Stonehenge hauv tebchaws Askiv, Peruvian citadel hauv Machu Picchu, cov pyramids ntawm vaj ntxwv hauv tebchaws Iziv - tag nrho cov haujlwm zoo ntawm cov vaj tsev qub qub ua pov thawj tias pob zeb ntuj yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws thiab tib lub sijhawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev. nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Tab sis nws nyuaj heev rau kev ua haujlwm nrog nws, nws nyuaj rau kev thauj mus los thiab siv sijhawm ntev heev los ua cov txheej txheem thiab nruab.
Nws yuav zoo npaum li cas kom muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws hauv daim ntawv batter, muab nws cov duab tsis ncaj ncees, uas, tom qab solidification, yuav tau txais cov khoom ntawm pob zeb. Xws li ib qho amazing "kua pob zeb" tshwm sim, thiab peb hu nws ua pob zeb. Nws yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas suav nrog peb lub ntsiab lus.
Peb cov khoom xyaw yooj yim rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo meej
- Cement (ib lub npe rau silicates thiab calcium aluminates) - siv li 10-15% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Dej - 15-20%.
- Coarse grain mixthiab nplua aggregates (xuab zeb, gravel, loj pieces ntawm crushed pob zeb, recycled iav, thiab lwm yam) - feem ntau 60-75%.
Hais ntawm pob zeb ua cov khoom sib xyaw, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias nws cov khoom xyaw, yog li tsis zoo li cov khoom kawg, tau txais lub zog siab thiab ua haujlwm ntev tsis yog los ntawm kev ziab ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab, tab sis vim muaj tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.. Thaum cov dej ntxiv, cov cement hydrate crystals pib loj hlob, ua ib qho siv lead ua lattice thiab tuav cov xuab zeb thiab gravel ua ke. Nws yog vim li no tias tom qab pouring lub pob zeb yuav tsum tau moistened rau ob peb hnub, thiab tau txais ib tug zoo tshwm sim yog hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam.
Ob theem ntawm "loj hlob" ntawm pob zeb
Vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv hauv tsev no "yug" hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev, cov pob zeb ua rau cov pwm tuaj yeem muab yuav luag txhua qhov kev xav tau, tom qab ntawd, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydration, qhov chaw tshwm sim, thiab tom qab ntawd cov pob zeb tawv tawv. theem.
- Teeb tsa yog kab tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab ua haujlwm luv luv, pib li ob teev tom qab kev daws teeb meem thiab xaus ib teev tom qab ntawd (ntawm 20ºC). Lub sijhawm no yog nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov pob zeb thiab, piv txwv li, ntawm 0ºC nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm txog 20 teev, thaum huab cua kub lub sijhawm teeb tsa, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txo qis heev.
- Hardening yog cov txheej txheem tsis-linear uas ua tiav feem ntau dynamically ntawm thawj theem, thaum lub pob zeb, kwv yees li hauvlub hlis, tau txais feem ntau ntawm nws lub zog, thaum nws qhov kawg hardening tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab ob peb xyoos.
Txhua tus muaj qhov tsis zoo, tab sis tus pas hlau sab hauv yuav daws tau txhua yam teeb meem
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tam sim ntawd kom nkag siab tias nws yog qhov zoo dua rau ncuav pob zeb npaj los ntawm txoj kev lag luam, yuav los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntseeg siab uas lav nws ua raws li cov npe tau tshaj tawm. Nov yog tib txoj kev kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv uas ua tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom lag luam, tsis sib haum, dej tsis kam, sib xyaw).
Ib tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab siv cov pob zeb dav dav yog nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub cev hnyav hnyav. Qhov ntom ntom yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov ntsuas no, uas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom rau lub ntim ntim. Nyob rau hauv hnyav qib ntawm mortar nrog ib tug muab tub lim ntawm ntuj pob zeb ntawm ntau yam feem (crushed pob zeb, pebbles los yog gravel), qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub voos xwmfab ntawm pouring qhob yog los ntawm 1.8 mus rau 2.5 tons. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom no yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv uas muaj cov loads tseem ceeb (kev txhawb nqa, ceilings, foundations, thiab lwm yam). Rau kev sib sib zog nqus pob zeb siv rau kev tsim kho thiab rwb thaiv tsev ntawm phab ntsa, pem teb thiab lub teeb yuag ceilings, perlite, nthuav av nplaum thiab txhua yam ntawm foamed polymers ua cov fillers. Qhov ceev ntawm cov tshuaj no txawv ntawm 0.6 txog 1.8 t / m 3.
Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pob zeb loj yog tias thaum ncab, nws tiv taus qhov hnyav li 10 npaug tsawg dua li thaumcompression, thiab yooj yim puas tsuaj txawm tias me ntsis khoov. Qhov teeb meem no daws tau los ntawm kev nchuav cov pob zeb nyob ib ncig ntawm cov rods twisted steel (reinforcement) fastened rau ib leeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug lattice.
Tom qab hardening, cov khoom siv sib xyaw tshiab tau txais - cov pob zeb muaj zog, uas cov pob zeb muab lub zog compressive, thaum cov hlau tiv thaiv kev khoov thiab ncab. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv qee zaum siv los txhawb nqa, suav nrog ntau hom yas, tab sis steel yuav warp hauv tshav kub thiab txias ntawm tus nqi tib yam li pob zeb, uas txhais tau tias cov khoom yuav tsis tawg los ntawm sab hauv.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev siv zog ua kom ntev ntev
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias vim muaj ntau lub hom phiaj nws tsis tsim nyog lossis muaj peev xwm xaj kev daws teeb meem los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Ntxiv mus, saib xyuas cov txheej txheem, txawm tias nchuav pob zeb nrog koj tus kheej tes, koj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev yog nws lub hauv paus thiab kev lees paub ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm txhua yam uas nws tsim los txhawb. Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev los nteg nws: los ntawm thaiv thiab pawg - mus rau kev tsim ib daim kab xev monolithic-reinforced siv. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm kev xaiv, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov rooj plaub no nws yuav yog pob zeb, los yog es, reinforced pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob, feem ntau yog qhov kawg ntawm cov kev xaiv teev tseg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub hauv paus yog poured nrog pob zeb nyob rau hauv ib tug nruam txheej nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov perimeter ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej lub tsev, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub reinforcing.ncej.
Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho lub hauv paus tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem.
- Npaj - qhov chaw npaj, txhim kho qhov cuab lub zog thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm daim ntawv.
- pob zeb ua haujlwm - sib tov, nchuav, tso mortar thiab tuav pob zeb.
- Kawg - formwork dismantling, kev soj ntsuam pom thiab tshem tawm cov teeb meem me.
Foundation: nrhiav cov lus teb rau ntau cov lus nug
Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm lub hauv paus, ntxiv rau nws qhov pom tseeb tsis pom tseeb - ntev, nyob ntawm ntau yam kev mob pib: kev coj tus kheej (hom ntawm cov khoom siv phab ntsa, tus naj npawb ntawm storeys, muaj hauv qab daus), hom av, struts, theem dej hauv av, qhov tob ntawm cov av khov, qhov siab daus npog thiab lwm yam.
Yog tias peb tham txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, ces qhov tob ntawm lub hauv paus yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ib 'meter', kev tshem tawm saum av yuav tsum yog los ntawm 30 cm, thiab qhov dav yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg ib thiab ib nrab zaug. lub masonry loj ntawm cov khoom siv phab ntsa.
Formwork: zaj dab neeg ntawm daim ntawv txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus
Cov formwork muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab nres. Thaum tsim nws, nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov pob zeb ntawm thawj theem yog cov kua dej uas ua rau tag nrho qhov chaw dawb. Yog li ntawd, kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, cov ntaub thaiv npog yuav tsum yog raws li qhov ua tau, tsis muaj cov kab nrib pleb thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab, thiab kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntsug, nws raug nquahu kom siv lub tsev theem lossis cov kav dej. Nyob rau hauv tsev, formwork panels yog tsim los ntawm ntoo thuv boards nrog ib tug ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm 20-25 mm, sewn.nruab nrab ntawm ib leeg nrog ib tug plank ntawm tib yam khoom, nrog rau plywood, chipboard los yog hlau los xij.
Tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis txhob hnov qab txog ib qho cuab yeej ntxiv ntawm lub pob zeb mortar, uas yog, nws qhov tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, vim hais tias lub thickness ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag formwork cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov nres (feem ntau yog ntoo) yuav tsum tau them. rau lub siab ntawm cov pob zeb loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom lubricate qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog nrog roj lossis npog nrog lub tes tsho polyethylene, uas yuav ua kom lub ntsej muag zoo meej ntawm lub hauv paus, tiv thaiv lub mortar los ntawm ntws mus rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb thiab yooj yim rau nws tom qab dismantling.
Lub thav duab rebar yuav tsum lav inextricable strapping hla tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub hauv paus yav tom ntej, raws li txoj cai, ib lub cubic meter ntawm pob zeb, nyob ntawm txoj kab uas hla, nyiaj rau 70 mus rau 120 kg ntawm reinforcing tuav.
Cov lus zais ntawm kev ua pob zeb ua pob zeb
Nyob rau theem tom ntej, qhov kev npaj tiag tiag ntawm kev sib tov rau kev nchuav pob zeb pib. Txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog kev tsim kho ntiag tug, peb yuav siv cov thoob kaum-liter classic ua ib chav ntsuas. Hom pob zeb yog nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm nws cov khoom siv, thiab M300 feem ntau yog siv rau lub hauv paus. Cov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no suav nrog cov hauv qab no: rau 1 lub thoob ntawm Portland cement qib 400, muaj 2 thoob ntawm xuab zeb thiab 4 - pob zeb crushed. Tus nqi ntawm cov dej khov kho yog nyob ntawm cov dej noo ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab suav nrog kev sim thaum thawj batch. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov khoom xyaw yog tov kom huv si nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv loj los yog qhob tov khoom. Lub mortar tiav yuav tsum muaj qhov sib xws tsis sib xws, tsis ntws los ntawm cov pob qij txha ntawm lub formwork, thiab tib lub sij hawm sau tag nrho cov voids zoo.
pob zeb qhov xaj xaj
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nteg cov pob zeb sib xyaw rau hauv kab rov tav txheej txheej, txog 20 cm siab, faib cov mortar hla tag nrho qhov dav ntawm daim formwork thiab tsis txhob muaj qhov khoob. Qhov no yog ib tug heev lub sij hawm-siv thiab dynamic txheej txheem, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau ib tug zoo tagnrho solidity ntawm lub hauv paus, txheej tom ntej ntawm pob zeb yuav tsum tau siv ua ntej batch yav dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm pouring (nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus vibrator), lub mortar yuav tsum tau tas li stirred thiab pierced nrog ib tug hlau bar los yog seem kom sau tag nrho cov voids thiab deaerate lub pob zeb kom tau ib tug uniform lub zog ntawm lub hauv paus.
Kev noj qab haus huv "me nyuam yaus" ntawm pob zeb txiav txim siab nws lub neej ntev
Tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tiav ntawm qhov pouring, theem ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov pib, uas, nyob ntawm seb huab cua, yuav siv li ntawm peb mus rau tsib hnub. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no txhawj xeeb raws sij hawm (txhua 2-4 teev) moistening ntawm pob zeb nto. Qhov kub siab dua, nws yuav tsum tau ua ntau zaus, tab sis yog tias kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub caij txias thiab qhov kub ntawm 0 txog + 5ºC, tom qab ntawd watering tsis ua txhua yam, tiv thaiv cov pob zeb tshiab los ntawm tshav ntuj ncaj qha. kub hloov nrog moistened xuab zeb los yog sawdust. Nws tseem yog qhov tsim nyog rau thawj ob lossis peb hnub los tiv thaiv kev taug kev ntawm qhov dej nyab thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm lwm yam kev puas tsuaj. Lub zog ntawm cov pob zeb nce siab tshaj plaws hauv thawj hnub, thiab tom qab ib lub lim tiam thiab ib nrabyog kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshaj tawm (28 hnub).
Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem ua tib zoo tshem tawm cov ntawv ua haujlwm thiab ntsuas qhov tshwm sim. Yog tias pom cov plhaub thiab cov kaum sab xis, qhov saum npoo ntawm lub hauv paus yog rubbed nrog cov tshuaj raws li cov xuab zeb thiab cov cement, thiab cov sagging ntau dhau raug tshem tawm nrog lub trowel.
pob zeb, raws li ib txwm, saum toj
Txhua qhov zoo ntawm cov pob zeb tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov plag tsev. Qhov no feem ntau yog lub zog, sib npaug, noo noo tsis kam thiab ua haujlwm ntev, thiab cov thermal conductivity siab, ua ke nrog kev siv cov cua sov hauv qab hnub no, tau maj mam tsiv los ntawm qhov tsis txaus mus rau ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv no.
Tib lub sijhawm, thev naus laus zis ntawm kev nchuav pob zeb rau hauv pem teb yog qhov yooj yim dua li lub hauv paus sawb tau piav qhia saum toj no. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm no yog qhov kev npaj ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau coated, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj lub hauv paus ruaj khov, tsim cov hydro-barrier thiab thermal rwb thaiv tsev rau pem teb yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm formwork nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua si los ntawm lub platform nws tus kheej thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev, thiab nrog ib tug txheej txheem txheej thickness ntawm 6 mus rau 8 cm, tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav tsis siv sij hawm ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau kev ua haujlwm zoo li no, lub teeb pob zeb lossis cov khoom ua kom zoo zoo nrog cov qib qis dua piv rau cov siv hauv lub hauv paus feem ntau siv. Masonry hlau mesh yog siv los ua kev txhawb zog, thiab qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus qhia beacons, uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm cov yeeb nkab zoo tib yam. Vim tseem ceebQhov loj ntawm qhov chaw raug, tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov pob zeb screed tom qab nws tso, uas zoo ib yam li cov kev ntsuas saum toj no.
Nrog kev ua raws li cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, cov qauv tsim muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li cov haujlwm tau muab rau lawv tau ntau xyoo, zoo siab tsis yog koj xwb, tab sis kuj yog koj cov xeeb ntxwv nrog lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab.
