Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm yog qhia rau cov neeg nyeem yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub tsev nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov koom nrog cov nroj tsuag loj hlob los yog nyuj yug me nyuam xav tau chav no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias nws tuaj yeem tsim nws tus kheej los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev pheej yig. Yog tias koj ua raws li cov lus qhia hauv kab lus, qhov tshwm sim yuav yog los tsim kom muaj ntau lub tsev thiab txhim khu kev qha.
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Ua ntej koj pib tsim lub tsev txhab nyiaj, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis yog neeg nyob no tab tom tsim. Qhov ntau lub luag haujlwm muab rau cov qauv, ntau lub peev yuav tsum yog nws tus qauv tsim. Piv txwv li, ib lub tsev txhab nyiaj uas yuav khaws cov cuab yeej vaj tsev nkaus xwb - shovels, pitchforks, rakes, thiab lwm yam - tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv zoo li no suav tias yog ib ntus, tsis yog peev. Rau qhov kev xaiv tom kawg, koj yuav xav tau lub hauv paus ruaj khov thiab cov phab ntsa muaj zog. Hauv lub nroog lub tsev, cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov tuaj yeem khaws cia:
- khoom siv tsim;
- thauj - nkoj, tsheb kauj vab,maus taus, thiab lwm yam;
- lawnmowers;
- nuv ntses;
- zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
- thee thiab ntoo qhuav rau qhov cub lossis qhov cub;
- hay, thiab lwm yam.
Ntxiv rau, feem ntau cov tsev zoo li no tau siv los ua vaj tsev rau tsiaj thiab ua chaw ua haujlwm uas muaj ntau lub tshuab raug teeb tsa. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim cov tsev. Lub tsev phab ntsa tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
- boards, cav, bar, thiab lwm yam;
- roj, ua npuas ncauj lossis cinder blocks;
- bricks;
- pob zeb rubble;
- hlau (piv txwv li, corrugated board);
- plastic;
- sandwich panels.
Los ntawm kev tsim, thaj chaw hauv nqe lus nug tau muab faib ua ntau yam hauv qab no:
- nrog lossis tsis muaj qhov rais;
- nrog ib lossis ntau cov tswv yim.
Ua tsaug rau ntau yam kev xaiv, kev tsim lub tsev txhab nyiaj hauv lub tebchaws yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim tab sis siv sijhawm ntev, vim tias koj yuav tsum tsim lub hauv paus, phab ntsa, ru tsev thiab ua kom tiav chav nrog cov khoom siv. Tab sis ua ntej, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw uas cov khoom no yuav raug tsim.
Project development
Ua ntej koj pib tsim kho, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov khoom raug cai. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj xav tau ib txoj haujlwm tsim nyog, uas yuav qhia qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account lwm yam nuances. Tau kawg, qhov chaw yuav tsis raug sau npe, tab sis qhov no, tsoomfwv hauv nroog tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog muab nyiaj nplua rau tus tswv, tab sis kuj thov kom tshem tawm.tsim ua txhaum cai.
Lub tsev siv hluav taws xob yog ib chav uas tsis yog ib chav rau khaws cov khoom qee zaum, tab sis kuj muaj chav dej (ua ke lossis tsis ua - tsis muaj teeb meem). Txhawm rau tsim ib qhov project, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:
- Tag nrho lub tsev cheeb tsam.
- Zoning qhov chaw rau hauv nyias qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Raws li cov neeg tsim qauv, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke thiab, piv txwv li, quav nyab tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv tib chav. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tau tsim ib daim duab uas yuav coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li nuances.
- Saib cov av ntawm qhov chaw uas npaj tsim khoom.
- Qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob.
- Ntau lub qhov rais thiab qhov rooj qhib.
- Muaj chav da dej.
- Cov khoom siv tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib cais ntawm lub tsev yuav tsim: lub hauv paus, phab ntsa, ru tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Nws raug nquahu kom xaj ib qhov project los ntawm cov tuam txhab tshaj lij, vim qhov yuam kev me me thaum tsim cov duab kos yuav ua rau kev thov kom raug cai rau cov qauv tsis lees paub.
Xaiv lub rooj
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov neeg nyob ze yuav tsum tsis txhob tawm tsam kev tsim tsev pheeb suab, vim lub tsev tuaj yeem ua rau lawv qhov chaw tsaus. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov chaw ncaj qha nyob ntawm hom thaj chaw, qhov chaw ntawm lub vaj, vaj thiab lwm yam qauv. Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb sib npaug yog ua si los ntawm cov av uas tau npaj rau kev tsim kho vaj tse. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias loamy av prevails ntawm qhov chaw, koj yuav tau npaj ib tug columnar foundation. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cai hauv qab no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej pib tsim lub tsev rau lub caij ntuj sovbarn:
- Chav tsev uas nws npaj yuav khaws cov roj hluav taws xob (coal, firewood) tab tom ua kom ze li sai tau rau lub tsev. Cov neeg tsim vaj tse pom zoo kom tsim ib lub tsev los ntawm cov khoom siv tib yam li lub tsev loj.
- Yog ib lub tsev uas muaj thaj tsam li 50 m2 yuav siv los ua ib lub chaw ua liaj ua teb, nws nyob tom qab lub tsev nyob lossis chav ua noj rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm ib nyob deb tau tsim los ntawm kev huv huv. Raws li txoj cai, daim duab no yog tsawg kawg yog 7 m. Nyob rau hauv lem, los ntawm lub laj kab ntawm tsev neeg. lub tsev - ib lub tsev rau tsiaj - yuav tsum nyob deb ntawm 4 m los yog ntau tshaj.
- Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev, uas yuav siv los ua lub tsev khaws khoom vaj khoom tsev, nyob ze ntawm lub vaj ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo, qhov chaw cog qoob loo tsis zoo lossis tsis zoo.
- Nws yog qhov tsim nyog xaiv thaj chaw rau kev tsim kho uas tsis muaj lwm qhov tsis sib xws kom tsis suav nrog kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj chaw. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm ib daim phiaj nrog kev nyuaj siab yuav tsum tau ua ntawm lub hauv paus columnar.
Tom qab xaiv thaj chaw thiab tsim lossis yuav ib qhov project, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los pib ua haujlwm. Raws li cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov, cov kev xaiv nrov yog cov chav, cov phab ntsa uas yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog, thiab cov tsev siv hluav taws xob tau tsim los siv cov ntoo siv cov cuab yeej siv thav duab. Yog li ntawd, ob txoj hauv kev yuav tau tham txog hauv qab no.
Tsim lub tsev siv hluav taws xob: cov cuab yeej xav tau
Cov npe suav nrog cov cuab yeej tsim kho hauv qab no:
- ntsuas daim kab xev;
- pummet;
- kab theem;
- "Bulgarian" lossis hacksaw;
- xov thiab ntsia hlau;
- rauj thiab plhaw;
- shovel;
- tus kws ntoo ntoo (ntsuab);
- sets ntswj thiab wrenches;
- tes saw;
- chisel;
- riam riam.
Thaum ua haujlwm, lwm yam cuab yeej yuav xav tau, piv txwv li, txhuam rau siv cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish, xaum, xyaum, thiab lwm yam.
Kev koom tes ntawm lub hauv paus columnar rau ib lub tsev ntoo
theem tseem ceeb no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho qhov chaw. Lub durability ntawm tag nrho lub tsev nyob ntawm qhov zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub hauv paus. Rau ib qho kev tsim kho, kev tsim kho ntxiv uas yuav ua tiav siv cov cuab yeej siv tshuab siv ntoo, nws raug nquahu kom ua lub hauv paus columnar. Lub hauv paus no tuaj yeem tsim tau siv:
- pob zeb mortar, uas yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv qhov npaj los yog cov kav dej ntxiv (hlau lossis asbestos-cement);
- tsev blocks (cib lossis cellular pob zeb);
- pob zeb tawg.
Tau xaiv qhov kev xaiv los tsim lub tsev txhab nyiaj, koj yuav tsum pib tsim lub hauv paus columnar hauv qhov kev txiav txim no:
- Kos lub xaib siv cov ntse ntse pegs thiab cov xov polypropylene, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau xyuas cov kab pheeb ces kaum nrog ib daim kab xev ntsuas.
- khawb trenches txhua 1.5-2 m, txhua qhov yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 15 cm hauv qab qhov khovav.
- Sau lub qhov nrog gravel thiab xuab zeb, thiab ces tamp nws kom tau ib txheej txaj ntawm 15 cm.
- Nruab cov ncej ntawm tib theem kom lawv nce li 15-20 cm saum toj no.
- Kaws kab rov tav ntawm tus ncej nrog txoj hlua. Tau pom qhov tsis raug me ntsis, koj yuav tsum tshem tawm lawv nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom seem ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, uas yuav tsum tau nruab rau saum cov kev txhawb nqa.
- Yog cov cib lossis cov ncej thaiv tau txhim tsa, lawv yuav tsum tau plastered thiab kho nrog cov dej tsis zoo.
- Kaw ob nplooj ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv vov tsev ntawm bitumen tshaj txhua qhov kev txhawb nqa.
- Tau qhov muag tsis pom kev nyob ib ncig ntawm tus ncej, lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov av los ntawm kev ntxuav tawm.
Ua ntej yuav mus rau theem tom ntej ntawm kev tsim chav, koj yuav tsum tau tos tsawg kawg 3-5 hnub kom cov mortar teem.
Tsim ib lub tsev ntoo: cov lus qhia
Rau kev tsim kho ntawm tus ncej, koj yuav xav tau cov laug cam, kab teeb, mounting kaum thiab fasteners (piv txwv li, tus kheej tapping screws lossis dowels). Koj yuav tsum paub: ua ntej tsim lub tsev ntoo, ntoo yuav tsum tau kho nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov nplaim hluav taws tiv thaiv hluav taws. Tau tsim lub hauv paus txhim khu kev qha, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los pib tsim chav nrog lub ru tsev pitched:
- Txiav ib txoj hlua khi rau ntawm lub hauv paus, uas yuav tsum tau txuas nrog lub pob zeb nrog cov pob txha thauj tog rau nkoj. Nyob rau theem no, koj yuav xav tau ib qho hluav taws xob xyaum, thiablaum khoom rau pob zeb thiab ntoo.
- Nruab lub thav duab qis dua ntawm kab, uas yuav tsum tau ntim nrog cov lag luam zoo tib yam.
- Npog hauv pem teb nrog cov laug cam, tuab plywood lossis OSB boards. Rau kev tsim kho kom zoo ntawm lub teb chaws los, cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau muab tso kom muaj ob-millimeter qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, uas tsim nyog rau kev nthuav dav thermal.
- Nruab phab ntsa pem hauv ntej ntawm tus ncej, coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ntev teev nyob rau hauv qhov project. Koj yuav tsum kho nws nrog ib ntus jibs.
- Sib dhos thiab sib sau ua ke tom qab thiab sab ntawm cov ntoo ncej. Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum yog ib qho impeccable "tsev pob txha", cov phab ntsa uas muaj qhov siab tib yam. Yog tias muaj qhov tsis sib xws, lawv yuav tsum raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua ntaub ntawv lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntxiv cov qauv.
- Nruab saum toj kawg nkaus rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm racks.
- Sib sau ua ke cantilever thav duab los ntawm cov laug cam luv. Sab saum toj ntawm lub lumber yuav tsum tau txiav ntawm lub kaum sab xis los tsim ib txoj kab nqes, uas yuav tsum tau muab xam ua ntej. Ua li no, kos lub ru tsev profile nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim duab peb sab.
- Ua ib qho khoob ntawm rafter ob txhais ceg, uas yuav tsum tau txuas rau sab ntawm qhov chaw teeb tsa. Yuav tsum paub: cov qauv tsim yuav tsum yog qhov ntev uas qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho eaves overhang.
- Qhib cov rafter ob txhais ceg thiab nruab lawv hla cov racks, kho cov ces kaum.
- Tau ib lub thawv ntoo nrog cov rafters, muab cov ntaub pua plag tsis muaj dej.
- Cov khoom siv vov tsev. Nws tuaj yeem yog vuas, corrugated board, ondulin thiabetc.
Tom qab ua tiav cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab (daim duab ntawm qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov chaw tsis nyob hauv tsev tau muab los saum toj no), nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua haujlwm tig mus. Cov thav duab tiav feem ntau yog sheathed nrog unedged boards, uas yog nailed vertically. Tom ntej no, qhib qhov rooj thiab qhov rais, thiab tom qab ntawd kev sib txuas lus engineering tau ua tiav.
Tsim ib lub hauv paus rau lub hauv paus ua npuas ncauj
Txhawm rau tsim lub hauv paus no koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus qhia hauv qab no:
- Npaj qhov chaw: tshem cov av thiab theem qhov chaw tsim kho.
- txwv thaj chaw ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sawb puag nrog nylon qaum lossis twine thiab cov ceg txheem ntseeg tau zoo raws li qhov ntev tau teev tseg hauv qhov project.
- Khawb ib lub trench 15-20 cm tob hauv qab qhov khov ntawm cov av. Thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug barn los ntawm ua npuas ncauj blocks, nws yog tsim nyog los tawm qhov chaw rau installation ntawm formwork. Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov dav ntawm lub trench ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm lub hauv paus, qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv project.
- Sau rau hauv qab ntawm qhov npaj excavation nrog xuab zeb thiab gravel. Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum yog lub hauv ncoo txog li 20 cm tuab, uas yuav tsum tau compacted nrog lub vibrating phaj.
- Ua formwork los ntawm cov laug cam lossis cov ntawv plywood. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb yog qhov ntug ntawm cov qauv yuav tsum protrude 20-30 cm saum toj no hauv av.
- Txhim kho cov formwork nrog braces thiab transverse tuav, uas yuav tsum tau ntsia txhua 1.5 m.
- Muab cov khoom siv vov tsev lossis polyethylene rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm cov qauv tiav(qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thickness yog 50 µm).
- Txhawb nqa nrog steel tuav (txoj kab uas hla ntawm txhua yam yuav tsum yog 8-12 hli). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm theem ua tiav yog peb-seem mesh nrog cov hlwb ntawm 40-50 mm.
- Sau cov formwork nrog cov kev daws teeb meem uas muaj cov cement, xuab zeb thiab dej. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv huab cua npuas los ntawm kev tsim, qhov sib tov, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua kua, yuav tsum tau tho nrog ib tug pas nrig.
- Npog lub pob zeb kho nrog ntawv ci. Nws yuav tsum tau moistened ib ntus kom tsis txhob tawg.
- Dismanle lub formwork tom qab cov pob zeb tau ua tiav hardened (lub sij hawm hardening - 28 hnub).
- Tawm lub trench nrog lub ntiaj teb.
- Tau ob txheej txheej vov tsev nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus.
Tsim ib lub tsev los ntawm cov npuas npuas: cov lus qhia
Tom qab daim kab xev hauv paus hardens, koj yuav tsum pib tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog los xyuas cov kab rov tav ntawm txhua qhov nteg tawm kab nrog ib theem thiab cov kav dej. Qhov tsis sib xws me ntsis yuav ua rau lub tsev tsis sib haum, yog li qhov kev xav tau no yuav tsum tsis txhob muab pov tseg. Txhawm rau tsim ib lub tsev txhab nyiaj nrog koj tus kheej tes, cov lus qhia ua ntu zus rau kev tsim chav los ntawm cov npuas npuas muaj cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
- Xaiv qhov chaw qhov chaw qhov rooj qhib qhov rooj yuav nyob.
- Txiav pib los ntawm kaum ntawm lub hauv paus. Kev hnav khaub ncaws ua tiav hauv ib nrab thaiv.
- rau qib ntawm lub hauv paus, tso thawj kab sib tov thiab cov kua nplaum, thiab cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb, vim qhov no yuav ua cov ceg ntoo nyias. Ntawmqhov yuav tsum tau txiav cov blocks rau qhov loj me.
- Tau lub ru tsev gable. Ua ntej, nteg cov kab teeb hauv pem teb nrog ib feem ntawm 100 x 100 mm nyob rau hauv cov grooves ntawm cov npuas blocks ntawm kab kawg. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias cov ntoo yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 20 cm ntev dua cov phab ntsa. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog muab cov nqaj (Mauerlat) nyob ib ncig ntawm lub voj voog ntawm cov qauv, kho nws ntawm cov ces kaum nrog cov hlau tuav thiab kho nws rau hauv pem teb kab teeb uas siv tus kheej tapping screws lossis dowels. Tom qab ntawd nteg cov kab hla hla, thiab ntsia cov laug cam rau ntawm lawv. Lub truss qauv yuav tsum tau txuas nrog lub Mauerlat thiab lub crate ua. Cov kauj ruam kawg yog nteg cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev (piv txwv li, corrugated board), uas yuav tsum tau mounted nrog ib tug sib tshooj siv stainless hlau screws nrog ib tug xov ob.
- Ntxig lub qhov rais rau hauv qhov chaw qhib thiab dai lub qhov rooj. Ua ntej nkag mus, nws yog ntshaw kom ua ib lub rooj me me los yog cov kauj ruam. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab tsis xaus rau qhov ntawd, vim tias cov plag tsev tseem yuav tsum tau sewn thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev yuav tsum tau insulated.
Koj tuaj yeem clad lub tsev sab nraud nrog sab, thiab sab hauv nrog clapboard. Nws yog ntshaw kom coj teeb pom kev zoo hauv chav. Cov kws kho hluav taws xob pom zoo siv cov teeb acrylic ua cov teeb: lawv tiv taus kev puas tsuaj.
Tsiaj txhu: cov cai thiab cov cai
Tseem muaj kev huv huv ntxiv rau qhov hozblok. Lub tsev nyob rau hauv uas cov tsiaj yuav nyob yuav tsum tau muab ib tug zoo cua qhov system. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khib nyiab yog tshuaj lom neeg, vim nws tso tawm ntau ammonia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ntshaw kom nruab ib qho tshwj xeebib qho chaw uas quav quav yuav khaws cia - ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic chiv.
Ua ntej koj pib tsim lub tsev rau tsiaj, koj yuav tsum xaiv qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw rau kev tso kawm. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum tsom mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm, qhov twg tag nrho cov kev cai thiab cov qauv tau hais. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv yuav tsum tiv taus kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev siv tshuab. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua ib lub tsev pheeb suab los ntawm lub tsev thaiv. Koj kuj yuav tsum xav txog tias qee cov tsiaj (piv txwv li, tshis) gnaw ntoo, yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem ua cov ntoo nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg.
Yog tias tsim nyog yuav tsum ua ib lub tsev uas npua lossis nyuj yuav nyob, nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua ib chav ntoo nrog cov thav duab ntxiv. Xws li cov qauv yuav tsum txhim khu kev qha thiab sov. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov tsiaj yug tsiaj, nws yog qhov zoo dua los tsim ib qho kev tsim tawm los ntawm cov npuas npuas ntawm daim kab xev nrog cov rwb thaiv tsev tom ntej.
Zoo kawg
Kev tsim lub tsev txhab nyiaj nrog koj tus kheej tes yog ib txoj haujlwm ntev thiab mob siab rau, uas koj yuav tsum xub yuav tag nrho cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom tsim nyog. Kev tsim kho tshuab nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw, nws qhov ntev thiab, ntawm chav kawm, peev nyiaj txiag ntawm tus tswv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau legalize xws li ib tug qauv. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv tsev zoo xwb. Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub tsev txhab nyiaj tuaj yeem ua rau nws tus kheej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev tsim kho thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov lus pom zoo hauv kab lus no.
