Hauv kev tsim kho, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj duab kos, ntawm lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li shading ntawm pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv. Cia peb sim xyuas seb lub tswv yim no yog dab tsi, nws muaj dab tsi, thiab qhov tsim qauv yuav tsum ua raws li.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "hatching" thiab tsim nta ntawm kos duab
Hatching of concrete and other building material is a symbol. Nrog kev pab los ntawm hatching nyob rau hauv cov duab kos, hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug txiav txim. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev yooj yim hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, lub cim npe nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab feem ntau yog siv los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.
Thaum kos duab, siv tus cwj mem. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom muaj ntau yam (strokes, kab thiab dots) nyob rau ntawm ib qho deb ntawm ib leeg. Cov khoom siv yuav sib tshooj.
Schemes ntawm hom no yog siv rau hauv kev siv ntau yam kev tsim kho. Tab sis muaj qee yam nta uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account:
- hlubpob zeb yuav tsis tuaj yeem yog tias tsis tas yuav tsim nws, lossis nws tuaj yeem siv qee qhov, txhawm rau txhawm rau tsom ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb;
- koj tuaj yeem ua tus lej xav tau ntawm cov duab kos ntxiv thiab tso rau hauv lawv cov lus piav qhia rau tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis raug suav nrog thaum tsim tus qauv.
Npaj naming conventions
Muaj ntau lub tsev muaj nyob:
- GOST 3455 - 59;
- GOST 2.306 - 68;
- GOST R 21.1207-97.
Cia peb saib kom ze ntawm txhua qhov ntawm peb lub tshuab thiab kawm cov duab kos uas muaj nyob hauv txhua hom.
Hatching ntawm pob zeb raws li GOST: Standard GOST 3455-59
Tus qauv no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 50s, pib siv cov duab kos los ntawm 1959-01-01. Tus qauv siv tau mus txog rau 1971-01-01. Lub kaw lus txiav txim siab kos duab rau kev siv tshuab engineering.
Cov npe yog:
- metals - txhais los ntawm oblique strokes, tswj kev sib npaug ntawm lawv;
- cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog xim hlau rau kev tsim kho - siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab inclined mus rau sab xis lossis sab laug thiab sib tshuam ntawm txoj cai kaum;
- ntoo - cov npe tau siv nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm tsob ntoo; kab nrib pleb thiab rings - ib tug ntoo khaub lig seem yog siv raws li ib tug npe; larch kev ntxhib los mos - fractional txiav;
- kev daws - cim nrog hatching nyob rau hauv kab rov tav, thaum lub qhov khoob twb tapering;
- iav - cov khoom siv tau txiav txim siab ntawm cov duab kos los ntawm kev muaj mob stroke ntawm peb hom thiab sib txawv -kab rov tav, ntsug;
- shading ntawm cov pob zeb tsis muaj zog tau ua tiav hauv daim ntawv xuab zeb gravel;
- brick - siv kab ntawm ob hom (khoom, dotted), uas sib tshuam ntawm lub kaum sab xis;
- pob zeb ua kom muaj zog - qhia los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov xuab zeb gravel, oblique strokes;
- av - qhov no, cov xuab zeb gravel tau siv, ntxiv rau peb txoj kab sib tshuam tau siv, nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia - ntsug lossis rov qab.
GOST 2.306-68 tus qauv: nws txawv li cas, nws siv li cas
Raws li tau sau tseg ua ntej, tus qauv yav dhau los raug muab tso tseg hauv xyoo 1971. Cov txheej txheem no tau hloov los ntawm tus qauv tshiab. Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv, thiab yuav ua li cas txhawm rau txhim kho pob zeb thiab pob zeb siv hauv AutoCAD? Xav txog cov lus nug no thiab nrhiav seb yuav xaiv cov khoom siv hauv tsev li cas raws li tus qauv tshiab.
qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov hnyav. Tus qauv tau ua kom yooj yim dua. Xyoo 1971 tsis yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev kos duab, txhua yam yog qhov tseeb thiab nkag siab. Kev tsim kho tshiab yog raws li hauv qab no:
- ntoo - lub npe yog tib yam arcs spaced ntawm qhov sib npaug;
- pob zeb ntuj - lub pob zeb hauv cov duab kos tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm oblique dotted kab;
- shading ntawm pob zeb - ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab dotted, tuav tib txoj kab nqes;
- av - siv 3 strokes, uas yog ib pab pawg muaj qhov khoob;
- silicate, cov khoom siv ceramic - cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog tsim los ntawm cov cim ntawm ob pawg;thaum tawm hauv qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov strokes.
Txais cov duab kos duab tso cai rau koj tso rau ntawm cov duab kos cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab lwm yam khoom. Qhov no yooj yim heev ob qho tib si hauv kev tsim khoom thiab tsim ntau yam qauv.
Cov cim yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab nyias, ua tib zoo kos rau hauv txoj cai thiab ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv tib daim duab, hlau designations yuav tsum ib txwm sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev. Ntawd yog, thaum tsim cov khoom siv no, ntau qhov chaw seem ntawm cov kab ntau dua li thaum tsim cov hlau.
Parallel hatching kab yog ua thaum tuav tib lub sijhawm rau ntu ntawm ib lub caij tshwj xeeb, qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov zoo ib yam. Rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, lub sijhawm no yog los ntawm 1 txog 10 hli.
Thaum tus qauv tshiab tau tso tawm, qhov qub tau raug muab tso tseg. Nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm 1971, tib seem ntawm ntau lawm yog tswj raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 1959. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thawj version ntawm tus qauv yog invalid.
Hauv qhov no, lub kaw lus, tau txais kev pom zoo hauv xyoo 1959, tau raug tshuaj xyuas txhawm rau txhawm rau paub txog txhua tus qauv paub.
Lwm yam ntawm 1971 tus qauv
Muaj lwm yam yuav tsum tau ua. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv no tau hais hauv cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:
- yog tias muaj qhov pom zoo sib xws ntawm cov qauv uas qhia cov khoom sib txawv, yam tsis muaj ntxivcov ntaub ntawv yog indispensable; yuav tsum piav qhia;
- nyob rau hauv tus qauv no tsis muaj kev xaiv rau cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, yog li ntawd ib qho qauv cais tau tsim rau nws; Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev hauv cov duab kos tau nthuav tawm hauv GOST 21.107-78;
- cov ntaub ntawv façade tsis ua kom pom tag nrho, qhov no nws txaus los ua ib feem ntawm cov qauv.
1971 Txoj Cai
Hatching ntawm pob zeb (GOST) hauv AutoCAD yog ua raws li cov cai hauv qab no:
- Cov ntu me yog cim nrog mob stroke. Xws li lub npe zoo ib yam li hlau. Lwm qhov kev xaiv kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tau - tsis txhob kos rau ntawm cov duab kos nrog strokes txhua, qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv qhov muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv.
- Kab uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm lub kaum sab xis yog ua thaum tuav lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees. Hauv qhov no, lub kaum sab xis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, tsom tsis tsuas yog ntawm tus ncej ntawm daim duab, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm qhov contour ntawm daim duab lossis lub axis.
- Hauv cov dav hlau uas nyob ib sab, kab yuav tsum muab tso rau ntawm qhov sib txawv.
- Ob leeg sab xis thiab sab laug-tes hatching yog ua tau, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib feem, txoj kab nqes rau txhua ntu yuav tsum sib phim. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem txawm tias tag nrho cov duab ntawm ntu no tau muab tso rau hauv ib daim ntawv lossis ob peb xav tau.
- Qhov ntev thiab txiav ntev tsis tas yuav tsum tau hatch nrog tag nrho qhov ntev, nws tuaj yeem hatch tsuas yog raws ntug lossis hauv ntau qhov chaw xaiv arbitrarily. Incisions tsawg dua 2 hli tuab yog cim tag nrho.
Txoj cai muab los ntawm tus qauv,yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam yam tsis poob.
GOST R 21.1207-97: kev tsim kho tshiab kawg
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tus qauv xyoo 1971 muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tseem ceeb - qhov tsis muaj lub cev rau kev tsim cov pob zeb ntxiv. Tsuas yog qhov no yog qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau sau GOST R 21.1207-97. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tom ntej no, qhov shortcoming raug tshem tawm, lub cim yuav tsum tau qhia.
Feem ntau cov qauv no yog siv thaum npaj txoj kev ua haujlwm. Ntxiv rau cov av thiab asph alt, lwm yam ntaub ntawv, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tau muab qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv:
- hatching ntawm pob zeb raws li GOST hauv AutoCAD - kos rau ntawm cov duab kos nrog kab dotted;
- tsim cov pob zeb uas muaj zog - hloov pauv siv cov kab thiab cov kab uas cuam tshuam;
- tsim ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj zog ntxiv nrog kev txhawb zog siab (cov khoom siv uas tau ncab lossis ua kom sov thiab txuas nrog cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog; xws li kev txhawb nqa yog qhov hloov tau yooj yim) - ob kab khoom siv los ua lub cim nyob rau hauv lem, ces ib tug dashed kab, etc.
Cov Lus Qhia
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thaum siv pob zeb ua pob zeb hauv AutoCAD yog qhov xav tau kev pom, siv cov duab kos, nthuav tawm cov khoom uas tau npaj los tsim. Cov cim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv txoj haujlwm no.
Tam sim no muaj ob tus qauv hauv kev quab yuam, ob qho tib si siv hauv kev tsim kho tshuab thiab kev tsim kho. Cov qauv no tso cai rau cov neeg tsim kho kom ceev cov ntaub ntawv lawv xav tau thaum twgerection ntawm cov khoom.
