Ua ntej ua haujlwm kho, yuav tsum xaiv cov khoom ua ntej. Txoj haujlwm no qee zaum nyuaj heev. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua tus tswv xav kom cov khoom siv rau sab hauv ntawm qhov chaw kom ua tau zoo thiab zoo nkauj, ruaj khov thiab, ntawm chav kawm, pheej yig.
Venetian plaster txaus siab yuav luag txhua qhov kev xav tau rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa (saib duab hauv qab).
Nws yog qhov zoo nkauj hauv nws qhov zoo sib xws rau cov pob zeb ntuj, siv tau vim yog siv cov quav ciab rau ntawm qhov chaw, uas tso cai rau nws rov ntxuav dua, thiab tseem siv tau zoo nrog kev siv ceev faj thiab tuaj yeem siv rau txhua qhov chaw. Kev ua tiav nrog Venetian plaster tsuas muaj ib qho tsis zoo - cov khoom tiav uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws yog kim heev. Thiab ib qho ntxiv nuance. Daim ntawv thov ntawm Venetian plaster yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev, thiab ntau tus neeg nyiam ntiav cov kws tshaj lij los ua kom tiav qhov chaw nrog cov khoom siv no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chaw ua haujlwm lossis cov tswv tsev nyob uastwb dhau tag nrho cov theem dhau los ntawm kev kho lawv tus kheej, lawv tuaj yeem tiv tau qhov teeb meem no.
History of Creation
Qhov no yuav zoo li coj txawv txawv rau qee tus, tab sis Venetian plaster, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, nws cov proportions thiab txoj kev siv tau paub ntev ua ntej cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau txais nws lub npe. Thiab nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient Rome. Tsuas yog ntau pua xyoo tom qab, hom plaster no tau txais nws qhov thib ob yug thiab, nrog cov yam ntxwv me, tau rov ua dua hauv Venice. Tom qab ntawd, lawv pib hu nws stucco veneziano.
Yog vim li cas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Venetian plaster tau tsim nyob rau hauv Rome yog qhov muaj ntau heev hauv lub tebchaws no ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li marble. Lub pob zeb ntuj no tau siv txhua qhov chaw thiab pheej yig heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm marble, muaj ib txwm muaj ntau yam khoom pov tseg. Lawv tau tawg slabs los yog blocks, crumbs thiab hmoov av.
Thiab muaj ib hnub ib tug kws ua zaub mov noj, uas nws lub npe tsis tau khaws cia hauv keeb kwm, tau tsim lub tswv yim zoo. Nws txiav txim siab siv cov khib nyiab marble rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov khib nyiab thiab plua plav uas tau khaws cia tau pib siv los npaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, uas yog siv rau plastering phab ntsa tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb yooj yim. Qhov tshwm sim tsuas yog amazing. Tom qab ua haujlwm tiav lawm, cov phab ntsa zoo tib yam xyaum tsis txawv ntawm cov uas tau tsim los ntawm marble tiag tiag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov thev naus laus zis no muaj lwm qhov txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws txo qis tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho thiab tshem tawmmasters los ntawm cov txheej txheem laborious ntawm kev ua marble blocks.
Thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev rov txhawb siab ntawm cov khoom no los ntawm cov tswv ntawm Venice, nws pib hu ua plaster. Lub sijhawm kawg tau dhau los ua qhov nyiam ntawm ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas yog, lub sijhawm thaum nws cov ntsiab lus tau tsim thaum kawg.
Venetian plaster tau siv los ntawm Raphael thiab Rossellini, Michelangelo thiab ntau lwm tus, feem ntau siv cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev los qhia lawv cov txuj ci. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yooj yim heev los ua nws ntawm Venetian plaster.
Scope of application
Marble yog ib lub pob zeb mos uas muaj ntau yam qauv thiab xim xws li los ntawm cov daus dawb ntawm Carrara quarries mus rau blackness ntawm Caucasian minerals.
Qhov kev zoo nkauj txawv tshaj plaw ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev no, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm tes polishing rau daim iav tiav, ua rau nws nrov heev nrog cov thawj coj hauv nruab nrab. Tsis xav tias huab tais thiab cov nom tswv siv pob zeb no los kho lawv lub tsev.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem them taus qhov khoom kim heev. Thiab ntawm no muaj lwm txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau cov pob zeb ntuj - Venetian plaster, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom siv marble pov tseg crushed rau lub xeev ntawm hmoov, txiv qaub raws li ib tug binder, thiab ib co, raws li txoj cai, ua tib zoo zais additives.
Rau tus zoo Raphael thiab nws cov neeg kawm tiav, cov khoom siv no tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim frescoes. Zoo sib xwscov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa kom zoo li ntuj pob zeb tau dav siv thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance. Dawb thiab marble stucco tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev teev ntuj medieval.
Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv no yog cov frescoes uas adorned lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Fontainebleau, Roman paintings ua los ntawm Giulio Romano, thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm Giorgio Vasari ua nyob rau hauv Florence.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm Venetian plaster tau hloov zuj zus mus tas li thiab mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv 17th thiab 18th centuries. Nws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Tebchaws Europe, ua nyob rau hauv Baroque thiab Rococo styles, nrog rau hauv cov tsev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Classic cast
Venetian plaster suav nrog dab tsi hauv cov hnub qub? Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no sib tov ntawm cov ancient masters yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntuj. Txog niaj hnub no, nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws thiab polymeric, nrog rau cov tshuaj dyes.
Tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog ib feem ntawm Venetian plaster yog pob zeb hmoov av. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog marble. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum nws yog tsim los ntawm quartz, granite thiab lwm yam pob zeb. Ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau qhov no yog cov nplej hmoov av yuav tsum me me li sai tau.
Qhov tseem ceeb thib ob uas yog ib feem ntawm Venetian plaster yog ib daim ntawv khi. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, slaked txiv qaub yog xws li cov khoom xyaw. Ntxiv nrog rau tag nrho cov khoom teev tseg, dyes thiab dej tau muaj nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Venetian plaster. Dab tsi muab xim rau qhov notxaus nyiam cov khoom tiav? Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov ntshav tsiaj, cov kua tsib thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntuj tsim los ua cov xim pleev xim rau Venetian plaster.
Txhua cov khoom tsim nyog tau muab sib xyaw kom haum rau cov creamy sib xws. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lub plaster tau txiav txim siab ua tiav rau kev siv.
daim ntawv qhia niaj hnub
Yog tias koj coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsis sib xws ntawm Venetian plaster, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau kev sib xyaw koj tus kheej. Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog xav txog tias niaj hnub formulation ntawm cov khoom tiav tau hloov me ntsis. Yog li, es tsis txhob txiv qaub, hluavtaws binders, acrylic lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws yog suav nrog hauv nws. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov ntxhia dyes tsis siv niaj hnub no. Lawv qhov chaw raug coj los ntawm kev sib txuas dag.
Dab tsi ntxiv yog suav nrog hauv Venetian plaster? Kev sib xyaw ua-nws-koj tus kheej tuaj yeem suav nrog gypsum, nrog rau lwm cov khoom ntxiv uas yuav hloov cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li ntau tus kws tshaj lij, tsuas yog daim ntawv qhia classic ntawm Venetian plaster tuaj yeem ua kom tiav qhov kev ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab ci ntsa iab ntawm marble. Tias yog vim li cas nws yog advisable rau cov neeg uas xav ua cov khoom no nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes los coj tej yam ntuj tso Cheebtsam. Tau kawg, cov xim tuaj yeem siv niaj hnub no, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm siv cov hmoov av marble thiab slaked txiv qaub hnub no.
Npaj mixes
Kev lag luam niaj hnubcov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev muaj Venetian plaster nws tus kheej, uas tuaj yeem siv rau daim ntawv thov ntawm phab ntsa. Nws yog muag ob qho tib si qhuav thiab npaj ua. Lub ntim ntawm cov khoom ntim tuaj yeem yog ib qho. Qhov no yog 1, nrog rau 5 kg lossis 15-20 kg. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws rau kev kho yog ntim nrog ntim ntawm tsib kilograms.
Main producers
Hnub no, ntau hom ntawm Venetian plaster tiav tuaj yeem pom ntawm muag. Cov no yog Paladio thiab Trevignano, Tierrafino nrog cov lus hais niam-ntawm-pearl nyhuv, Veneto, uas muaj cov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm ntuj polished marble, thiab Stucco Veneto nrog ib tug nyiaj los yog kub tint.
Thaum xam qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom, ib qho yuav tsum tau coj los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw kho, yuav Venetian plaster raws li 500-1200 g ib square meter.
Nws tseem tsim nyog coj tus cwj pwm hauv lub siab tias ntau lub tuam txhab tsis ntxiv cov xim rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Venetian plaster. Cov khoom zoo li no tsuas muaj lub hauv paus dawb xwb. Xim pigments yuav tsum tau yuav nyias. Rau cov neeg uas xav tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb Venetian plaster nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev, ib daim duab ntawm lub suab ntawm lawv lub neej yav tom ntej sab hauv yuav xaiv tau siv computer tinting. Qhov kev pabcuam no tso cai rau koj los xaiv qhov tseeb ntawm cov xim uas xav tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xim zas rau nws yuav yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntau cov xim hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb installation.
Npaj cov khoom qhuav rau kev ua haujlwm
YYuav ua li cas ua Venetian plaster? Yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qhuav qhuav yog yuav los ua haujlwm tiav, cov hauv qab no yuav tsum tau ua:manipulation:
- Ncuav dej txias rau hauv lub thoob huv, qhov kub ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 10 txog 15 degrees. Yog xav paub txog tus nqi npaum li cas ntawm cov kua, saib cov lus qhia ntawm lub ntim ntawm cov khoom sib tov.
- Cov khoom qhuav yog ntxiv rau hauv dej thiab sib xyaw kom zoo.
- Cov khoom xyaw yog coj mus rau lub xeev ntawm kev ntxhib los mos siv lub laum nrog lub tshuab tov khoom.
- Tom qab khaws cov plaster rau 10-15 feeb. kev sib xyaw yog rov ua dua. Qhov no yuav ua rau kom cov plasticity ntawm cov khoom thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm delamination.
- Thaum kawg, xim ntxiv. Txhawm rau kom muaj qhov sib npaug, nws raug nquahu kom siv lub koob txhaj tshuaj loj.
Thaum npaj Venetian plaster rau kev ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias nws muaj pes tsawg leeg polymerizes qeeb heev. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, tom qab hardening, txawm ib nrab, nws tsis tuaj yeem rov diluted nrog dej. Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov no yuav txo qis cov nplaum muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no yuav ua rau lub trim pib poob ntawm lub hauv paus.
Homemade analogue
Venetian plaster tuaj yeem ua hauv tsev. Hauv qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum tinker me ntsis. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum tau qhia kom meej cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Venetian plaster nyob rau hauv proportions, thiab ces mus rau nws tsim, uas yuav muaj xws li cov nram qab no cov kauj ruam:
- Kev npaj ntawm lub hauv paus, uas yog coj li slaked txiv qaub (50-60% ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov sib tov).
- Ntxiv cov pob zeb hauv av ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm marble, quartz lossis granite hmoov av rau hauv paus.
- Kneading the composition kom txog thaum tau batter zoo ib yam.
- Qhia cov xim.
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom.
Rau cov neeg uas nyiam sim, koj tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov tsim nyog feem ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tom qab kev sim thib peb lossis plaub. Qhov kawg Venetian plaster yuav tsum muab qhov xav tau.
Kev siv thev naus laus zis
Venetian plaster ua li cas (saib cov duab sab hauv hauv qab)? Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yog daim ntawv thov ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nyias txheej ntawm no hniav txheej. Lawv muaj cov khoom me me ntawm ntau qhov kev teeb tsa thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, uas tus tswv tau npaj kom muaj kev ntxhov siab.
Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Nws muab rau cov txheej txheem alternating nyob rau hauv thickness. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tones thiab ntxoov ntxoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho saum npoo. Tag nrho cov no tsim qhov pom qhov tob ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab kev pom ntawm cov qauv pob zeb ntuj.
Thawj (kev npaj) txheej yog ua los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj marble "hmoov". Qhov no yuav ua kom nws ntseeg tau thiab zoo adhesion rau phab ntsa nto.
Tom qab txheej txheej no dries, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog siv los tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj. Yog tias tsim nyog, tag nrho cov txheej txheej ntxiv tuaj yeem siv rau qhov glossy kawg phab ntsa nto, muaj qhov sib txawvxim.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Yuav kom tsim cov nyhuv ntawm lub ntuj, tab sis tib lub sij hawm roughly processed pob zeb, kuj loj feem yog nkag mus rau hauv cov sib tov. Lawv tso cai rau koj muab cov hniav zoo nkauj ua kom tawv nqaij.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus tswv tseem nyiam pom hauv lawv sab hauv ib qho kev coj ua ntawm polished marble, granite, malachite lossis jasper. Xws li kev zoo nkauj tuaj yeem tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm Venetian plaster, nyob rau hauv uas siv quav ciab yuav pab raws li qhov kawg, txheej kawg. Tom qab nws daim ntawv thov, cov phab ntsa ntawm chav yuav cia li ci ntsa iab nrog tag nrho cov xim ntuj.
Nyob ntawm wax
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv no yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev thiab yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas los ntawm tus tswv, vim tias cov ntaub qhwv yuav tsum nyias nyias. Nws yuav tsum yog qee yam yeeb yaj kiab uas sib koom ua ke nrog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv.
Hnub no, kev tsim kho kev lag luam muaj ntau cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, uas sib txawv ntawm ntau yam. Tib lub sijhawm, cov pab pawg hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm txhua hom wax:
- YGel wax. Nws qhov sib xws ntawm qhov sib xws yog qhov zoo heev rau txheej txheej plaster nyuaj thiab ntom.
- Kua kua. Nws yuav zoo rau qhov chaw ntxeem tau, uas yuav npog tag nrho nrog cov txheej nyias nyias.
- Natural composition of wax for Venetian plaster, the main component of which is a muav khoom. Zoo sib xws yog tsim los ntawm cov dej. Lawv daim ntawv qhia tsuas yog cov khoom xyaw ntuj. Tom qab siv cov quav ciab ntuj rau saum npoo, nws hloov tawm los ua glossy. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau qee yam qauv.
- Synthetic version. Cov khoom siv no muaj cov tshuaj polymeric. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, txheej tiv thaiv ntawm Venetian plaster yog tau raws li resistant rau kev puas tsuaj li sai tau. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yuav tso cai rau cov khoom siv mus ntev. Tom qab siv cov hluavtaws version ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, qhov saum npoo ntawm plaster yog matte.
- pob tshab ciab. Qhov kev xaiv txheej no feem ntau yog siv rau Venetian plaster.
Ntau tus kws ua haujlwm ntau yam muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus zais ntawm tsis yog thov xwb, tab sis kuj ua cov quav ciab rau Venetian plaster. Yog li, Antonov's wax yog dav paub. Nov yog tus kws tshaj lij hauv Venetian plaster los ntawm Kyiv, uas kuj yog tus sau ntau yam kev kawm.
