thawj coj ntawm pab pawg no. Yog li, feem ntau siv alloy, uas, ntxiv rau txhuas, kuj muaj antimony thiab magnesium. Cov khoom tau txais yog coj zoomuaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv cov dej sib txhuam tej yam kev mob txawm nyob rau hauv high speeds thiab siab loads. Lawv muab nws lub npe ASM. Crankshaft bearing shells ua los ntawm nws tuaj yeem pom hauv tsheb thiab tsheb laij teb cav.
- Pab pawg no suav nrog cov alloys ntawm txhuas nrog tooj liab thiab tin. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm semi-kua thiab qhuav kev sib txhuam. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv antifriction zog, lawv yog heev ze rau babbits. Cov khoom tsim siv cov hlau no tuaj yeem pom hauv tsheb, ntau lub tsheb thiab tshuab.
Kev ua tiav ntawm tus kheej
Anti-kev sib txhuam cam khwb cia hlau yog siv los ua kom cov kabmob khiav. Peb hom ntawm cov khoom tam sim no tau tsim:
- grey;
- siab zog nodular graphite;
- muag.
Anti-kev sib txhuam cam khwb cia hlau yog siv los ua worm gears, slider guides thiab lwm yam tshuab uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib txhuam.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev siv cov ntawv globoidal ntawm graphite muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev hnav tsis kam ntawm cov hlau. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau xyuas kom meej tias muaj me ntsis dawb ferrite nyob rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau li sai tau. Nws raug pom zoo tias cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam tsis pub ntau tshaj 15 feem pua ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav. Qhov taw qhia ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia zoo yog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis muaj cov cementites dawb. Muaj tseeb, tsis zoo khiav-hauv, rhiab heev rau qhov tsis muaj lubrication thiab txo qhov ua haujlwm poob siab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev muaj koob npe. Tsis tas li ntawd,Kev saib xyuas kuj yuav tsum tau them rau cermet alloys, uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev nias thiab sintering bronze hmoov nrog graphite. Xwb, hlau tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov hlau no. Qhov feem ntawm graphite tsis hloov.
Siv hlau ua lub hauv paus rau kev sib txhuam cov hlau nplaum
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev siv hlau. Nws siv yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv lub teeb heev ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob, thaum muaj me ntsis siab thiab qis zawv zawg ceev. Nws yuav tsum tau nco qab (los yog qhia) tias steels yog ib qho nyuaj thiab muaj ib tug siab melting point. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no, lawv yog heev tsis zoo khiav nyob rau hauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, steels tuaj yeem yooj yim ntes cov mating nto thiab tsim khawb. Muaj qee qhov kev siv nrov tshaj plaws. Yog li, thawj qhov kev siv tooj liab hlau, uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg tsawg. Cov khoom siv nrog suav nrog cov graphite dawb kuj tseem siv tau.
Zaj lus
Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm ntau yam khoom tsim los txiav txim siab lawv lub neej kev pabcuam.
Yog li ntawd, cov neeg siv khoom kawg xav tau cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias muaj xws li ib tug tsis zoo tshwm sim ntawm no raws li cov creation ntawm qhov chaw nrog ib tug txwv kev pab cuam lub neej. Cov neeg tsim khoom txhob txwm tshaj tawm thaum tsim ua txhua yam kom lub tshuab ua tsis tiav tom qab qee lub sijhawm. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem suav tias qhov haujlwm tsuas yog ob lossis peb xyoos xwb. Thiab ceskoj yuav tsum mus yuav ib tug tshiab gasket los yog lwm yam khoom. Alas, xws li qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo tshwm sim thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tawm tsam nws. Ntxiv mus, qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib lub xeev, tab sis nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj chaw. Muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm ntawm no tawm tsam lub Hoobkas ntawm lub ntiaj teb - Tuam Tshoj, uas yog lub ntiaj teb tus thawj coj hauv kev muab cov khoom cuav, cov khoom, cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
