Cov ntaub ntawv pob zeb, txawm tias tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv fiberglass ruaj khov thiab lub teeb yuag ua npuas ncauj pob zeb, tseem nyob hauv kev thov siab hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thev naus laus zis rau kev siv cov khoom siv tsoos kuj tseem tsis nyob twj ywm, yuam cov engineers thiab cov neeg tsim qauv kom them nyiaj ntau dua rau cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. Rau cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog, nws muaj nws tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv kev tswj hwm uas tswj ob tus qauv rau kev tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev siv ncaj qha thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho.
Txoj cai ntawm kev cai rau cov masonry thiab ntxiv dag zog lub tsev ua vaj tse
Cov qauv tam sim no ntawm SP 15.13330.2012 siv rau kev txhim kho cov haujlwm tshiab rau cov pob zeb thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv, nrog rau kev tsim kho vaj tse uas twb muaj lawm. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau muab tso rau ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Lavxiashuab cua. Cov kev cai tsim cov kev cai rau cov qauv uas tsim tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm ntuj pob zeb, tab sis kuj yog derivatives ntawm av nplaum cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, SP 15.13330.2012 "Stone thiab reinforced masonry structures" tsis siv rau kev tsim cov kev tsim kho uas tau npaj los ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom hnyav ntxiv thiab hauv thaj chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj seismically. Tib yam siv rau tunnels, txuas hniav, kav dej, thermal thiab hydraulic units. Cov kev xav tau pom zoo rau cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thiab kev pabcuam ntawm cov qauv, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab lawv cov kev txwv. Tshwj xeeb, cov qauv muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb, mortars siv hauv kev tsim kho, cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm tus kheej thiab cov txheej txheem ntxiv.
Ntxiv rau cov qauv tsis sib xws, kev sib koom ua lag luam pom zoo cov cai rau cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv pob zeb. Piv txwv li, qhov chaw nyob ib sab ntawm cov coatings los yog binders yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau kev sib kis ntawm hluav taws thoob plaws hauv cov qauv los yog nws tus kheej qhov chaw. Rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog, tshwj xeeb, yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev txwv hluav taws kub, uas tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev suav thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas hluav taws.
Cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm GOST rau cov qauv pob zeb
Hais txog cov qauv pob zeb thiab cov qauv, GOST tswj cov txheej txheem rau kev sim masonry thiab cov tsis muaj cib ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv ntawm hom no. Hais txog kev ntsuam xyuas, tus qauv siv rau cov phab ntsa thiab thaiv cov qauv, coj mus rau hauv tus accountkev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob thiab technical thiab structural yuav tsum tau ntawm ib qhov project. Nyob rau hauv lem, raws li GOST, lub cib yog txhais raws li ib tug piece khoom npaj rau masonry nyob rau hauv lub tsev sib tov. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog cov qauv thauj khoom, cov phab ntsa txhawb nqa tus kheej, cladding, thiab lwm yam.
Ib leeg, hollow, silicate thiab ceramic cib sawv tawm raws li tus qauv. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg kuj yuav txawv. Yuav pib nrog, nws tsim nyog sau cia qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tsis ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, peb tab tom tham txog qhov ntev ntawm cov npoo ntawm ntsug protrusions, uas tsim lub thickness ntawm cov qauv nrog ib tug masonry. Qhov loj ntawm lub cib tsis ua hauj lwm raws li GOST yog txhais raws li qhov ntev ntawm cov npoo ntsug, uas txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa. Qhov tseeb ntev ntawm cov khoom txawv ntawm 250 mus rau 288 hli, dav - los ntawm 60 mus rau 138 hli, thiab thickness - los ntawm 55 mus rau 88 hli. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim cov phab ntsa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txwv tsis pub siv qee yam cib hom.
SNiP rau pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog
SNiP cov cai tswj cov txheej txheem tsim muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem rau cov phab ntsa, vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov qauv, thaiv cov ntsiab lus thiab ntau yam ntawm brickwork. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm deviating los ntawm kev tsim cov cai tseem nyob, tab sis tsuas yog muaj qhov tsim nyog rau kev ncaj ncees. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv pom zoo cov qauv rau kev npaj cov kev daws teeb meem, suav nrog cov av noo, ua raws li cov kev cai rau lub zog thiabsustainability ntawm qhov chaw npaj.
Qhov hloov tshiab ntawm SNiP rau masonry thiab ntxiv dag zog masonry qauv II-22-81 kuj tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau kev ntsuas uas ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim kho rau lub caij ntuj no, suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob engineering txhais tau tias. Cov kev xav tau rau kev tswj xyuas cov cua sov thiab cov av noo vim muaj cua sov nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, frost-resistant additives thiab plasticizers rau kev daws teeb meem yog txiav txim siab. Cov qib pob zeb uas tuaj yeem siv tau rau hauv tib lub cev nrog cov qauv pob zeb kuj raug txiav txim siab cais. Piv txwv li, qhov no siv rau hnyav, ntxeem tau, ntxeem tau, cellular thiab silicate qib ntawm pob zeb. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv insulating rau cov pob zeb tau tso cai, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov kev ntxiv no yuav tsis txo qis tensile lub zog ntawm mortar rau 0.7 MPa.
Dab tsi yog pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog?
Yuav luag ib txwm pob zeb cov qauv yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm masonry, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim lub hauv paus ntawm engineering lug thiab vaj tse. Tshwj xeeb, cov qauv no tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov phab ntsa sab nraud, arches, ceilings, yeeb nkab qhov chaw, cov khoom sau, cov yees thiab cov hauv paus. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub pob zeb, nws derivatives los yog imitation ntaub ntawv ua raws li ib tug tseem ceeb lub ntsiab. Lub masonry nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov cim sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev, lub zog, hluav taws kub tsis kam, kev ruaj ntseg lom thiab muaj peev xwm thermal rwb thaiv tsev. Ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm masonry, qhov loj, qhov hnyav thiab cov nqi ua haujlwm siab thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho yog txawv. Txawm li cas los xij,optimization ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw ua rau nws ua tau kom txo tau cov kev qaug zog no. Raws li kev pom zoo, peb tuaj yeem suav cov phab ntsa cib, uas yog cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam li geometry, qhov hnyav qis thiab cov khoom zoo insulating.
Cov cuab yeej siv dag zog tuaj yeem hu ua kev hloov kho ntawm cov pob zeb zoo tib yam lossis cib. Qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv muab cov qauv nrog cov hlau rods, uas ua rau kom lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Kev txhawb nqa nws tus kheej tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv - ob qho tib si rods thiab ib lub mesh uas hloov tau yooj yim dua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tso. Tsis tas li ntawd, niaj hnub siv pob zeb thiab cov cuab yeej siv dag zog tuaj yeem ua tau nrog nyias (6-8 hli) fiberglass rods, steel bandages thiab overlays. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem classical, kev ntxiv dag zog thiab kev txhawb nqa yog nqa tawm los ntawm sab hauv hauv txoj kev longitudinal, transverse los yog voj voog, tab sis nyob ntawm seb hom kev tsim kho, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm sab nrauv tuaj yeem siv tau.
Ntau yam ntawm pob zeb thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv
Masonry configurations yog txawv los ntawm ob peb nta, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog txuas mus ntxiv. Cov qauv tuaj yeem yog lub teeb yuag monolithic lossis ntau txheej, uas kuj suav nrog txheej txheej ntawm cladding thiab thermal rwb thaiv tsev. Ntxiv mus, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem tuaj yeem nyob hauv ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud, uas yuav txiav txim siab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov masonry nws tus kheej. Ib qho khoom siv monolithic feem ntau yog siv nyob rau sab qaum teb thaj tsam, vim nws txawv ntawm Frost tsis kam thiab siab thermal conductivity. Lub teeb yuag hom pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb muaj zog ntxivsawv cev perforated, ntxeem tau thiab ntxeem tau-perforated masonry. Hollow blocks thiab cib feem ntau yog siv los txuag cov khoom siv thiab txo cov kev xav tau ntawm cov plag tsev. Nws yog qhov zoo rau kev siv cov masonry hauv kev tsim cov tsev qis thiab nyob rau sab saud ntawm cov tsev siab.
Khoom siv rau pob zeb
Masonry yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib cais, ntawm cov uas twb tau hais txog cib, blocks, cov khoom siv silicate, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov khoom siv pob zeb tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntuj tsim thiab tsim. Thawj pab pawg suav nrog cov khoom hnyav thiab lub teeb ntawm cov duab tsis tu ncua thiab tsis xwm yeem. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov pob zeb ntuj ntawm granite, marble, sandstone, limestone, thiab lwm yam. Tiag tiag, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv sab nraud ntawm cov zaub mov kom ua tiav qee cov duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Kev tsim cov agglomerates uas muaj pob zeb chips kuj tau xyaum. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus qauv yuav yog los ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog, thiab cov khoom siv raw yuav tseem nyob hauv ntuj.
Raws li cov khoom siv ncaj qha, pawg no suav nrog autoclave, roasted thiab tsis raug rho tawm haujlwm. Standard autoclaved cib phab ntsa yog heev ruaj thiab kav ntev. Cov av nplaum raug rho tawm thiab hollow cib kuj muaj ntau, uas tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog hauv kev txhawb nqa tus kheej, tab sis kuj yog cladding. Pob zeb monolithic ntsiab kuj yog cov khoom siv pob zeb. Los ntawm thaiv cov khoom ntawm hom notso lub hauv paus thiab cov plag tsev yog tsim. Cov qauv no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev txhawb nqa, txij li cov cement ua ke nrog cov khoom ntim ntau tsis tuaj yeem muab lub zog tensile txaus.
Tsev cov khoom siv rau cov pob zeb
Pob zeb feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho qhov chaw txhim khu kev qha ntawm cov tsev, uas yog cov khoom hnyav. Tab sis cov hniav zoo nkauj tsis muaj tsawg dua sawv cev hauv qhov niche no. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, ntu ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb. Lub ntuj thiab ruaj khov txheej tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov limestone ntom ntom, syenite, granite thiab marble. Aesthetic qualities yuav nyob ntawm seb cov khoom thiab textures ua li cas ntawm lub Hoobkas. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog nyob rau hauv no niche uas agglomerate ntau lawm technologies yog nquag siv, txij li thaum muaj ntau yam qauv thiab cov qauv yuav tsim tau vim inclusions ntawm pob zeb chips.
Tsis yog tsis muaj nqi kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cib. Rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab nrauv, ceramic, clinker thiab facade ntsib cib nrog lub thickness ntawm 60-80 hli yog siv. Vim qhov tshwj xeeb tua hluav taws hauv qhov cub, cov khoom siv no tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog Frost tsis kam thiab hluav taws kub. Rau kev tsim sab hauv, txhawm rau txo qhov hnyav ntawm phab ntsa thiab qab nthab, nws raug nquahu kom siv gypsum cib. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau txheej txheem thiab nteg, thiab tom qab kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm nws tuaj yeem npog nrog cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish txheej. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm gypsum yog nws cov dej noo siab, yog li siv nws rau chav dej thiab chav ua nojtsis xav tau.
Tsim cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog
Txoj kev tsim cov kev daws teeb meem yog ua los ntawm kev xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim kho ncaj qha. Hauv kev suav, cov ntsuas xws li kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov qauv, nws lub zog thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv yog siv. Hauv kev tsim qauv niaj hnub no, lawv kuj tau coj los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib faib suav. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog npaj nyias rau lub tsev tag nrho thiab nws qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv dag zog rau cov tsev nrog qhov siab ntawm 36 m (12 plag tsev) tsuas yog tso cai yog tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog ntxiv sib haum rau qib cement 150-300. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem muab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv sab nraud xws li ya raws, cua, kev ntxhov siab, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov ntsiab lus hlau, steel ties, txuas thiab embedded qhov chaw.
Masonry Mortars
Kev ntseeg tau thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv ua los ntawm cov pob zeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tsev sib xyaw siv. Lub binder tivthaiv tsis yog ib qho txuas txuas rau ib tus neeg masonry ntsiab. Lub luag haujlwm thev naus laus zis, txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm damper, poob rau nws. Lawv tso cai rau cov tuam tsev los tiv thaiv cov dynamic loads. Nyob rau theem pib, masonry thiab reinforced masonry lug yog tsim los ntawmcement mortar yam tsis muaj tshuaj ntxiv tshwj xeeb. Xws li cov khoom sib tov tau npaj rau cov txheej txheem ib hom brickwork. Raws li cov masonry los yog cladding ua complex, ntxiv yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv peb tes num rau lub zog ntawm lub mortar, nws muaj peev xwm nplaum thiab tsis kam mus rau ntau yam ntawm sab nrauv influences. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom ua tau zoo, cov kws tshaj lij muaj xws li plasticizers, modifiers thiab lwm yam additives nyob rau hauv cov compositions, tsom rau kev tswj los yog txhim kho tus kheej zoo ntawm lub tsev sib tov. Hais txog cov qauv pob zeb, cov khoom zoo li kev vibration tsis kam, viscosity thiab noo noo tsis kam yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias cov qauv ntxeem tau ntawm cov khoom siv masonry yog thawj zaug uas muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau siab.
Zaj lus
Pob zeb thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig yog cov peev txheej tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho vaj tsev thiab vaj tsev. Qhov no feem ntau yog siv rau cov chaw uas muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv qhia kev cai rau masonry thiab ntxiv dag zog masonry qauv ntu ntu ob qho tib si consumables thiab masonry lug raws li ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Lawv cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog, kev tsim qauv, qhov ntev thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv. Kev faib tawm dav dav, ua ke nrog ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim cov qauv pob zeb, tso cai rau kev ua tiav ntau dua thiab raug siv ntawm kev tsim cov kev daws teeb meem.
