Binders paub txog lawv txoj kev siv dav hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam rau kev npaj cov pob zeb thiab cov mortars siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, vaj tse thiab lwm yam qauv. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm lawv, thiab hnub no peb yuav luv luv kov ntawm lub ntsiab subgroups.
Kev faib cov ntaub ntawv
Los ntawm keeb kwm, lawv tuaj yeem yog pawg organic lossis inorganic. Thawj suav nrog txhua yam ntawm bitumen, resins, tar thiab pitches. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov yog kev tsim cov vov tsev, uas tuaj yeem dov los yog daim ntawv, asph alt qhob thiab ntau yam khoom siv dej tsis zoo. Lawv qhov txawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog hydrophobicity, uas yog, muaj peev xwm ua kom mos thiab ua haujlwm rau lub xeev ua haujlwm thaum cua sov lossis thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov kua organic.
Pab pawg thib ob - cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj zog - muaj cov txiv qaub, gypsum thiab cov cement. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj pob zeb thiab ntau yam mortars. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm inorganic bindersNws yog sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv av zoo, uas, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog dej, hloov mus rau hauv cov kua-yas pasty pawg, hardening rau lub xeev ntawm lub pob zeb ruaj khov.
Dab tsi ua rau lawv
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb yog hydrophilicity, plasticity thaum cuam tshuam nrog dej thiab muaj peev xwm dhau mus rau ib qho khoom hauv lub xeev los ntawm ib nrab kua pasty. Nov yog qhov lawv txawv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm thawj pab pawg.
Raws li txoj kev ua kom tawv tawv, cov khoom siv tsis zoo yog suav tias yog huab cua, hydraulic, acid thiab autoclave hardening. Qhov kev faib tawm no nyob ntawm lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov xwm txheej huab cua rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Air binders tawv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog dej thiab, tau tsim lub pob zeb ruaj khov, tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub xeev no hauv huab cua rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tab sis yog tias cov khoom lag luam thiab cov qauv tsim ua nrog lawv cov kev siv tsis tu ncua moistened, ces lub zog no yuav ploj sai sai. Cov tsev thiab cov qauv ntawm hom no tau yooj yim puas.
Dab tsi suav nrog hauv pab pawg no? Qhov no ib txwm muaj xws li gypsum magnesia binders - av nplaum, cua txiv qaub. Yog hais tias peb xav txog lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tag nrho cov pab pawg no, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav muab faib ua plaub ntau. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tag nrho cov huab cua binders yog txiv qaub (raws li calcium oxide), los yog magnesia (uas muaj xws li caustic magnesite), los yog gypsum.binder, tsim los ntawm calcium sulfate, los yog kua iav - poov tshuaj los yog sodium silicate, uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug aqueous tov.
Mus rau "dej" cov ntaub ntawv
Tam sim no cia saib lwm pab pawg - hydraulic binders. Lawv zoo li tawv, nrog rau khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv ib puag ncig tsis yog hauv huab cua, tab sis kuj hauv dej. Lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam oxides.
Cov pab pawg loj no, dhau los, tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov cements ntawm silicate keeb kwm, uas muaj txog 75% calcium silicates (tsuas yog Portland cement nrog nws ntau yam, pawg no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev niaj hnub) thiab Lwm pab pawg - aluminate cements raws li calcium aluminate (cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws yog txhua yam ntawm aluminous cement). Romancement thiab hydraulic txiv qaub muaj nyob rau hauv peb pawg.
Dab tsi binders yog acid-resistant? Nws yog cov kua qaub-resistant quartz cement uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov av zoo sib xyaw ntawm quartz xuab zeb thiab silicon. Xws li kev sib tov raug kaw nrog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm sodium los yog potassium silicate.
Ib yam ntxwv ntawm cov pab pawg acid-resistant binders yog lawv lub peev xwm, tau dhau los ntawm thawj theem ntawm hardening nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, tiv thaiv kev txhoj puab heev ntawm ntau cov kua qaub rau lub sijhawm ntev txaus.
Organics hauv kev tsim kho
Lwm pab pawg loj yog cov organicbinders (muaj, raws li twb tau hais lawm, feem ntau ntawm ntau yam ntawm asph alt thiab bituminous cov ntaub ntawv) muaj qhov sib txawv kiag li. Tib asph alt tuaj yeem ua khoom siv lossis ntuj. Raws li ib feem ntawm nws, bitumen yog tov nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm limestone los yog sandstone.
Hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, asph alt yog siv dav hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho dav hlau raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov xuab zeb, pob zeb lossis pob zeb crushed nrog bitumen. Tib qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj asph alt siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm waterproofing.
Dab tsi yog bitumen? Qhov no yog cov khoom siv organic (xws li ntuj los yog dag), uas suav nrog cov molecular hydrocarbons lossis lawv cov derivatives uas muaj nitrogen, oxygen thiab sulfur. Lub peev txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm bitumen yog dav heev thiab txawv ntawm txoj kev thiab vaj tse kev tsim kho mus rau kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj thiab cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish kev lag luam.
Tar tau nkag siab tias yog astringents ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj tsw qab uas muaj cov carbohydrates ntau thiab lawv cov derivatives - sulfuric, acidic thiab nitrogenous.
Lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo
Qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb rau pawg organic ntawm binders yog kom muaj cov viscosity txaus thaum lub sijhawm sib cuag nrog cov khoom nto, uas yuav tso cai rau cov dej ntub dej ntau thiab cov khoom ntim khoom los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis muaj dej. Lwm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj yog lub peev xwm khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Cov ntaub ntawv no tau pom lawv siv hauv kev tso kev thiab hauv nroog txoj kev, lawv npogairfields thiab txoj kev loj, npaj cov kev taug kev thiab cov plag tsev hauv qab daus thiab cov tsev lag luam.
Xav txog tam sim no yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas yog ob pawg uas tau teev tseg. Rov qab rov qab - pawg inorganic feem ntau yog muab faib ua cov uas tawv hauv huab cua thiab cov uas muaj peev xwm ua tau qhov no hauv ib puag ncig dej.
Binders - khoom siv hauv tsev
Cov av nplaum uas paub zoo yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv kho cua txias tshaj plaws. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tsev. Nws yog cov av nplaum pob zeb uas muaj nyob hauv qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov plua plav zoo li cov khoom siv me me nrog cov xuab zeb thiab cov av nplaum me me. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog hu ua finely dispersed. Nws yog lawv lub xub ntiag uas tso cai rau, thaum nws nkag mus rau qhov chaw ntub dej, tig mus rau hauv cov khoom pasty. Tom qab ziab, cov yas no yooj yim hardens hauv daim ntawv muab rau nws.
Yog tias daim ntawv zoo li no raug hlawv, ces lub pob zeb tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb muaj lub zog txaus. Zoo li lwm cov ntxhia binders, vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov av nplaum, tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo. Los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem raws li lawv, qhov cub, qhov cub tau muab tso, thiab cov cib kuj tau molded. Lawv tuaj yeem yog tawv nqaij, rog thiab nruab nrab. Av nplaum fireclay muaj qhov zoo ntawm refractory, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov qhov cub thiab qhov cub.
txiv qaub yog dab tsi
Lwm lub npe nrov thiab siv davlub binder yog hu ua cua tsev txiv qaub thiab tau los ntawm cov pob zeb, uas yog chalk, dolomites, limestones, plhaub pob zeb. Lub ntsiab oxide nyob rau hauv nws yuav txawv, nyob ntawm seb qhov no, huab cua txiv qaub feem ntau muab faib ua dolometic, magnesian, calcium. Tag nrho peb hom yog tau los ntawm kev tua limestone ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb.
tuaj yeem yog cua txiv qaub los yog ceev ceev lossis slaked (lossis hydrated). Lub tom kawg yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm extinguishing ib tug ntawm peb saum toj no.
Yog tias koj saib ntawm cov txiv qaub uas twb muaj lawm, koj tuaj yeem ua rau nws ua pob lossis hmoov. Quicklime yog ib lub pob uas loj heev. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm quenching nrog dej, ib tug txiv qaub paste yog tsim los ntawm nws. Txhawm rau "extract" hmoov txiv qaub los ntawm lumpy txiv qaub, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm hydration (quenching), los yog zom cov pob. Nws tuaj yeem siv nrog lossis tsis muaj tshuaj ntxiv. Slags, active minerals thiab xuab zeb ntawm quartz keeb kwm pab raws li additives.
Txhua yam hais txog plaster
Cov khoom tom ntej yog alabaster, aka gypsum. Nws yog tau los ntawm thermal ua ntawm crushed gypsum pob zeb. Gypsum hardens los ntawm peb theem nruab nrab uas muaj nws cov dissolution tom qab colloidation thiab ces crystallization. Thaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm thawj theem, ib tug saturated tov ntawm ob-dej gypsum yog tsim. Hardening, nws nce nyob rau hauv ntim thiab tau ib tug du du nto.
Siv cov xim pleev xim, nws muaj peev xwm muab taugypsum khoom txhua yam xim ntxoov ntxoo. Cov txheej txheem teeb tsa ntawm cov ntawv khi no feem ntau pib tom qab 4 feeb los ntawm kev pib sib tov. Qhov kawg ntawm kev kho mob tshwm sim ntawm 6 mus rau 30 feeb tom qab.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev teeb tsa, qhov sib xyaw ntawm gypsum thiab dej yuav tsum tsis txhob sib xyaw thiab sib xyaw kom tsis txhob muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev poob ntawm astringent zoo. Muaj ob peb qib ntawm gypsum, lawv raug xaiv los ntawm ntau tus lej uas qhia txog qib ntawm compressive zog.
Nws yog muag ntim rau hauv lub hnab sib txawv. Gypsum tau pom daim ntawv thov dav tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim sab hauv ntawm cov tsev nyob thiab cov vaj tsev pej xeem. Nws tau ntev tau kev cai los nrum ntau yam ntawm curly duab los ntawm nws. Nws yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv chav qhuav, thiab lub txee lub neej tsuas yog txwv vim qhov ua tau poob ntawm lub zog raws li qhov tseem ceeb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Thiab ntxiv txog plaster
Gypsum plaster zoo li greyish rau ci hmoov dawb. Yog tias koj sib tov nrog dej, cov yam ntxwv tshwm sim pib, thiab qhov sib xyaw ua kom sov. Nws yog kev cai ntxiv cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau gypsum hu ua retention additives, lub hom phiaj yog los txhim kho qhov sib xws thiab adhesion rau saum npoo thaum plastering, nrog rau me ntsis ncua lub sij hawm kho.
Txhawm rau kom qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsis poob ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm, cov khoom ntim tau qhia (piv txwv li, los ntawm nthuav dav perlite lossis mica). Tshwj xeeb muaj zog gypsum raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, hauv cov txheej txheem, cov dej siv lead ua tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws. Nws lub sijhawm hardening tau nce mus rau 20 teev, thiabhardness ntau dua li lwm yam.
Plaster gypsum yog impregnated thiab marbled (ci dawb, maj mam hardening thiab siv rau plastering sab hauv) yog tau, thiab ntau yam fillers thiab tuav additives yog nkag mus rau hauv nws thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov additives no yog los ua ib qho chaw retarder. Txhawm rau tsim cov plaster sab hauv, nws tau npaj rau hauv cov tshuab plastering nrog qhov ua tau ntxiv ntawm qee qhov muab tub lim, xws li xuab zeb.
Qhuav plaster los yog plasterboard tsev boards kuj tau los ntawm nws, thiab gypsum kuj yog siv los sau cov pob qij txha ntawm lawv. Muaj putty gypsum nrog cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Cia tham txog cov cement
Dab tsi lwm yam khoom ua hydraulic binders muaj? Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv hardening, uas tau pib nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, tseem nyob rau hauv dej, thiab lawv lub zog yog tswj thiab txawm nce. Cov yam ntxwv thiab paub zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg ntawm hydraulic binders yog, ntawm chav kawm, cements. Lawv raug cim nyob ntawm lub zog, thiab cov hom ntawm ib qho qauv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom kawg ntawm kev khoov thiab compression. Ntxiv mus, txhua tus qauv yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov cement thiab xuab zeb thiab dhau qhov kev sim rau ib lub sijhawm ntawm 28 hnub.
Qhov chaw ceev ntawm cement kuj tuaj yeem sib txawv - qeeb, ib txwm lossis nrawm. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm hardening, ib qho cement tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov lus pom zoo, ceev ceev, lossistshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceev hardening.
Ib qho piv txwv hauv pab pawg no yog Portland cement, uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov grey zoo nrog cov xim ntsuab me ntsis, nrog rau kev qhia txog cov khoom ntxiv, uas tuaj yeem yog los ntawm granulated slag (Portland slag cement).
About curing speed
Kev ntsuas zoo (nrog rau kev tsim khoom) ntawm cov ntawv khi yog ua raws li ntau tus qauv. Rau txhua pab pawg uas twb muaj lawm, cov kev txwv tau tsim los txiav txim siab lub sijhawm pib thiab xaus ntawm qhov chaw, suav txij li lub sijhawm sib xyaw dej.
Lwm aluminous cement yog lub zog ceev-hardening hydraulic binder. Nyob rau hauv tsos, nws yog ib tug zoo hmoov ntawm xim av, grey, greenish los yog dub xim (nyob ntawm seb tus txheej txheem thiab thawj cov khoom). Nws yog me ntsis finer dua Portland cement thiab yuav tsum tau dej me ntsis.
Sib xyaw hom kev khi - cov uas tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si hauv huab cua thiab dej thiab siv los tsim cov pob zeb uas tsis yog pob zeb lossis cov mortar.
Bitumens thiab lawv cov peev txheej
Raws li cov organic binders nrov tshaj plaws, lawv tsev neeg suav nrog ntau yam bitumen thiab tar, xws li xim ntawm dub mus rau xim av tsaus. Cov cheeb tsam ib txwm siv nyob rau hauv xws li binders yog siv waterproofing. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no yog dej tsis zoo, tsis muaj dej, huab cua tiv taus thiab muaj zog heev. Mos thiab liquefyqhov xwm txheej ntawm cov pab pawg no tuaj yeem ua kom sov. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias poob, lawv cov viscosity nce thiab tej zaum yuav ploj tag.
pawg no feem ntau muaj cov bitumen ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, nrog rau cov uas tau txais thaum lub sij hawm refining roj. Lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cov sib txuas ntawm cov molecules ntawm oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur thiab nitrogen. Petroleum bitumen (kua, khoom thiab semi-kua) yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.
Raws li lawv lub hom phiaj, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ib qho ntawm peb pawg - ru tsev, kev tsim kho lossis txoj kev. Ib qho impregnating muaj pes tsawg leeg yog npaj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev, vov tsev xav thiab ntau yam mastics yog tsim.
Kev lag luam bitumens ntawm cov qib nyuaj thiab cov tawv tawv yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev nqus tsev siab nrog cov txheej txheem ntxiv uas cov roj boils ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv taus cua sov thiab txias yog oxidized. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm bitumen nrog cov polymers uas cuam tshuam rau qib ntawm lawv cov viscosity. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm txhua hom yog lub peev xwm los hloov qhov sib xws nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab cov theem sib txawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntau zaus. Cov khoom nplaum ntawm tsev neeg ntawm bituminous binders yog raws li nws.
Yuav muaj nuj nqis npaum li cas
Qib ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm bitumen nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog 20-30 npaug ntau dua li cov ntaub ntawv ntxhia. Lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo yog dej tsis kam, tiv taus ntsev, alkalis, aggressive acids thiab ntws. Ib qho piv txwv yog ntsev, uas yog nchuav rau ntawm cov daus thaum lub caij ntuj no ntawm txoj kev kom yaj.
Qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm bitumen yog txo los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic, roj thiab roj, los ntawm lub teeb, cua sov thiab cua oxygen, uas oxidize lawv cov khoom. Thaum rhuab, cov khoom mos evaporate thiab cov bitumen nto hardens.
Lawv qhov zoo yog qhov tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsawg, uas yog, cov khoom no tsis yog nplaim taws. Petroleum bitumen tsis muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab tsis raug cais raws li qhov no. Raws li lawv lwm yam khoom, peb tuaj yeem tham txog thermal viscosity, siab thermal rwb thaiv tsev, zoo wetting.
Lub hardness ntawm bitumen yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tob ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm rab koob rau hauv lawv (nws yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv pua pua ntawm ib millimeter) ntawm ib tug normalized load rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kub. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom thiab lub xeev ua kua yog zawv zawg hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muag muag ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov hu ua qhov tawg - qhov no yog lub sij hawm rau qhov kub thiab txias uas cov txheej bitumen yuav tsum tau khoov los yog tawg.
Lwm cov ntsiab lus
Dab tsi lwm cov organic binders koj tuaj yeem npe? Coal tar pitches, uas yog cov kua nplaum los yog cov khoom siv dub thiab ua cov khoom ntawm tar distillation, yog impregnated nrog vov tsev. Cov khoom no yog qhov txaus ntshai heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab tau yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij. Nws ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hnub overcast los yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb qis.
Coal tar yog ib yam khoom uas tau tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom lag luam thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov coke. Nws pomnws siv hauv kev tsim cov mastic rau vov tsev thiab kev tsim kho.
