Ib zaug hauv koj lub tsev hauv lub nroog niaj hnub no, koj yeej xav so thiab tsis hnov suab ntxiv. Tab sis cov phab ntsa nyias tsis tas yuav tso cai rau koj los nkaum cov suab nrov ntxiv. Soundproofing tshuab tuaj yeem yog txoj kev cawm seej tiag tiag. Lawv ua txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm kev zais cov suab nrov uas tsis tsim nyog los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze.
Ekozvukozol soundproof panels yog qhov nrhiav tiag tiag rau cov neeg uas xav yuav cov khoom zoo rau lawv lub tsev lossis chav tsev. Tom qab nyeem cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, koj tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv Sound Guard tau hnov hnub no los ntawm ntau tus neeg uas muaj tsawg kawg ib zaug tau txaus siab rau lub suab pov thawj. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm hom no muaj ntau haiv neeg, yog li nws yuav tsis yooj yim los nrhiav cov khoom siv suab nrov ntawm tus nqi pheej yig.
Sound Guard muaj qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab ua kom lub suab tsis zoo rau lub qab nthab, hauv pem teb thiab muab faib. Kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv chav tsev lossis hauv tsev ntiag tug. Cov vaj huam sib luag no yog ua los ntawm cov duab los qhia zoo thiab cov ntxhiamuab tub lim. Cov khoom no yuav zais lub suab nrov ntxiv. Txhua lub tshuab tau hloov kho rau tus neeg niaj hnub no thiab tau ua raws li nws cov kev xav tau.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
"Soundguard Ekozvukoizol", raws li cov kws tshaj lij, muaj kev nyab xeeb tag nrho rau ib puag ncig, cov khoom siv ib puag ncig thiab cov khoom siv hauv nws cov khoom siv. Tag nrho cov khoom lag luam tau ntawv pov thawj thiab ua raws li European thiab thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv. Ntawm qhov dav, cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem xaiv lub suab tsis zoo, daim nyias nyias thiab daim hlau, thiab lwm yam. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, txhua yam no tso cai rau koj los tiv thaiv koj lub tsev los ntawm cov suab nrov sab nraud.
Txhua cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub npe no muaj cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm siab, thiab pabcuam kev ntseeg siab thiab siv sijhawm ntev. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv suab nrov, koj tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej yooj yim dua thiab xis nyob. Cov kws tshaj lij tau hais tias cov tshuab tsis yog suab pov thawj nkaus xwb, tab sis kub-insulating.
Ekozvukozol Soundguard panels, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tau muab rau kev lag luam hauv kev hloov kho tas li. Cov khoom tam sim no tau txhim kho, hloov los ntawm cov tshiab kiag li. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam kuj muaj nws qhov tsis zoo, ntawm qhov uas ib tus yuav tsum qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab tus nqi nce ntxiv. Tab sis cov cons no tsis txwv ntau tus neeg muas zaub los ntawm kev yuav khoom.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub suab tsis zoo nrog quartz muab tub lim
Tom qab nyeem cov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag soundproof Soundguard "Ekozvukoizol", kojkoj yuav nkag siab tias qhov no yog cov khoom siv uas muaj quartz muab tub lim. Kev rho tawm suab nrov yog kev tsim kho tshiab hauv Lavxias thiab yog xya-txheej cov duab los qhia cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov cua sov kho quartz ntxhia muab tub lim. Nws muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb xaiv granulation. Panels yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv suab nrov. Lawv pab txo cov suab nrov zog ntawm nthwv dej. Qhov tshwm sim, raws li cov neeg siv khoom, tau ua tiav los ntawm txheej txheej thiab loj heev.
Cov khoom siv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov txheej txheem suab nrov. Koj tuaj yeem siv lub voj voog rau kev txiav, uas, raws li cov kws ua haujlwm hauv tsev, yooj yim rau kev teeb tsa. Thaum sawing, muab tub lim tuaj yeem nchuav tawm.
Kev paub nrog cov kev tshuaj xyuas txog "Ekozvukoizol", koj yuav tuaj yeem qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv rau koj tus kheej. Piv txwv li, lub suab rwb thaiv tsev Performance index ntawm 150 mm muab faib yuav yog 60 dB. Lub hauv paus yuav tsum yog hlau ncej. Yog tias cov vaj huam sib luag tau muab tso rau hauv qab laminate nrog rau parquet, kev cuam tshuam lub suab txo yog 28 dB.
Cov khoom siv yog vapor-permeable, nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ua kom nws ruaj khov thoob plaws hauv lub neej ua haujlwm. Cov neeg siv khoom nyiam lub zog compressive thiab nyias. Cov khoom tsis tsim cov plua plav, lawv yog cov phooj ywg ib puag ncig thiab yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo hauv kev tawm tsam suab nrov. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Ekozvukoizole qhia tau hais tias cov khoom siv tsis tso tawm cov tshuaj phem thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim.
Species tshuaj xyuas
Hnub no, Lub Suab Tiv Thaiv tau muab muag rau ntau yam, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau:
- on partitions;
- floors;
- ceilings;
- walls.
Soundproofing tuaj yeem ua thav duab lossis tsis muaj teeb meem. Cov kws tshaj lij nyiam tias cov chaw tsim khoom muaj ntau txoj kev muag khoom, uas yog:
- kev lag luam;
- standard;
- premium.
Nyob rau hauv assortment koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub pua plag kub thiab suab rwb thaiv tsev, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm canvases. Cov kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm hais tias cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo, kev xaiv dav, uas tso cai rau koj mus yuav cov panels ntawm qhov loj.
Raws li rau daim nyias nyias, nws yog tsim los ntawm hluavtaws thiab ntuj roj hmab. Koj tuaj yeem yuav cov hangers vibration, uas yog hlau fasteners. Lawv yog siv los txhim kho soundproofing cladding lug.
Qhov ntau suav nrog cov laug cam thiab cov hauv qab, tom kawg uas tau tsim los ua cov txheej txheem sib cais kom txo cov suab nrov. Cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau kuj xaiv cov tapes, fasteners thiab sealants, nrog rau cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb.
Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias cov khoom lag luam tau piav qhia tsis yog qhov tsis zoo rau lwm qhov kev xaiv nrov. Nrog cov vaj huam sib luag no, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov suab nrov zoo nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntau zaus. Cov panels yog tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas lawv muaj peev xwm txo tau lub zog ntawm lub suab yoj, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub acoustic kev nplij siab nce nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev. IbLub vaj huam sib luag tuaj yeem raug nqi los ntawm 800 txog 1500 rubles.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tias lub vaj huam sib luag ultra-thin yog qhov kev lag luam tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev. Membranes yog siv nyob rau hauv soundproofing systems kom txo tau ntau yam suab nrov, uas yuav ua tau cua thiab poob siab. Xws li cov khoom raug nqi los ntawm 1500 txog 2500 rubles. Tus nqi nyob ntawm qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Cov phaj yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj qhov dav sib txawv, nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas lub suab rwb thaiv tsev yuav raug nqa tawm. Ecoplate yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau qab nthab thiab phab ntsa. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, damper substrates yog qhov zoo rau kev teeb tsa hauv qab laminate lossis parquet. Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov qauv hauv pem teb.
Kev tshuaj xyuas
Tom qab nyeem cov neeg siv khoom tshuaj xyuas ntawm Ekozvukoizol, koj yuav nkag siab qhov twg siv cov ntaub ntawv no. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau hauv chav rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Lawv tsuas yog siv los tsim lub suab rwb thaiv tsev hauv cov tsev ntiav. Feem ntau, raws li cov neeg tau txais kev pab, cov tshuab wallpaper, yog li lawv feem ntau xaiv rau cov tsev. Panels yog siv rau txhua qhov chaw hauv tsev rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Yog tias koj xav sib sau ua ke ntawm koj tus kheej lossis xaiv cov khoom npaj ua tiav, koj tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom siv suab nrov rau nyias screed, phab ntsa lossis qab nthab.
Cov neeg siv khoom nyiam qhov chaw tsim khoom muaj cov kev daws teeb meem uas tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws uas cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke. Los ntawm kev yuav khoom npajsystem, koj txo nqi.
Npaj rau kev teeb tsa
Ua ntej kev teeb tsa ntawm "Ekozvukoizol" nws yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj qee cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm lawv:
- daim ntawv damper;
- panels;
- sealant;
- ribbon.
Kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem piav qhia tsis yooj yim. Yog tias tsis muaj kev txawj ntse, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb.
Kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm
Nyeem cov kev tshuaj xyuas txog Ekozvukoizol Soundguard panels, koj yuav nkag siab tias thaum thawj theem ntawm kev teeb tsa, cov canvases yuav tsum tau kho rau phab ntsa nrog cov kua nplaum. Lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem yog sealant. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib daim ntawv damper, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau nruab soundproof panels siv dowels. Qhov drilled rau lawv. Cov dowels yog insulated nrog sealant. Cov seams nruab nrab ntawm cov panels tau ntim nrog tib lub sealant. Kom yooj yim, koj tuaj yeem siv rab phom los yog spatula.
Qhov tsis muaj qhov system ntawm Soundguard panels "Ekozvukoizol" yooj yim rau nruab dua li tus ncej. Lub soundproofing ntawm lub qab nthab yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb yog tias lub qab nthab ncab ua raws li txheej txheej tiav.
Reviews about the fire-resistant "Ekozvukoizol"
Fireproof panels yog siv rau soundproofing txawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ntau txheej txheej txheem los muab cov khoom tsim nyog. Lub thickness ntawm lub system nce tsuas yog me ntsis. Hluav taws kub-resistant Soundguard "Ekozvukoizol" muaj 7-txheej corrugated cardboard nrog ib tug me me nplooj siabquartz xuab zeb.
Lub vaj huam sib luag suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv zoo ib puag ncig xws li ntuj muab tub lim thiab cellulose. Raws li cov neeg siv khoom hais txog, kev teeb tsa tau ua nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm phab ntsa ntub dej lossis gypsum fiber ntau. Cov vaj huam sib luag lav qhov txo qis ntawm lub suab thiab kev poob siab yoj zog hauv tag nrho cov zaus spectrum. Qhov tshwm sim yog ua tiav vim qhov loj, elastic viscosity thiab ntau txheej sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsis txuas rau txhua txoj hauv kev, uas ntxiv dag zog rau lub suab rwb thaiv tsev zoo.
Mounting Features
Kev teeb tsa lub suab tsis muaj suab nrov Soundguard "Ekozvukoizol" yog ua tiav tom qab kuaj xyuas cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob siab dua 4%. Lub hauv paus pob zeb yuav tsum muaj cov dej noo ntau dua 3%. Panels yog ntsia ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, hauv qab mus rau saum. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li kev txiav txim chess. Thaum cov kab tiav, lub vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tau txiav. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog ntoo saw lossis hluav taws xob jigsaw. Ntug ntawm qhov txiav yog pasted nrog cov kab xev nplaum. Drywall tuaj yeem ua raws li kev ua tiav. Fastening yog nqa tawm ntawm polymer dowel-nails. Nws yuav tsum siv li 15 daim rau ib lub vaj huam sib luag.
Ntau cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev kho algorithm
Tom qab nyeem cov kev tshuaj xyuas txog Soundguard Ekozvukoizol, koj yuav nkag siab yuav ua li cas rau nruab. Thaum thawj theem, kua nplaum los yog sealant yuav tsum tau siv rau ntawm phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau siv ib rab phom uas muaj pes tsawg leeg yog siv pointwise. Ib daim ntawv damping yog ntsia rau saum, uas tseem hu ua canvas. Nws yuav ua tus neeg nruab nrabcov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag soundproofing thiab phab ntsa.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm "eco soundproofing" hais tias cov vaj huam sib luag tau teeb tsa rau saum lub damping canvas. Ntawm cov phab ntsa thaiv, 5 hli laum yuav tsum tau siv rau drilling. Yog tias muaj cov pob zeb ua vaj tse lossis cib ntsa, txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub laum yuav tsum yog 6 hli. Cov panels yuav tsum tau tig nrog lawv tus du rau ntawm phab ntsa, daim ntawv lo yuav tsum pom los ntawm sab nraud. Ib lub vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tuav nrog 12 acoustic anchors. Lawv lub kaus mom sib sib zog nqus los ntawm 2 mm. Qhov saum npoo yog smeared nrog soundproof sealant.
Daim ntawv dowel thiab phab ntsa ntub dej, uas tau kho rau lub vaj huam sib luag, yuav tsum tsis txhob kov thiab xa cov kev co los ntawm cov qauv. Yog tias koj nyeem cov kev tshuaj xyuas txog Ekozvukoizol, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias cov vaj huam sib luag tau koom nrog nruj rau ib leeg. Cov khoom siv so ntawm cov npoo ntawm hauv pem teb thiab phab ntsa, nrog rau lub qab nthab. Cov pob qij txha ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag thiab cov vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tau kho nrog sealant.
Tom qab cov khoom dries, nto yog glued nrog daim kab xev los ntawm tib lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Soundproof panels yog txiav nrog ib tug hacksaw los yog jigsaw. Tom qab cov kaus mom dowel tau smeared, zoo li tag nrho cov pob qij txha, ib txheej txheej ntawm phab ntsa ntub dej yog ntsia rau saum lub vaj huam sib luag. Cov npoo ntawm cov nplooj ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog cov phab ntsa, pem teb thiab qab nthab. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, qhov sib txawv ntawm 5 hli yog sab laug, uas yog smeared nrog soundproof sealant.
Gypsum board yog tsau rau cov panels nrog tus kheej tapping screws ntsuas 5 x 25 mm. Tus kheej-tapping ntsia hlau yog ntsia hlau los ntawm cov ntawv phab ntsa qhuav thiab lub vaj huam sib luag kom lawv tsis txhob kov phab ntsa. Cov panels yuav tsum tau sheathed nrog cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phab ntsa qhuav, vim hais tias cov xov ntawm phab ntsa tsis muaj qhov noyuav ua rau deformation ntawm panels thiab ua rau lawv cov hauj lwm ntxiv ua tsis tau. Ntawd yog, soundproofing tsis tuaj yeem raug primed, whitewashed lossis pleev xim rau.
Ceiling Soundproofing Installation Instructions
Ekozvukoizol Soundguard panels, kev tshuaj xyuas uas koj tau nyeem saum toj no, tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm lub qab nthab. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, rau qhov no nws yog tsim nyog los ntxiv dag zog rau lub vibration suspensions rau lub qab nthab siv hlau anchors. Lawv tus naj npawb yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kabmob muaj peev xwm ntawm cov hangers vibration. Feem ntau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm hangers yog 600 mm. Raws li ib puag ncig, daim ntawv qhia profile yuav tsum tau kho rau cov phab ntsa ntawm daim kab xev damper. Daim kab xev yuav ua raws li lub gasket ntawm qhov profile thiab saum npoo uas nws txuas los txo qhov kev sib kis ntawm kev co.
Qhov profile yuav tsum tau kho rau ntawm phab ntsa los ntawm kev co ntxhua khaub ncaws nrog tib qhov deb. Rau dowel-nails, koj yuav tsum tau laum qhov nrog lub cheeb ntawm 10 mm. Sab phab ntsa ntawm qhov profile yog glued nrog daim kab xev. Soundproof panels "Ekozvukoizol" yuav tsum tau kho rau nws, tshuaj xyuas uas yuav pab tau koj xaiv txoj cai.
Qab nthab profiles tau teeb tsa los ntawm kev vibration suspensions. Lawv sab kawg yog glued nrog damping 50 mm daim kab xev. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov profiles yuav tsum tau kaw nrog cov khoom siv fiber ntau. Panels yog txuas rau lub qab nthab profile nrog tus kheej tapping screws. Ib tug yuav xav tau txog 21 tus kheej tapping screws. Kab ntawm panels yog teem nrog offset ntsug pob qij txha tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm overlapping nrog ib leeg. Lub taub hau ntawm tus kheej tapping ntsia hlau yog recessed los ntawm 2 hli, nto yog smeared nrog soundproof sealant. Qhov nomanipulation yog tsim nyog kom tsis txhob ncaj qha cov ntaub ntawv.
Ekozvukoizol Soundguard panels, tshuaj xyuas uas koj tuaj yeem nyeem saum toj no, tau koom ua ke thiab so tawm tsam cov phab ntsa nrog lawv cov npoo. Qhov no yuav ua kom lub damping ntawm cov qauv thiab cov suab nrov uas dhau los ntawm cov qauv. Cov pob qij txha ntawm cov panels thiab qhov chaw uas lawv haum rau cov phab ntsa yuav tsum tau kho nrog ib tug sealant. Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas no yog glued nrog daim kab xev nplaum. Yog tias koj txiav cov panels ua tib zoo, ces cov pob zeb hauv av yuav nchuav tawm tsawg heev, uas yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau lub suab zoo. Qhov chaw incision yog glued nrog daim kab xev.
Ekozvukozol panels, tshuaj xyuas uas yuav pab tau koj xaiv txoj cai, yog them nrog GVL nplooj ntawv, uas yog tsau nrog 3.5 x 35 mm tus kheej tapping screws rau qhov profile. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov xav tau rau qhov chaw thov ntawm sealant. Qhov ntug ntawm phab ntsa ntub dej uas khiav raws lub contour ntawm phab ntsa yuav tsum tsis txhob tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nws, vim qhov no tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus choj rau lub suab sib kis. Qhov sib txawv ntawm 3 hli yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawd, uas tau kho nrog lub suab tsis zoo.
txheej thib ob ntawm sheathing yog tsau nrog tus kheej tapping screws 45 mm ntev. Lawv yuav tsum dhau los ntawm gypsum fiber ntau thiab qhov profile. Kev ua haujlwm tiav ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag uas tsis muaj sheathing nrog gypsum plasterboard nplooj ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob ua, vim qhov no yuav ua rau nws tsis yooj yim rau lawv siv ntxiv. Soundproofing tej zaum yuav deformed. Yav tom ntej, koj tuaj yeem pleev xim rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv, ntxuav dawb, putty lossis primer.
Txoj hauv pem teb soundproofing
Mounting Soundguard "Ekozvukoizol" tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv pem teb. Qhov system thicknessyuav 22 mm. Cov txheej txheem nyias yuav txo qhov kev sib kis ntawm cov suab nrov hauv pem teb thiab txo qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab nrov. Cov khoom siv txawm tias thaum lub screed twb nchuav lawm thiab muaj kev txwv rau lub thickness ntawm cov qauv hauv pem teb. Lub kaw lus suav nrog:
- gypsum fiber ntau;
- thin soundproofing membrane;
- soundproof sealant;
- dawb daim ntawv.
Algorithm rau soundproofing hauv pem teb
Ib daim ntawv damper yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm uas muaj cov mos fiberboard 12 hli tuab. Tom ntej no, soundproof panels yog pw. Cov npoo yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib leeg. Kev txhim kho yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ze rau ntawm phab ntsa, tsis muaj qhov khoob thiab sib nrug. Nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau ceev cov panels rau hauv pem teb. Seams nruab nrab ntawm cov panels thiab cov pob qij txha nrog cov phab ntsa yog ntim nrog sealant thiab glued nrog tus kheej nplaum daim kab xev. Cov nplooj ntawv ntawm noo noo-resistant gypsum fiber yog pw rau saum. Lawv thickness yuav tsum yog 20 hli. Cov nplooj ntawv yog fastened nrog tus kheej tapping screws. Ib daim ntawv damper yog pw rau saum, ces koj tuaj yeem mus rau hauv pem teb ntawm cov txheej tiav. Cia qhov sib txawv ntawm 4 mm ntawm nws thiab phab ntsa. Tom qab nws tau ntim nrog sealant.
In xaus
Cov lus piav qhia lub suab tsis zoo yog qhov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv Lavxias. Lub suab rwb thaiv tsev no tuaj yeem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qauv suab nrov. Cov vaj huam sib luag pab txo qhov cuam tshuam thiab lub zog suab ntawm nthwv dej. Qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua tiav vim muaj ntau txheej txheej, loj thiab elastic viscous sib xws. Filler hais tsis yog khinruab nrab ntawm ib leeg, uas ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm soundproofing.
Cov vaj huam sib luag zoo li no, txawm tias lawv raug nqi me ntsis ntau dua li cov analogues, tab sis muaj ntau yam zoo. Qhov no siv rau durability thiab tsawg thickness. Tsis hais txog kev siv ntau yam.
