Tsis ntev tas los no, cov tswv tsev ntiag tug txuas nrog cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog xa daim ntawv thov mus rau cov koom haum tswj, nrog rau nruab ib lub 'meter'. Niaj hnub no qhov xwm txheej tau hloov radically. Txhawm rau txuas mus rau lub mains, koj yuav tsum tau muab ib qhov project piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas lub hwj chim tag nrho cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev (boiler, kem, thiab lwm yam). Ntawd yog, pob ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau kom tau txais daim ntawv tso cai yuav tsum tau suav nrog ib kab kab ntawm cov kab ke uas ua kom lawv txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Hais txog yuav ua li cas sau nws, thiab yuav ua li cas npaj lub hwj chim ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug kom raug, thiab peb mam li tham ntxiv.
Lub teb chaws lub tsev hluav taws xob qhov project. Peb-theem lossis ib-theem network?
Tau kawg, ua ntej kos duab kos duab thiab mus ua kev sib txuas, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog hom kev siv hluav taws xob, nws qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv cov tsev ntiag tug, nrog rau hauv cov tsev nyob hauv nroog, tuaj yeem siv peb-theem lossis ib-theem network. Ob hom muaj lawv cov drawbacks thiabmeej mom. Thaum pib, ib qho kev lag luam network muaj peb theem. Hauv cov tsev siab siab, lawv feem ntau faib rau hauv cov tsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv, cov khoom thauj ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob feem ntau sib txawv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov xaim nruab nrab qee zaum hlawv tawm. Hauv ib lub tsev ntiag tug, cov teeb meem no feem ntau tsis tshwm sim, txij li tus tswv nyob ib leeg, thiab yog li ntawd, nws yooj yim dua los tswj cov khoom thauj thaum lub sij hawm faib. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias lub network siv tsis raug, ntau yam teeb meem - mus txog qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob - kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv qhov no. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov teeb meem zoo li no, koj yuav tsum siv lub stabilizer, uas yog kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau yuav cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov kab peb theem. Uas kuj raug nqi ib lub penny zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim peb-theem fais fab mov rau ib lub tsev ntiav yuav tsum tau siv thaum muaj kev xav tau tiag tiag. Ntawd yog, yog tias nws tau npaj los txhim kho cov cuab yeej lossis cov cuab yeej muaj zog heev - cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, lub qhov cub hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov zoo ntawm ib-theem tes hauj lwm yog tus txheeb ze pheej yig thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv. Qhov tsis zoo yog tsis muaj zog heev. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txuas lub network no hauv cov tsev me me lossis cov tsev nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
Kev siv hluav taws xob muaj zog
Ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev nyob zoo hauv txhua lub tsev yog qhov muaj qhov tam sim no hauv lub network. Txawm li cas los xij, hmoov tsis, thaum lub hwj chim ntawm ib lub tsev ntiag tug yog tsim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib xyaw,feem ntau muaj teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam hauv nws cov khoom. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no yuav yog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv hluav taws xob ntxiv. Cov no suav nrog:
- UPS. Thaum muaj hluav taws xob tawm, cov cuab yeej no yuav pib ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd thiab tau txais.
- Generator. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no khiav ntawm roj av, diesel lossis roj. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem qhib tau. Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus nqi roj. Nrog lub zog txaus, lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm txawm tias lub tsev loj heev rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj tau txais kev tso cai txuas
Yog li, koj tau txiav txim siab ntawm cov theem, hom khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv, thiab lwm yam. Tom ntej no yog dab tsi? Nyob rau hauv dab tsi kev txiav txim yog ib tug private tsev txuas nrog lub hwj chim kab? Lub hwj chim ntawm cov vaj tse nyob hauv nroog yog tswj hwm los ntawm lub tuam txhab muab khoom siv network hauv thaj chaw uas lawv nyob. Nws yuav tsim nyog hu rau nws cov kws tshaj lij, tau sau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog. Lawv cov npe yuav tsum paub ua ntej.
Tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, lub tuam txhab network yuav npaj cov txheej txheem rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug. Feem ntau, lawv yuav tsum tau koom tes nrog ntau lub koom haum cuam tshuam. Tom ntej no yog daim ntawv cog lus. Tom qab lub network raug teeb tsa, ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum network tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw thiab xyuas nws kom ua raws li cov kev cai uas tau teev tseg hauv cov txheej txheem. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog ua nrog kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus neeg nyiam. Tom ntej no, Rostekhnadzor tshaj tawm daim ntawv tso cai ua haujlwm hauv lub network.
ib kab diagram
Rau pib, cia peb pom dab tsi, qhov tseeb, yog daim duab zoo li no. Daim duab kab ib kab yog, qhov tseeb, tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tab sis ua rau hauv daim ntawv yooj yim dua. Ntawd yog, tag nrho cov kab, ob theem ib zaug thiab peb-theem, tau qhia rau nws nrog ib kab. Tsis muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws hauv cov txheej txheem zoo li no. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog cov compact thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muab ib tug ncaj ncees lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas raws nraim lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug private lub tsev yog nqa tawm.
Muaj qee cov cai rau kev teeb tsa cov tswv yim zoo li no, uas peb yuav tham tom qab. Lawv tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb, tab sis koj yuav tsum paub txog lawv. Txwv tsis pub, qhov project yuav tsis raug txais.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muab tso ua ke thiab cov tseev kom muaj
Ib txoj kab hluav taws xob ib leeg rau lub tsev ntiag tug yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, raws li txhua qhov kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm tau ua tiav. Koj yuav tsum sau nws hauv txoj kev uas:
- Kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hais txog hluav taws xob tau lees paub.
- Nws tau lees tias yuav tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws hauv tsev vim yog luv Circuit Court, melted hlau, thiab lwm yam.
- Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev, cov neeg nyob hauv nws muaj sijhawm yooj yim siv txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub uas lawv xav tau.
Cov no yog cov cai tseem ceeb rau daim ntawv no.
hom tsiaj muaj dab tsi
SimplisticLub tswv yim muab hluav taws xob ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug tuaj yeem yog:
- Ua haujlwm. Feem ntau, qhov kev xaiv no twb tau ua thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tau kev hloov pauv rau cov kab ke uas twb muaj lawm, lossis vim qee qhov yuav tsum tau muab cov ntaub ntawv rau lub tuam txhab muab hluav taws xob. Ua ntej kos daim duab, kab hauv qhov no tsuas yog kuaj pom qhov muag.
- kwv yees. Cov tswv yim zoo li no tau raug teeb tsa ua ntej kev teeb tsa, piv txwv li, hauv tsev tshiab lossis thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qub tau hloov tag nrho. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov kev suav tsim nyog tau ua (loads, cable cross-section, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau kev xaiv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog (cov khoom siv tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam).
Cov cai sib xyaw (symbols)
Tau kawg, txoj kev siv hluav taws xob linear rau lub tsev ntiag tug yuav tsum tau kos ua raws li txhua tus qauv siv tau. Cov tom kawg yog txhais los ntawm GOST 2.702-75 thiab tau siv txij li xyoo 1988. Lawv qhia tias cov cim twg yuav tsum tau siv los sawv cev qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev ntawm daim duab. Txhawm rau tso saib qhov kev sib txuas peb-theem, cov hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv tau:
- hla kab nrog tus lej "3" ntawm ib sab ntawm qhov tso zis lossis tawm tswv yim,
- ib txoj kab ncaj hla dhau los ntawm peb kab oblique.
Tau xaiv cov khoom siv, cov contactors, pib, daim thaiv npog, qhov (socket), thiab lwm yam, raws nraim tib lub cim yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm yam hluav taws xob circuits (GOST 2.709).
Yuav tsum muaj dab tsi
Ib-kab fais fab mov daim duab ntawm ib lub tsev ntiag tugyuav tsum muaj cov hauv qab no:
- taw tes ntawm kev txuas rau lub ntsiab;
- hom khoom siv nkag thiab ntsuas tam sim no ntawm qhov txuas;
- kab kab hom, hla ntu thiab ntev (qhov tseeb rau lub ntsuas);
- voltage poob qhov tseem ceeb hauv kab;
- xam thiab lub zog tiag tiag ntawm ASU, lawv cosφ thiab ntsuas tam sim no;
- hom khoom tiv thaiv thiab lawv cov ntsuas tam sim no;
- calculated loads;
- daim ntawv tshuav tus tswv ciam;
- hom ATS txee nrog qhov qhia txog nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm;
- siv coj mus muag ntsuas thiab tswj cov cuab yeej.
Yuav ua li cas kos
Tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem kos daim duab rau ntawm daim ntawv siv tus cwj mem thiab tus kav. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no nws yooj yim dua ua qhov no ntawm lub computer lossis laptop. Muaj ntau yam software uas lub tswv yim muab hluav taws xob ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug tuaj yeem kos tau sai thiab tsis muaj teeb meem. Tom qab rendering, nws tsuas yog luam tawm ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv. Piv txwv li, qhov kev pab cuam "1, 2, 3 scheme" yog tsim los tsim ib kab hluav taws xob vaj huam sib luag daim duab kos, thiab Semiolog tso cai rau koj los tsim tag nrho cov ntawv tsim nyog. Koj tuaj yeem rub tawm cov software no los ntawm lub vev xaib official, uas lav qhov tsis muaj "khoom khib nyiab" thiab kab mob. Kev txhim kho thiab siv yog dawb. "1, 2, 3 scheme", thiab lwm yam, tso cai:
- raws li kev xav tau, xaiv lub vaj huam sib luag hluav taws xob;
- ua tiav nws nrog cov khoom siv modular;
- txhais qhov kev sib txuas hierarchy ntawm tom kawg;
- forma tiav lawm.
In the program databasemuaj cov ntawv pov thawj tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim nyog.
Xaiv loads
Yog li, thaum kos ib txoj kab hluav taws xob ib leeg nyob hauv tsev, nws yuav tsim nyog los xam cov khoom thauj, qhov poob qis, txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov kab txuas txuas. Yuav ua li cas qhov no ua tiav, thiab peb yuav tham ntxiv.
Ib lub tsev ntiag tug, lub zog hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem nqa tau ob qho tib si los ntawm ib theem thiab los ntawm peb theem network, tau kawg, yuav tau nruab nrog ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txhawm rau xam cov khoom thauj ntawm cov kab, koj yuav tsum ntxiv lawv lub zog thiab faib los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov xav tau tam sim no. Paub txog nws, koj tuaj yeem siv cov rooj tshwj xeeb los txiav txim siab seb lub network puas dhau lawm thiab qhov twg yuav tsum tau txuas rau cable. Thaum ua kev xam, ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub hwj chim ntawm tsis tau tsuas yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis kuj cov uas npaj rau kev yuav yav tom ntej.
Rau qee cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas muaj zog heev, piv txwv li, mus rau lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, boiler lossis lub qhov cub hluav taws xob, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau ncab ib lub cable cais. Feem ntau txoj kev sib cais yog nqa mus rau cov khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej tshaj lij hauv lub chaw nres tsheb lossis kev tsim kho, raws li tau hais dhau los, siv peb theem hluav taws xob rau lub tsev ntiag tug.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv cable rau lub network
Rau qhov kev sib txuas ib-theem, koj yuav xav tau cov xov hlau nrog peb lub cores, rau kev sib txuas peb-theem, feem, nrog tsib. Thaum tsim ib qhov project, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau xaiv ib tug cable ntawm ib tug haum seem (kev taw qhia los ntawm cov hluav taws xob Installation Code). Qhov ntsuas no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov rooj tshwj xeeb, hauvnyob ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov tam sim no. Qhov yuav tsum tau conductor txoj kab uas hla yog ua ntej xam. Qhov no yog ua raws li tus qauv d=k × I + 0.005. Ntawm no k yog tus coefficient tas mus li rau tus neeg xyuas pib hlau. Piv txwv li, rau tooj liab, nws yog 0.034. Tsab ntawv kuv qhia lub zog tam sim no.
Lawv muag cov xov hlau siv hla ntu es tsis yog txoj kab uas hla raws li kev ntsuas. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsim nyog los txhais nws ntxiv. Rau qhov no muaj ib tug qauv S=0.785 × d2.
Kev suav ua ntej tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov tseeb tias tooj liab xaim tuaj yeem muaj 10 A ib square millimeter, txhuas - 7 A. Hauv kev xyaum, 2.5 hli hlau feem ntau yog siv rau cov sockets 2, thiab rau teeb pom kev 1.5 mm2.
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv nkag
Lub hwj chim ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug txuas nrog los ntawm lub npe WU. Lawv yog cov rooj plaub hlau uas cov cuab yeej sib dhos tsim los tswj lub tsev hluav taws xob network. Cov qauv uas tseem ua qhov kev faib tawm yog hu ua ASPs. Nruab cov khoom siv nkag rau ntawm tus ncej fais fab lossis ib sab ntawm lub tsev.
Thaum xaiv ASU hauv ib lub tsev ntiag tug, lub zog hluav taws xob uas yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis cuam tshuam, koj yuav tsum xav txog:
- Tus nqi ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob. 220 V kab feem ntau txuas nrog lub teb chaws tsev.
- zaus tam sim no. Qhov no yog tus nqi tas li thiab yog 50 Hz.
- Neutral mode. Qhov ntawd yog qhov lawv huhom av. Hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug, feem ntau yog ua raws li TN-C scheme. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub nruab nrab thiab tiv thaiv xov hlau yog rub nyob rau hauv ib tug conductor. Lawv sib cais yog ua nyob rau hauv VU.
- Cov yam ntxwv luv luv tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv kev xam ntawm hluav taws xob circuits, ib tug luv luv Circuit Court ntawm peb theem conductors nyob rau hauv voltage yog feem ntau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Kev suav yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb.
- Installed peev.
Nyob rau hauv TN-C systems ntawm 220 V, ib leeg-ncej nkag Circuit Court breaker feem ntau yog siv, ntawm 380 V - peb-ncej ib. Hauv thawj kis, kev suav ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv nkag yog xam los ntawm cov mis I p \u003d P p / U f × cos f (qhov twg U f yog theem voltage, Pp yog lub zog suav, Cos f yog qhov active / reactive zog). Lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv nkag rau 380 V network yog pom los ntawm cov mis Ip \u003d Pp / (√3xUhx cos f) (qhov twg Uh yog qhov hluav taws xob loj).
Qhov ntsuas tam sim no yuav tsum yog 10% ntau dua li qhov suav. Yog li ntawd, qhov kawg tshwm sim yog txiav txim los ntawm cov mis I tr=I p × 1, 1.
ATS Shields
Lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom no. AVR boards yog tsim los muab lub zog thaub qab thaum muaj hluav taws xob tsis ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Cov khoom siv ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem txuas nrog ob qho tib si rau lub network ruaj khov thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Muaj cov ntaub thaiv zoo li no:
- Ua ntej rau thawj cov tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thaum lub voltage ntawm lub ntsiab input tsis ua hauj lwm, nws cia li hloov mus rau ib tug thaub qab. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tam sim no, qhov rov qab tshwm sim.txheej txheem.
- Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Cov khoom siv zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem hloov rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus nkag thaum muaj qhov hluav taws xob tshwm rau ntawm nws. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua tiav manually.
- Nrog rau ntu. Hauv cov khoom siv zoo li no, lub zog yog muab los ntawm lub kaw lus ntawm cov keyboards ntsia ntawm cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub hwj chim tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv, qhov thib peb hloov pauv pib ua haujlwm, muab qhov hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tawm tswv yim.
- FROM DSU. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thaum lub voltage poob ntawm ob inputs, lub generator pib. Thaum lub zog tseem ceeb rov qab los, lub kaw lus rov qab mus rau nws qhov qub. Lub hwj chim ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug siv qhov kev xaiv no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau txhua qhov xwm txheej.
ATS shields, ntawm lwm yam, tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv kev ua tiav. Rau qhov tam sim no ntawm 25-160 A, mounted qauv yog siv, rau 160-400 A - pem teb qauv. Cables yog coj los rau hauv thiab tawm los ntawm ib tug hatch nyob rau hauv qab ntawm rooj plaub. Cov khoom siv tau nruab rau hauv lub txee ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag tshwj xeeb.
Basic wiring rules
Tau kawg, lub hwj chim ntawm lub tsev ntiag tug nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes yuav tsum tau npaj ua raws li txhua txoj cai tsim nyog. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau kev ua haujlwm xws li cabling nyob ib ncig ntawm thaj chaw. Ncaj nraim mus rau hauv tsev, cov xaim hluav taws xob pib los ntawm ib lub qhov ntawm phab ntsa. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los rub cov cables nyob ib ncig ntawm thaj chaw hauv cov hlab ntsha hauv cov phab ntsa thaum tsim kho. Hauv qhov no, yog tias tsim nyog, nws yuav yooj yim los hloov cov xaim uas tau dhau los siv tsis tau. Txhua yeeb nkab yuav tsum tau ntim nrog cable tsisntau tshaj 40%. Qhov no yuav ua kom yooj yim disassembly. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlua kaw yog qee zaum mounted qab suspended lossis stretch ceilings, nrog cov phab ntsa sheathed nrog plasterboard rau ib tug ncej, thiab lwm yam. Yas los yog hlau kav kuj siv.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv ntawm lub tsev ntoo ntiag tug yog muab los ntawm cov xaim qhib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cables raug rub rau hauv cov yas tshwj xeeb. Qhov siab ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov phab ntsa tsis yog tus qauv. Teeb pom kev zoo, lub zog thiab cov xaim qis tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem rub tawm hauv ib lub channel tib lub sijhawm. Cov thawv sib txuas tau teeb tsa ntawm ceg ntsiab lus hauv ob qho tib si qhib thiab kaw.
