Hauv ntau qhov kev hwm, cov vov tsev hlau zoo dua rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev xws li cov ntawv galvanized, slate thiab cov vuas bituminous. Feem ntau, kev tso cov khoom yog ntseeg tau los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, tab sis koj tuaj yeem nruab nws tus kheej.
Hlau pobzeb muaj ntau yam zoo. Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia qhov hnyav hnyav, uas ncav cuag 6 kg ib square meter. Qhov thib ob, koj yuav muaj peev xwm coj kom zoo dua ntawm kev xaiv cov xim uas muaj los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Thib peb, cov pobzeb hlau yog tswj tau thiab yooj yim rau nruab. Cov khoom siv tsis muaj cov khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj, nws muaj lub zog siab thiab ua haujlwm rau qhov kub thiab txias. Thermal expansion yog tsawg.
Raws li lub zog siab, nws ua tiav los ntawm cov tav tav. Yog tias cov nplooj ntawv raug teeb tsa kom raug, lawv yuav tuaj yeem tiv taus ntau tshaj 200 kg / m 2. Qhov no siv rau canvases uas nws thickness yog 0.5 hli. Zoo li lwm yam khoom siv, tus piav qhia muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog qhia nyob rau hauv ncesuab nrov nyob rau hauv mechanical influences. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem no yooj yim daws tau los ntawm kev txhim kho ib txheej ntawm iav ntaub plaub.
Npaj ua haujlwm
Ua ntej koj npog lub ru tsev nrog cov vuas hlau, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:
- hlau txiav;
- dhau fais fab;
- screwdriver;
- ntsuas ntsuas;
- marker;
- ladders;
- tus kav ntev;
- daim kab xev;
- rauj;
- khoom siv tiv thaiv tus kheej.
Koj tseem yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog:
- waterproofing;
- ru tsev strips;
- end strips;
- tus kheej tapping screws;
- guides;
- board;
- tile;
- airroller;
- decorative overlays;
- boards.
Ntxiv rau tus kheej tapping screws, cov ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yuav tsum tau npaj rau lawv. Raws li rau cov laug cam, lawv hla yuav tsum yog 2.5 × 10 cm.
Ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus
Yog tias koj ntsib cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas npog lub ru tsev nrog cov vuas hlau, ces koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog txhua theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Ib qho ntawm thawj yog kev npaj ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov pobzeb hlau muaj qhov hnyav me ntsis, yog li nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog. Kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ntoo crate.
Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov ntsia hlau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov nplooj ntawv, kom lub sijhawm teeb tsa koj muaj lub sijhawmtsav cov screws rau hauv cov ntsia hlau. Thaum xam cov kauj ruam, qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov rais yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Yuav tsum tsis muaj rafters saum lawv.
Ua haujlwm thermal rwb thaiv tsev
Txhawm rau kom tsis suav cov cua sov thiab lub suab nrov ntawm cov khoom siv npog, thermal rwb thaiv tsev yuav tsum tau siv. Rau qhov no, cov rafters yog them nrog ib tug vapor barrier khoom, piv txwv li, Yutafol los yog Izospan. Cov txheej tom ntej yuav yog rwb thaiv tsev. Nws thickness yuav tsum yog 25 cm los yog tsawg dua.
txheej yog npog nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab antioxidant thiab tsau rau cov rafters nrog cov ntoo tuav. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv, cov khoom yuav tsum sag me ntsis. Qhov no yuav cia condensation ntws mus rau hauv qhov ntws.
Txoj kev tso ru tsev ncuav mog qab zib
Npog lub ru tsev nrog cov pobzeb hlau yog qhov txheej txheem nyuaj uas suav nrog kev teeb tsa lub vov tsev. Nws muab rau lub xub ntiag ntawm vapor barrier, uas yog ib tug tshwj xeeb zaj duab xis. Nws yog tsau nyob rau hauv lub rafters, los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub tsev. Koj tuaj yeem siv lub stapler rau qhov no. Qhov kev ntsuas no tshem tawm qhov sib cuag ntawm chav nrog lub rwb thaiv tsev. Txwv tsis pub, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lwj yuav pib hauv cov txheej txheem thermal rwb thaiv tsev.
Insulation mus rau saum lub truss system. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ntxhia ntaub plaub. Rau waterproofing, classic version, anti-condensation zaj duab xis los yog diffusion membrane yog haum.
Cov cai yooj yim rau kev txhim kho cov vuas
Yog tias koj tsis npaj yuav nteg cov ntaub npog koj tus kheej, ces koj tuaj yeem siv cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov koom haum thib peb lossis cov tib neeg,tshwj xeeb hauv hom haujlwm no. Feem ntau ib square meter ntawm cheeb tsam raug nqi 1,500 rubles, raws li nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm lub ru tsev. Ua li no, thaj chaw saum npoo yuav tsum muab sib npaug ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib square meter.
Yog tias koj npaj yuav nruab cov khoom siv koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov thev naus laus zis. Nws thawj theem suav nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm daim ntawv hauv ib qho ntawm ob txoj hauv kev. Yog tias koj npaj yuav pib ntawm sab xis, ces daim ntaub tshiab yuav raug muab tso rau ntawm qhov dhau los. Kev txhim kho kom raug suav nrog tso 4 nplooj ntawv nrog kev sib tshooj.
Cov Khaub Ncaws yog tacked, sib dhos, thiab tom qab ntawd txuas nrog ib tus kheej tapping ntsia hlau. Fasteners yuav tsum yog cov khoom zoo, vim tias lub neej ntawm cov txheej yog nyob ntawm nws. Cov ntsia hlau yuav tsum tau galvanized thiab feem ntau muaj propylene roj hmab sealing hau. Qhov no yuav xyuas kom meej tias cov qhov tau ntim nrog qhov nruj tshaj plaws thaum ntsia hlau.
Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas plaub nplooj ntawv yuav txuas nrog, lub thickening yuav tshwm sim. Nws raug tshem tawm, rau qhov twg ntawm lub ces kaum raug txiav tawm. Koj tuaj yeem siv lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem los ntawm straightening lub capillary zawj uas nyob rau hauv kab stamping.
Npaj rau kev txhim kho cov vuas hlau
Ua ntej tso thawj daim ntawv hlau rau lub ru tsev, koj yuav tsum ua lwm lub crate, uas yuav nyob rau saum txheej txheej waterproofing. Thawj kab yog ua raws li cov eaves. Fastening yog ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nws tsis tsim nyog screwing tus kheej tapping ntsia hlau mus rau qhov kawg, vim nwsyuav tau muab tshem tawm tom qab. Qhov thib ob hniav sib tshooj.
Tom qab ntawd, cov nplooj ntawv tau muab khi ua ke kom huv. Qhov no yuav tsim ib tug series. Nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv kawg, tag nrho cov yav dhau los tau txuas nrog lub crate. Daim ntawv kawg tsuas yog kho tom qab kab thib ob tau tso.
Peb txiav lub ru tsev nrog cov pobzeb hlau kom nyob rau hauv kab thib ob daim ntaub tuaj yeem ua raws kab rov tav. Ua li no, thaum xub thawj koj yuav tsum tsis txhob fasten lawv nruj heev. Thaum tag nrho cov ntawv tau muab tso, cov vov tsev tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau hauv kom deb li deb tau. Lub installation ntawm lub ridge yog nqa tawm kawg. Tus kheej tapping ntsia hlau taub hau yuav tsum phim cov xim ntawm cov khoom siv thiab muaj cov roj hmab gasket los xyuas kom tsis muaj dej.
Kev teeb tsa lub ru tsev hlau yuav tsum nrog rau kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb. Koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov khoom yog lub teeb, yog li nws tuaj yeem raug cua los ntawm cua. Qhov no siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov paintings nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv av. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis txhob hnav khau tawv tawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau lub crest ntawm nthwv dej thaum lub sij hawm installation.
Ntxhais cov nplooj ntawv nrog ko taw tag tsis tsim nyog. Thaum tsiv ntawm cov pobzeb hlau, nws tsis pom zoo kom muab koj txhais taw perpendicular rau txoj kab nqes. Thaum tso lub ru tsev los ntawm cov pobzeb hlau nrog koj tus kheej tes, yuav tsum siv hnab looj tes tiv thaiv.
Kev txhim kho cov ntsiab lus ntxiv
Koj tuaj yeem ua txoj haujlwm npog lub ru tsev nrog cov vuas hlau koj tus kheej. Qhov no yuav txuag tau nyiaj thiabraws li txoj hauv kev los ua tus tswv hom tshiab. Yog tias koj yog ib tus ntawm cov craftsmen uas npaj yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej, ces koj yuav tsum paub tias qhov kawg strips yog txuas nrog ib tug sib tshooj, qhov dav ntawm uas yog 2 cm. ntawm txoj kab nqes. Txwv tsis pub, lub zuag yuav xaus rau ntawm lub gable.
Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv ib lub ru tsev strip, thiab tso ib txheej ntxiv ntawm sealant ntawm nws thiab cov khoom web. Thaum npaj cov qhov rais lossis cov kav dej nyob hauv qab ntawm txoj kab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov ntawv txheeb nrog ib qho module. Rau txhua yam, koj yuav xav tau 2 daim.
Thaum ib lub tsev muaj lub ru tsev sloping, lub aero roller raug ntsia nruab nrab ntawm lub ridge bar thiab cov khoom. Nws tiv thaiv kev nkag mus los ntawm nag lossis daus hauv qab ntug. Lub tom kawg yog mounted rau ntawm slats, uas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov qauv. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv xws li muab ib tug protrusion ntawm 3 cm.
Yog hais tias lub skate yog tiaj tus, ces tag nrho cov ntsiab lus sib tshooj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug semicircular zoo, fixation yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kab profile. Yog tias koj txiav txim siab npaj lub ru tsev ua los ntawm hlau, koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination. Thaum nws tshaj 45˚, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub ridge batten qauv nrog lub kaum sab xis yuav tsum tau xam tus kheej. Yog tsis ua qhov no, koj yuav khiav mus rau qhov teeb meem, mus txog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov lub ru tsev. Cov pas nrig tuaj yeem khoov thiab tsis khoov raws li xav tau kom phim lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub ru tsev.
Txhob Cia Siab
Thaum lub ru tsev hlau raug teeb tsa, txhua lub hav yuav tsum tau ntxivlub rooj tsavxwm. Lub installation yog nqa tawm los ntawm hauv qab no thiab sib tshooj txog li 30 cm yog muab, qhov qis bar yog txiav tawm hauv qab kab eaves, flanging yog nqa tawm ntawm lub cim no. Ib tug sealant yog muab tso rau hauv nws thiab skate. Yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 10 cm lossis tsawg dua ntawm cov hniav thiab lub qag.
Tawm ntawm txoj kab stamping txog 1.5 cm, cov ntsia hlau yuav tsum tau muab ntsia rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv. Fasteners yuav tsum tau nqa tawm 25 cm los ntawm lub axis ntawm lub hav. Yog tias txhua yam ua tiav raug, ces daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog lub fastener yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub rooj tsavxwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua yuam kev, lub fastening hloov mus rau hauv lwm qhov chaw, thiab qhov khoob ntawm qhov chaw, uas tom qab dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm to.
Yuav kom npog cov nplooj ntawv txiav, cov hniav zoo nkauj yuav tsum tau siv. Thaum txhim kho lawv, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, kev teeb tsa yuav tsum pib ntawm hauv qab, txav mus. Tsis tas yuav tsum tau nteg lub sealant ntawm lub hauv ob sab phlu thiab cov vuas. Koj tseem yuav tau muab 10 cm sib tshooj.
Txhim kho cov overlays, siv tus kheej tapping screws, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob ua puas lub hav. Feem ntau qhov pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg yog nyob rau ntawm txoj kab nqes. Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog kev txhim kho lub qhov rais dormer, ces ib lub rooj sib cais yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qab hav. Rau lub qhov rais, ib qho kev txiav tawm yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntaub, thiab cov khoom sib khi yog nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa. Lub cornice overhang yog them nrog ib tug plank. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem txhim kho cov hav txwv yeem, uas tau txiav ua ntej ntawm cov npoo. Qhov chaw uas txuas mus dhau qhov kev txwv yuav tsum ua nruj nreem rau ntawm daim ntawv pobzeb.
Ua haujlwm nrog qhov nqes ntawm daim duab peb sab lossis trapezoidal
Lub ru tsev hlau tuaj yeem muaj cov kab trapezoidal lossis daim duab peb sab. Thaum ua hauj lwm rau lawv, yuav tsum muaj bar ntxiv. Lawv yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm lub ridge, uas yog, raws li txoj kab ntawm lub ru tsev. Tom ntej no, koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub installation ntawm cornice board thiab ua haujlwm ntawm lub crate. Tom qab ntawd lub cornice tau tsim.
Kev tso cov vuas yog ua raws txoj kab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov npoo. Thawj daim ntawv yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov eaves plank. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ntau tshaj 10 cm yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub kaum sab xis canvases.
Thaum siv skate ncaj, nws raug txiav ntawm cov ces kaum. Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug semicircular ridge, ces ib tug ntxiv plug yuav tsum tau ntsia. Nws yog ntshaw tias nws yog yas. Lub ru tsev hlau pobzeb yuav muaj ib tug ridge sawb, uas yog nteg nyob rau hauv lub axis ntawm lub ridge. Qhov no yog ib qho yooj yim ua yog tias cov kaum sab xis ntawm cov kab nqes yog tib yam. Yog tias lawv txawv, ces kev ua haujlwm yuav nyuaj dua me ntsis. Yuav kom tswj tau qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kab nqes, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv daim kab xev mounting ntawm cov xim ci.
Txhim kho qhov system
Daim ntawv pobzeb ru tsev yuav sag yog tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov rafters tsis tswj. Nws yog 90 cm los yog tsawg dua. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov khoom qhuav qhuav hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas yog pre-impregnated nrog antiseptic. Yuav kom lub rafter system kom nruj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ntxiv txhim kho lub eaves board los yog frontal board. Cov tom kawg yog txuas raukawg ntawm qhov system.
Soffits los yog hauv ob sab phlu yog siv los ua ntaub ntawv ru tsev overhangs. Thaum tsis muaj qhov cua hauv daim tawv nqaij, lawv tau ua ntawm nws tus kheej. Hauv qhov no, lub laum thiab lub laum tuaj yeem pab koj. Yog hais tias lub sheathing yog ua los ntawm ntoo, ces nws yog kho nrog ib tug antifungal compound, thiab ces pleev xim rau cov kua roj vanish. Sai li cov rafters tau pw, koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm chav thiab cua sov rwb thaiv tsev, nrog rau cov txheej txheem dej tsis zoo, txhua qhov no yog hu ua "pie".
ru tsev qhov ntev
Cov ntaub ntawv npog uas tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm sab nraud ua raws li feem ntau lees txais txheej txheej, uas yog hu ua pobzeb. Nws yog raws li cov hlau dov, thiab hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshwj xeeb yog siv los ua ib qho profile. Muaj cov nplais pobzeb hlau nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, qhov loj ntawm cov nplooj ntawv uas yuav txawv nyob ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Thaum yuav khoom los ntawm cov nroj tsuag Metalloprofil, koj yuav ua hauj lwm nrog cov nplooj ntawv uas nws tag nrho ntev nws txawv ntawm 500 mus rau 3650 hli. Qhov sib tshooj hauv qhov ntev yog 150 mm. Kev siv tau ntev yog sib npaug li qhov txwv ntawm 350 txog 3500 hli.
Installers muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li qhov dav dav, qhov ntev sib tshooj thiab dav siv tau. Rau cov vuas hlau ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tau hais los saum no, cov kev txwv no yog 1190, 90 thiab 1100 hli, raws li. Los ntawm kev yuav khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab Grand line, koj dhau los ua tus tswv ntawm cov khoom siv npog, tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm qhov tuaj yeem sib npaug ntawm daim duab ntawm 480 txog 3,630 hli. Qhov sib tshooj ntawm qhov ntev hauv qhov no tsawg dua thiab yog 130 mm. Qhov siv tau ntev tseem zoo ib yam li ntawm Metalloprofil. Qhov no ua tsis tauhais txog qhov dav dav thiab sib tshooj hauv qhov dav, uas yog sib npaug ntawm 1,180 thiab 80 hli, raws li. Qhov dav siv tau zoo ib yam.
Kev txiav txim siab
Txhua tus tswv uas tsis tau ntsib yav dhau los ntawm kev tso cov ntaub npog yog xav paub seb yuav txiav txim siab pes tsawg daim ntawv yuav xav tau rau lub ru tsev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb cov pobzeb hlau loj npaum li cas yog rau koj. Cov qauv kev xaiv yog: ib leeg-module, peb-module, rau-module, kaum-module.
Ib qho qauv muaj rau nthwv dej, qhov kev ncua deb yog 35 cm. Yuav kom suav pes tsawg kab ntawm lub ru tsev, suav nrog qhov loj ntawm cov nplooj ntawv, qhov ntev ntawm txoj kab nqes yuav tsum muab faib ua. qhov dav ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv. Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug. Qhov dav ua haujlwm yog ib feem ntawm lub vev xaib uas tsis tau them los ntawm daim ntawv txuas ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas no, qhov sib tshooj yuav tsum tau muab rho tawm ntawm tag nrho qhov dav, uas yog kwv yees li 8 cm.
Txhawm rau xam cov pobzeb hlau ntawm lub ru tsev, koj tuaj yeem xav txog qhov piv txwv uas lub ru tsev txoj kab nqes yuav yog 7 m, thaum qhov dav ua haujlwm yuav yog 1.2 m. Thawj tus lej yuav tsum muab faib ua ob, uas yuav tso cai rau koj kom tau 5.83 Nws yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug mus rau 6. Qhov no qhia tias ib txoj kab nqes yuav muaj 6 kab. Qhov no yuav txiav txim seb muaj pes tsawg kab rau txhua qhov ramp.
Koj tseem yuav tau xam qhov ntev ntawm kab, rau qhov no qhov kev ncua deb ntawm eaves mus rau lub ridge yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau qhov ntev ntawm lub cornice overhang. Tus naj npawb ntawm kab yog ntxiv rau qhov tshwm sim tau, uas yav dhau los ua rawsmuab faib los ntawm 0.15 cm, uas yog sib npaug rau qhov sib tshooj.
Ua haujlwm ntawm daim duab peb sab
Yog tias koj lub tsev muaj lub ru tsev complex, ces qhov no yuav tsum tsis txhob txwv koj. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov nplooj ntawv profiled tuaj yeem siv rau lub ru tsev ntawm txhua qhov kev teeb tsa. Tab sis rau cov cuab yeej muaj peev xwm ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab lossis lub ru tsev, ib qho yuav tsum ua raws li kev siv tshuab sib txawv. Lub ru tsev nyob rau hauv cov pobzeb hlau, yog tias nws muaj cov duab peb sab nyob rau hauv txoj kab nqes, yuav tsum tau npaj ua ntej. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nrhiav qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub overhang thiab kos ib qho axis.
Cov kev ua zoo sib xws yog ua tiav nrog thawj daim ntawv. Lub axes ntawm daim ntawv thiab lub ramp yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb aligned. Hauv qhov no, kab rov tav thiab ntsug yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, daim ntawv yog fastened nrog ib tug self-tapping ntsia hlau ntawm ib tug nruab nrab point ntawm sab saum toj ntug. Thaum lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev pobzeb hlau yog mounted, cov nplooj ntawv yog ntsia rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm lub hauv paus npog cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ua raws li txoj kev cai. Thaum cov nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov tshaj yuav tsum tau txiav tawm.
Txiav thiab tso cov khoom yuav yooj yim dua yog tias koj siv dab ntxwg nyoog hauv tsev. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm plaub lub rooj tsavxwm, qhov dav ntawm qhov yog 10 cm. Cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv kev sib txuas ua ke thiab txuas rau ib leeg hauv txoj kev hinged. Sai li lub ru tsev hlau, daim duab uas koj tuaj yeem pom hauv tsab xov xwm, tau ua tiav, koj tuaj yeem mus rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob ib puag ncig kev sib txuas lus, kav dej thiab kav hlau txais xov. Cov khoom ntawm lub vov tsev ncuav mog qab zib nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam kev sib tshuam yuav tsum tau muab kaw nrog daim kab xev nplaum. Cov seams tau ntimsealant.
Cov ntaub ntawv kawg
Cov ru tsev ru tsev nrog cov pobzeb hlau tuaj yeem nrog qee qhov nyuaj. Tab sis yog tias koj nruj me ntsis ua raws li tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm thev naus laus zis, ces koj yuav tsis tas yuav hloov cov txheej txheej ob peb xyoos tom qab ua tiav cov haujlwm.
