Lub caij ntuj sov lub tsev tam sim no tsis yog qhov txawv. Ib tug neeg muaj hmoo, thiab lawv tau txais thaj chaw tiaj tus uas tsis tas yuav ua haujlwm ntxiv. Tab sis nws feem ntau tshwm sim tias qhov chaw yog them nrog ntau qhov chaw ntawm qhov siab sib txawv. Yuav kom ennoble nws, ib tug system ntawm terraces yog siv. Thiab kom cov av tsis tawg, lawv raug kho nrog cov phab ntsa tuav. Tom ntej no, peb yuav txiav txim siab ntau ntxiv txog cov haujlwm, hom thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa no.
Dab tsi yog khaws cov qauv thiab lawv txoj haujlwm
Retaining wall - ib qho qauv uas siv los tiv thaiv cov av los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj txoj kab nqes ntuj. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv yog txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau cov av, ntxiv rau, nws kuj ua haujlwm zoo nkauj.
Ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm cov phab ntsa tuav tau tsim tso cai rau koj tig lub ntsiab lus no rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, thaum tsis poob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phab ntsa ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm zoning thaj chaw, tso cai rau koj cais cov qauv tsim ntau yam.
Tim phab ntsa
Ua ntej koj pib tsim cov phab ntsa nrog koj txhais tes,Nws tsim nyog nkag siab tias hom twg muaj. Cov qauv no raug cais raws li ob peb yam.
| cwj pwm | Views | Kev piav qhia |
| siab | low | mus txog 1 m siab |
| medium | 1m txog 2m siab | |
| siab | siab ntawm 2 m | |
| by tob | dub tob | thaum qhov tob dua lossis qhov dav ntawm cov qauv tsis tsawg dua 1.5 npaug |
| thaum qhov tob yog sib npaug ntawm qhov dav ntawm phab ntsa lossis tsawg dua (lub tsev tsim tau zoo li kho kom zoo nkauj lossis hauv av ruaj khov) | ||
| masive | phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntom ntom - cib, pob zeb, pob zeb; stability yog tiav vim qhov hnyav hnyav | |
| semi-massive | feem ntau yog kev tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog; Cov qauv ruaj khov vim qhov hnyav thiab siab ntawm cov av ntawm lub hauv paus | |
| thin-element | muaj cov phab ntsa nyias ua los ntawm cov pob zeb muaj zog thiab lub hauv paus dav; qhov hnyav ntawm tus qauv yuav luag tsis cuam tshuam | |
| thin | feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau, sib sib zog nqus recessed, uas yog li cas stability yog tiav | |
| by qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw | freestanding | tus qauv ywj pheej, tsis khi rau hauv lub kaw lus nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm architecture |
| linked (integrated) | phab ntsa uas yog ib feem ntawm ib qho system nrog ntau yam: ntaiv, cov rooj zaum hauv tsev, niches thiab lwm yam | |
| by kev tsim kho | monolithic | rau lawv erection, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau nruab lub formwork ntawm txoj cai loj, rau hauv uas reinforced pob zeb yuav cam khwb cia |
| precast-monolithic | cais cov pob zeb ua vaj tse yog siv rau kev tsim kho | |
| National team | cov uas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom xws li cib, ntoo, gabions thiab lwm yam | |
| reinforced av | qhov ruaj khov ntawm kev txhawb nqa yog ua tiav vim lub siab ntawm cov av nws tus kheej, uas yog ntxiv nrog geogrid lossis geotextile | |
| by teem caij | kev ua kom muaj zog | lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom cov av tsis txhob tawg; kuj tau siv dav hauv kev tsim toj roob hauv pes kom nce thaj chaw siv tau |
| decorative | ua lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj thiab tsis xav tau lub hauv paus |
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phab ntsa tuaj yeem raug cais raws li cov khoom siv uas lawv yuav tsim. Lawv tuaj ntawm:
- pob zeb;
- brick;
- ntoo;
- metal;
- gabions;
- geotextile;
- geogrids;
- pob zeb thaiv;
- building blocks;
- reinforced in-site concrete;
- tires.
Hauv qab no, peb yuav txiav txim siab hom nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv thiab muab cov yam ntxwv luv luv ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
Boulder phab ntsa
Pob zeb tuav phab ntsa zoo li ntuj thiabsib haum xeeb. Tab sis nws kuj yog txoj kev siv sij hawm ntau tshaj plaws, uas feem ntau yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Yog li ntawd, lwm qhov tsis zoo yog tus nqi siab ntawm kev tsim kho.
Pob zeb tuav cov phab ntsa tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ob txoj hauv kev: qhuav masonry thiab cement mortar. Ob lub thev naus laus zis xav tau lub hauv paus ruaj khov, thiab qhov dav ntawm kev txhawb nqa nws tus kheej yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 30 cm.
Kev ziab ntawm phab ntsa yog ua tsis tau siv cov cement. Cov pob zeb tau nteg tawm ib qho ntawm ib qho ntawm cov qauv checkerboard. Qhov chaw uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm masonry txheej txheem feem ntau yog them nrog pob zeb ntawm me me feem. Yog tias cov khoob no tau ntim nrog av, thiab tom qab ntawd cov nroj tsuag tau cog rau ntawd, qhov no yuav ua rau lub pob zeb tuav phab ntsa zoo nkauj dua thiab zoo nkauj dua. Lub ntsiab tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw qhuav tuaj yeem hu ua lub zog qis.
Boulder nteg nrog cement yog kim dua. Nws raug pom zoo ua ntej nteg tawm cov pob zeb qhuav, xaiv qhov sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov duab thiab xim kom ntau li ntau tau, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov tshuaj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov kua dej. Tom qab ua tiav tag nrho cov haujlwm, cov pob zeb saum npoo yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog xab npum dej.
Cib phab ntsa hauv qhov chaw nqes
Cov phab ntsa thaiv cib yuav zoo li tsis zoo, tab sis lawv feem ntau siv rau ntau hom toj roob hauv pes. Xws li phab ntsa zoo sib haum xeeb yog tias lub tsev tseem ua los ntawm cib. Rau kev tsim kho, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov cib frost-resistant, tab sis koj tuaj yeem siv ntau tshaj plaws.
Tsev txheej txheem ntawm kev tso cib rau cov phab ntsa tuav ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj txoj kab nqes tsis txawv ntawm cov masonry thaum tsim lub tsev. Qhov tsuas caveat yog qhov dav ntawm phab ntsa. Nws yuav tsum me me: rau ib phab ntsa txog li 1 m tuab, ib lub cib pem teb yuav txaus. Raws li, yog tias phab ntsa siab tshaj ib 'meter', ces lub thickness yog ib lub cib. Lub hauv paus rau kev txhawb nqa cib yuav tsum muaj zog, tsawg kawg yog 30 cm tob, thiab 20-30 cm dav tshaj qhov dav ntawm phab ntsa.
Koj kuj yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog cov dej ntws. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem tso cov kab ntsug hauv kab thib ob thiab thib peb, tsis suav nrog cov cement hauv increments ntawm 1.5 m. Thaum kawg ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm, lub cib phab ntsa tuaj yeem plastered los yog sab laug hauv nws daim ntawv ntuj.
pob zeb thaiv thiab pob zeb phab ntsa
Khaws cov phab ntsa tuaj yeem yog hauv-situ pob zeb lossis pob zeb. Cov phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom pom tseeb yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws, thiab cov pob zeb ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom zoo nkauj dua.
Kev ua-nws-koj tus kheej thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tso phab ntsa tuav yog raws li hauv qab no: khawb ib qhov tob txog 40 cm tob, mount lub formwork los ntawm cov laug cam. Tom qab ntawd sau lub trench nrog gravel, nteg reinforcement thiab ncuav pob zeb. Tom qab 5 hnub, cov formwork tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm, thiab txhua qhov tsis sib xws tuaj yeem kho nrog cov cement. Thaum ua haujlwm tiav, kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem ua kom zoo nkauj zoo li ntoo lossis cib. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov kua dej. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tso cov dej tshwj xeeb raws lub hauv paus txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj dej khov.
Txoj kev yooj yim - phab ntsa ntawm pob zeb. Kev siv thev naus laus zis zoo ib yam li cib tso. Peb kuj nco txogKev npaj cov kua dej: qee qhov kev sib txuas ntsug yuav tsum tsis txhob grouted.
ntoo tuav cov qauv
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv sib zog tshaj plaws hauv cov cuab yeej suav hais tias yog phab ntsa tuav ua los ntawm ntoo. Rau cov kab, cov ntoo mos, xws li fir lossis ntoo thuv, feem ntau yog siv.
Thaum tsim cov phab ntsa tuav nrog koj tus kheej tes, koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li lub sijhawm. Yog tias qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa tsis ntau tshaj 1 m, qhov ntev ntawm cov kab teeb yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 1.5 m. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov thib peb ntawm kab teeb yuav nyob hauv av, thiab qhov seem yuav yog lub cev ntawm phab ntsa..
Ua ntej pib nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm lub hauv paus, cov ntoo yuav tsum tau kho nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas yuav ua rau lub neej ntawm phab ntsa. Qhov uas yuav nyob hauv av tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov kub bitumen lossis hlawv ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg.
Kev txhim kho ntawm phab ntsa tuav ntawm qhov chaw nrog txoj kab nqes pib nrog kev npaj ntawm trench. Nws yuav tsum yog kwv yees li 10 cm tob tshaj qhov faus ntawm cov ntoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv dav - ntau tshaj li txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntoo los ntawm txog 20 cm. Ib lub hauv ncoo ntawm gravel 5-10 cm tuab yog nteg tawm nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub trench thiab ua tib zoo rammed. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tuav tau nruj nreem ntsia thiab fastened ua ke nrog rau tes los yog hlau. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov phab ntsa nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog hauv av, koj yuav tsum tau nteg ib daim ntawv ntawm vov tsev cov ntaub ntawv (tuaj yeem hloov nrog vov tsev ntawv), thiab sau cov trench nrog pob zeb.
Yog tias cov phab ntsa ntoo ua haujlwm ntau dua ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab muaj qhov siab me me, ces lub trench tuaj yeem tsuas yog npog nrog pob zeb me me (gravel, crushed pob zeb) thiab ua tib zoo.tamp.
Gabion tuav cov qauv
Tsis ntev tas los no, khaws cov phab ntsa tau pib ua los ntawm gabions. Tab sis hom no twb tau muaj koob meej vim nws qhov yooj yim.
Gabions yog ib lub galvanized hlau ncej ntim nrog pob zeb. Hom no muaj ntau yam zoo:
- yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab lub sijhawm tsawg kawg;
- muaj peev xwm ntawm kev teeb tsa txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo;
- mobility (yuav tau yooj yim disassembled thiab reassembled nyob rau lwm qhov ntawm yuav);
- kev ruaj ntseg ntxiv vim nws qhov hnyav;
- yoog tau zoo los tiv thaiv cov khoom hauv zos;
- natural drainage system - qhov nruab nrab ntawm pob zeb.
Rau kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua, txhua qhov gabion txuas nrog nws cov neeg nyob ze nrog cov xaim.
Tshuaj av phab ntsa
Cov phab ntsa hauv av muaj xws li cov qauv siv ntxiv nrog geotextiles lossis geogrids.
Geogrid yog cov khoom siv txhawb zog uas zoo li lub ntsej muag. Nws muaj cov ntawv strips uas tau txuas nrog cov seams ntawm ib qho kev ncua deb. Cov geogrids tau npaj ib qho ntawm ib qho nyob ntawm qhov siab thiab tau muab khi ua ke nrog cov hlua khi. Cov khoom yog txuas nrog cov av nrog anchors. Cov hlwb ntawm geogrid yog ntim nrog av nrog cov dej ntws zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntu tuaj yeem cog nrog cov nroj tsuag. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov phab ntsa no nrog txoj kab nqes thiab nruj nreem vertically.
Geotextile yogcov khoom siv hluavtaws reinforced. Rau nws lub cuab yeej, koj yuav tsum ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- install tshwj xeeb formwork;
- ua tib zoo tamp txheej hauv qab ntawm cov av thiab nteg tawm nrog geotextile;
- pov cov ntug dawb ntawm cov khoom hla saum lub formwork, ncuav ib txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb rau saum, thiab ces tamp nws nruj nreem;
- tam sim no nrog cov ntug dawb ntawm geotextile (ib qho uas yav tas los muab pov rau hauv formwork) peb npog cov av compacted, dua ncuav ib txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb;
- txheej tom ntej yog ua tiav nrog txoj kab nqes mus txog 2% (kom ruaj khov dua);
- dismantle lub formwork, hloov nws mus rau txheej twb nteg, sib sau ua ke dua;
- repeat tag nrho cov txheej txheem.
Tiv thaiv cov geotextile los ntawm sab nraud, nws tuaj yeem coated nrog bitumen lossis lined nrog ntoo. Los yog sau rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab cog nws nrog greenery.
Hlau thiab hlau mesh phab ntsa
Hlau thiab hlau meshes kuj yog siv los tuav cov phab ntsa.
Kev them nyiaj yug hlau yog hu ua cov qauv nyias. Lawv feem ntau muaj qhov siab qis thiab yog mounted rau hauv av ruaj khov. Feem ntau cov phab ntsa zoo li no yog siv rau kev daws teeb meem niaj hnub tsim. Txhawm rau txhim kho phab ntsa hlau, koj tuaj yeem siv lub hauv paus pob zeb.
Raws li cov hlau mesh, lawv suav hais tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau gabions. Rau lawv installation, stainless hlau kav thiab ncaj mesh yog siv. Koj yuav tsum tau nruab nrog me ntsis txoj kab nqes mus rau txoj kab nqes, uas yog ntxiv dag zog. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm daim phiaj thiab lub toj yog npog nrog lub pob zeb loj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov khoom muaj zog ntxiv thiabyog corrosion resistant.
Tsim thaiv & phab ntsa npog
Ib yam txawv txawv tab sis nthuav cov khoom siv rau phab ntsa tuav yog cov log tsheb. Lawv pw horizontally nrog me ntsis nqes hav. Txhawm rau kho cov log tsheb qub, pawg siv, uas tau teeb tsa vertically. Lawv txuas nrog lub log tsheb nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb hloov tau yooj yim clamps. Cov log tsheb lawv tus kheej yog interconnected nrog yas hlau. Rau kev txhim kho ntxiv, cov pob zeb loj yog siv los ua ib qho muab tub lim. Thiab stability nce vim yog av, nws yog poured rau hauv lub log tsheb. Ntau yam nroj tsuag tuaj yeem cog los ntxiv xim rau cov log tsheb.
Tsis tas li, ntau lub tsev thaiv yog siv los tsim cov phab ntsa tuav. Nws tuaj yeem yog cinder blocks, ua npuas ncauj blocks, pob zeb me me, ntau yam khoom siv pob zeb. Cov kev txhawb nqa zoo li no tau muab tso rau tib yam li cov phab ntsa ntawm cov pob zeb. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tso cov khoom, zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov khoom hnyav.
phab ntsa tsim
Tsis hais txog ntawm cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv phab ntsa tuav muaj peb lub ntsiab:
- Foundation. Nws yog qhov no uas ua kom ruaj khov ntawm phab ntsa thiab siv tag nrho cov khoom thauj.
- Phab ntsa. Qhov no yog saum av thiab tiv thaiv av tawg.
- Khaub dej. Cov khoom no yog tsim nyog los tso dej los ntawm cov phab ntsa tuav, uas ua rau kom lub neej ntawm cov qauv.
Txawm tias pom meej meej ntawm cov qauv,tsis yooj yim li ntawd. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam, ua tib zoo mus rau qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv, kom cov qauv yuav kav ntau xyoo.
Xaiv cov phab ntsa tuav
Pib pib nrog kev tsim kho cov txheej txheem khaws cia yuav tsum ua tiav tsuas yog tom qab suav qhov tsim nyog tau ua tiav. Lub durability ntawm cov qauv no nyob ntawm qhov no.
Thaum xam cov phab ntsa tuav, yam xws li:
- hnyav ntawm kev txhawb nqa nws tus kheej;
- hnyav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv uas yuav nyob ntawm nws;
- siab ntawm cov av txhawb nqa uas yuav ua rau ntawm phab ntsa;
- av tuav thiab kev sib txhuam quab yuam;
- cua quab yuam yog phab ntsa siab dua ob meters;
- ntau yam kev co (xws li kev tsheb ciav hlau, piv txwv);
- dej nyab, dej nag thiab lwm yam tshwm sim.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais meej tias khaws cov qauv mus txog 1.6 meters siab tuaj yeem tsim nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub thickness ntawm kev them nyiaj yug yog nyob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm cov av thiab qhov siab ntawm cov qauv. Cov piv txwv yog raws li nram no:
- ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog (xoo) av: qhov piv ntawm phab ntsa tuab rau nws qhov siab yog 1: 2;
- ntawm cov av ntom ntom, 1: 3 piv;
- on ntom (av nplaum) av, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov dav ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau qhov siab yog 1: 4.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias txawm tias qhov yuam kev me me hauv kev suav tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsag tawg. Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom tig mus rau cov kws tshaj lij rau kev suav. Lossis koj tuaj yeem siv qhov program tshwj xeeb rau qhov no. Piv txwv li, "Retaining wall", PCSheetPileWall, Base, etc.
Zaj lus
Txhob Cia Siabphab ntsa yog ib qho tseem ceeb nthuav dav tsis yog tsuas yog rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm thaj chaw, tab sis kuj zoo nkaus li zoo li cov khoom zoo nkauj. Ntau yam ntaub ntawv tso cai rau koj los txhim kho cov qauv rau txhua tus qauv tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev txhim kho phab ntsa tuav nrog koj tus kheej tes, koj tuaj yeem txuag tau ntawm kev caw tus kws tshaj lij.
