Kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim kho tau muaj nyob rau ntev li tib neeg lub neej tau tsim. Cov kev lag luam no hloov pauv thiab muaj kev nce thiab nqis nyob ntawm theem thiab eras. Kev xav tau rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim kho, xws li cov tsim qauv, kws tsim vaj tsev, cov kws tshaj lij, cov kws tshawb fawb, tau xav txog tam sim no. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm linear, peev kev tsim kho tej yaam num, tsis tu ncua ua raws li cov cai thiab tej yam kev mob rau kev tsim kho vaj tse. Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho vaj tse kom ntseeg tau tias kev tsim kho kev lag luam, nteg lub hauv paus ntawm kev nce qib hauv kev suav.
Txoj cai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov project
Dab tsi yog suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv tau piav qhia hauv "Cov Cai Tswjfwm ntawm cov ntu ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm thiab cov cai rau lawv cov ntsiab lus."
Txoj Cai No 87 tau txais thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2008, yuav luag txhua cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov teeb meem no muaj nyob rau hauv Txoj Cai Kev Npaj Hauv Nroog, hauv tshooj 48.
Tus neeg siv khoom muab tus qauv tsim qauv raws li kev tsim kho nrog thawj zaugcov ntaub ntawv uas qhov kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim kho yuav siv qhov chaw. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj cov kev txwv kev npaj hauv nroog thiab cov xwm txheej, suav nrog cov haujlwm tsim.
Scope of Regulation
Cov xwm txheej thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm siv tau yog tias tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho rau kev tsim kho:
- Kev tsim peev txheej ntawm txhua yam.
- Rau qee ntu ntawm kev tsim kho, xws li kev tsim kho ib nrab, kho dua tshiab thiab lwm yam kev kho vaj tse thiab cov qauv.
Hom khoom raws li Txoj Cai
kab lus ntawm kev tsim qauv siv rau:
- Cov tsev lag luam, cov no suav nrog txhua lub tsev tsim khoom thiab cov qauv kev tiv thaiv, tsis suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
- Lub tsev ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, pawg no suav nrog kev coj noj coj ua, vaj tsev, kev tsim kho hauv tsev thiab hauv zej zog.
- Cov qauv kab, uas suav nrog txoj kev loj, kev tsheb ciav hlau, cov kav dej, cov kab hluav taws xob, cov kav dej.
Cov ntaub ntawv sib cais
Raws li cov kev cai ntawm Cov Cai, cov ntaub ntawv muab faib ua:
- design development;
- ua haujlwm ua haujlwm.
Cov ntsiab lus tsis txhais cov theem ntawm kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv hauv qhov project, lawv qhia txog ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib cov txheej txheem rau hauv cov theem yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tsis tau tsim tam sim, tab sis raws liob theem.
First stage "P"
theem pib (theem "P") - qhov project tau txais los ntawm cov hom phiaj dav dav yam tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab ntxaws. Hom tsev, nws qhov chaw raug xaiv, kev tsim, kev npaj thiab kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev yog txiav txim siab, txoj kev tsim kho tau muab tso tseg, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kho tshuab raug kaw. Nyob rau theem no, kev kwv yees cov ntsiab lus tau ua, cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov khoom siv tau muab.
Cov pob ntawv teev tseg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov txheej txheem xeem, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab cov lus tau muab los tshem tawm qhov tsis txaus. Tom qab hloov kho, qhov project raug lees txais lossis tsis lees paub los ntawm tus neeg siv khoom.
Theem tom ntej - "RP"
theem thib ob - "WP" - yog txhawm rau kos cov qauv ua haujlwm, uas suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws. Tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem dav dav tau nthuav dav. Cov duab kos tseem ceeb uas tau txais los ntawm "P" theem yog deciphered hauv kev nthuav dav siv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, kos duab, piav qhia rau cov nodes. Nyob rau theem no, raws li kev suav dav dav, kev kwv yees hauv zos thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws tau muab tso ua ke. Cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv nthuav dav raug xa ncaj qha mus rau cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm qhov chaw, theem "P" cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug xa mus rau cov neeg cog lus.
Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm pabcuam los siv cov kev daws teebmeem tshiab thiab kev lag luam hauv kev kho lossis kev tsim kho. Tsis muaj cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv Cov Kev Cai ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov kab ke ntawm kev txhim kho cov duab kos duab thiab cov lus pom, yog li cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.cov neeg siv khoom. Tus neeg ua lag luam lossis tus tsim tawm txiav txim siab seb cov ntaub ntawv twg yuav suav nrog hauv daim ntawv ua haujlwm, nyob ntawm qhov xav tau nthuav dav ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, qhov kev xav tau no tau qhia thaum muab ib txoj haujlwm rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov duab kos, thiab suav nrog kev txhim kho thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm.
Nws muaj qhov zoo rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv hauv ob theem, uas yog qhov tseeb tias yog tias qhov kev daws teeb meem ua tsis tiav, tsis yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug rov ua dua, tab sis tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm nws qhov chaw. Yog tias qhov kev tsim kho lossis kev tsim kho ntawm ib qho khoom muaj xws li cov ntim me me, ces ob theem tsim tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho, thaum txhua qhov teeb meem raug daws ib zaug.
Dab tsi suav nrog hauv qhov kawg tsim thiab kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv?
Nws suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov theem tsim, thaum tsuas yog cov ntawv ua haujlwm tseem nyob hauv qhov kawg version. Cov ntaub ntawv yog complementary rau ib leeg. Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom tsis tsim lossis kev lag luam qeb peev pab pawg muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas mus rau nees nkaum ntu:
- Planning lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw.
- Txais kev xaiv kev tsim kho vaj tsev.
- piav qhia txog qhov project ntawm lub tsev.
- Tsim qhov chaw npaj thiab tsim kev daws teeb meem.
- Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog engineering networks, khoom siv, cov npe ntawm kev ntsuas kev ntsuas, kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.
- Tsim cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv.
- Pumbing system drawings.
- Tshaj tawm cov khoom siv ntxuav dej.
- Cov khoom siv cua sov, qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus cua sov, cua txias ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv.
- Qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus.
- Cov kab thiab cov khoom siv.
- Technology rau kev tsim cov haujlwm, suav nrog cov phiaj xwm hauv pem teb.
- PIC (Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Tsim Kho).
- Kev piav qhia ntawm kev ntsuas rau kev rhuav tshem cov tsev uas twb muaj lawm ntawm pawg peev.
- Daim ntawv teev cov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig siv tau.
- Daim ntawv txheeb xyuas hluav taws kev nyab xeeb.
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev los pab txhawb kev txav ntawm cov neeg tsis taus.
- Daim ntawv teev cov kev ntsuas kom ua raws li lub zog muaj peev xwm thiab muab cov tsev nrog ntsuas cov cuab yeej siv tau.
- kwv yees dav dav thiab sib luag hauv zos kwv yees rau kev tsim vaj tsev.
- Lwm cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim thawj zaug
Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev tsim qauv dav dav thiab cov neeg siv khoom lossis cov neeg tsim khoom txiav txim siab cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom tsim thiab qhov nyuaj, nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv tsim tau teeb tsa. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho yog nyob ntawm hom, qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim kho, kev xaiv rau kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev daws teeb meem, cov peev txheej ua haujlwm thiab cov txheej txheem siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv pib suav nrog kev txwv thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem teev tseg los ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Npaj Hauv Nroog, txoj haujlwm tsim kho raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, nws cov cim tseem ceeb thiabparameters, nqi ntawm kev tsim kho. Lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho yog kos thiab pom zoo hauv kev pom zoo ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam, tus neeg siv khoom thiab tus tsim tawm thiab tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev tsim qauv.
Cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim kho lub tsev muaj cov haujlwm uas tau kos los ntawm kev coj mus rau hauv tus account lub tsev cov cai thiab cov cai muaj nyob hauv SNiP. Rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv cog lus, cov xwm txheej dav dav rau lawv cov lus xaus tau tsim. Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho yog xam raws li lub xeev cov cai thiab cov qauv. Lub npe ntawm kev tsim khoom muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog hom kev ua haujlwm (kev tsim kho, kho, kev tsim kho) thiab qhov chaw nyob.
Cov ntaub ntawv no tsis hloov pauv txhua theem ntawm kev tsim, cov qauv ua haujlwm muaj tib lub npe.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv tsim nyob ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom
Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim kho cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv ntawm tus lej ntawm cov theem tsim:
- Rau lub tsev ntawm thawj thiab thib ob complexity pawg, tsim yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib theem, hu ua tus ua hauj lwm daim ntawv "RP".
- Lub tsev ntawm cov khoom tsis yog kev lag luam xav tau kev txhim kho kev tsim qauv ua ntej "EP", kev tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tau nthuav tawm hauv kev suav nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam ntawm "TEP", rau ob pawg ntawm theem kawg ntawm " RP" yuav tsum tau.
- Rau cov khoom faib ua pawg thib peb ntawm qhov nyuaj, qhov project tau tsim nyob rau hauv ob theem - qhov project "P" thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm "P"
- Peb theem yog muab rau cov tsev ntawm plaub thiab tsib pawg ntawm kev nyuaj, thawj suav nrog nyob ntawm lub hom phiajlub tsev theem "EP" los yog "feasibility study", ces theem "P" thiab "P".
Tom qab EP, TEP, Kev Kawm Txuj Ci thiab P theem tau pom zoo thiab pom zoo, lawv dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho cov theem tom ntej. Qee zaum, ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam, cov theem yuav hloov chaw, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm "P" theem ua ntej.
Tus tsim qauv dav dav, nrog rau cov neeg siv khoom, muaj cai hloov cov theem ntawm kev txiav txim siab pom zoo. Rau kev txhim kho ntawm tus kheej ntu ntawm kev kwv yees thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas muaj daim ntawv pov thawj rau lawv cov dej num, lossis qee zaum cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj, koom nrog. Ob tus thiab lwm tus muab lawv cov npe kos npe rau hauv cov ntu cuam tshuam ntawm qhov project, lawv lees paub daim ntawv piav qhia, ib qho piv txwv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia. Nplooj ntawv yog stamped.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua theem tsim tau raug xa mus rau tus neeg ua lag luam lossis tus tsim tawm los ntawm tus tsim qauv hauv daim ntawv xov xwm, lawv tus lej yog plaub daim ntawv luam. Yog tias cov phiaj xwm me tau koom nrog hauv qhov kev siv ntawm qhov project, ces cov ntawv luam yuav nce mus rau tsib.
Ib txheej ntawm kev kos duab ua haujlwm, raws li kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua ncaj qha ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho thiab ntau lub tsev zoo tib yam yuav tsum tau tsim, raug xa mus rau plaub daim ntawv rau ib qho khoom nkaus xwb, thiab tus so yog npaj rau ob txheej. Yog tias lub tsev txawv, ces plaub daim ntawv luam tawm rau txhua lub tsev.
Kev tsim kho thiab kev suav nyiaj txiag, kev lag luam, ib puag ncig kev ncaj ncees uas yuav tsum tsis txhobmuab tso rau hauv qhov project pob, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm engineering kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb tau khaws cia los ntawm tus tsim qauv thiab raug teeb meem raws li qhov kev thov ntawm tus tsim tawm rau kev siv ib ntus. Ua li no, daim ntawv cog lus xaus nrog cov lus cog tseg.
Teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb engineering
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb engineering tau txais los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua ntej pib tsim cov chaw tsim khoom txhawm rau kawm txog geological tej yam kev mob ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho thiab thaj chaw nyob ze. Cov khoom ntawm cov av, cov dej noo thiab qhov tob ntawm nws txoj kev tau raug kawm, ib qho kev txiav hauv av, thiab cov xwm txheej tsis zoo raug txheeb xyuas.
Tom qab kev tshawb fawb, kev txiav txim siab yog ua raws li qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov av hauv cheeb tsam no rau kev tsim kho. Txhawm rau ua cov kev tshawb fawb engineering thiab geological, ib daim ntawv cog lus xaus ntawm tus neeg siv khoom thiab lub koom haum tshwj xeeb los txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov av. Lub xub ntiag ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab lub tswv yim tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov av.
Kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm yog ua raws li kev cai lij choj thiab kev tswj hwm, tus neeg cog lus tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv rau kev ua haujlwm, nyob rau hauv uas ib qho kev npaj ntawm thaj chaw rau kev tsim kho yav tom ntej, daim ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim lub tsev, Txoj kev faib av thiab txoj kev npaj tsim lub tsev raug xa mus. Kev ua haujlwm engineering suav nrog:
- geological thiab technogenic tswj;
- tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov av rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus thiab lub hauv paus;
- ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm qhov tshwm sim tseem ceebKev puas tsuaj los ntawm tib neeg, av qeeg, av qeeg;
- daim ntawv sau ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv thaj chaw txaus ntshai raug suav sau;
- tshawb nrhiav cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig;
- hydrogeological geodetic, geological, cadastral kev tshawb fawb tau ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim kho ntxiv, siv lossis rhuav tshem cov qauv.
Kev tshawb fawb engineering thiab kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ob qho tib si hauv thaj chaw thiab hauv chav kuaj, tsom mus rau kev kawm dav dav ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim kho. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim tom qab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tiav. Kev kwv yees hauv kev tsim kho suav nrog 5-15% ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau engineering thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Daim ntawv piav qhia: qauv sau
Qhov kev tsim vaj tsev suav nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev khoom txheeb ze rau qhov chaw loj, qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw, nws cov duab thiab kev taw qhia rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov kev nyob sib ze tau qhia. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev nyem yog muab, qhov ntsuas kub ntawm lub hli txias tshaj plaws thiab kub tshaj plaws yog qhia. Cov nag lossis daus, daus daus, huab cua kev taw qhia, av khov qhov tob, cov nroj tsuag tau sau.
Tshooj tom ntej - tus tswv txoj kev npaj - ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev npaj ntawm qhov chaw, nws ib puag ncig nrog cov cog ntoo, ua raws li kev nyiam huv thiab huv, kev ncua deb ntawm txoj kev thiab cov tsev nyob sib ze, qhov chaw ntawm qhov nkag. Cua daj cua dub yog qhia rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia. Txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau qhia, piv txwv li, txoj kev, chaw siv hluav taws xob, kev sib koom ua keKev ua si, gazebos, thaj chaw paved, architectural ntsiab, thiab lwm yam. Kev cog qoob loo tsis tu ncua yog cim, cov ntoo thiab cov ntoo uas twb muaj lawm raug cim.
Cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub tsev pib nrog tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev khaws khoom, cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub ru tsev, cov khoom siv ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab lwm cov txheej txheem kaw, hom thav duab, kev sib txuas ntsug thiab kab rov tav, ntaiv, kev npaj daws teeb meem yog muab. Ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw yog tsim los ntawm tag nrho cov plag tsev uas tau tsim, qhia txog thaj tsam ntawm cov chav. Tus naj npawb ntawm lub tsev nkag thiab tawm, txoj kev khiav tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, qhib hluav taws raug qhia.
Qhia txog kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv rau txhua qhov chaw nyob, khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab thaj chaw ntxiv, qhia txog phab ntsa, qab nthab thiab hauv pem teb. Yog tias tsis ua tsis tau, kev saib xyuas yog tsom mus rau lub qhov rais thiab qhov rooj qhib.
Cov txheej txheem sab nrauv tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom siv kawg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj txheej txheej insulating, thav duab rau nws fastening, xim yog them rau qhov tiav ntawm plinth.
Cov qauv txheej txheem muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem-volumetric tov, vim cov ntsiab lus rigidity thiab kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau lees paub, cov khoom ntawm cov kabmob thiab cov kab yog qhia.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub hauv paus, qhov tob ntawm lub hauv paus rau ntau ntu, cov khoom ntawm lub hauv paus lub cev, thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv yog qhia. Cov khoom ntawm sab nrauv thiab sab hauv phab ntsa, ru tsev, pem teb, qab nthab tau piav qhia.
Thaum kawg ntawm daim ntawv piav qhia, ib qho khoom siv rau kev sib txuas lus engineering ntawm txhua hom tau sau tseg, cov khoom siv ntawm cov kav dej, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau qhia, lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab thiab qhov chaw nyiam raug muab.
Hauv kev xaus, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ntau tus neeg siv khoom thiab tsim cov tsev ntiag tug txuag nyiaj thiab xaj ib qhov project nrog kev txhim kho cov npe tsis tiav ntawm cov duab kos thiab suav. Kev txuag nyiaj hauv ntu no ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov pom tseeb, tab sis cov theem tom ntej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm qhov chaw, yuav dhau los ua qhov teeb meem tiag tiag. Tus neeg cog lus yuav nug tus tswv tsev cov lus nug uas tus tsim tawm yuav tau nrhiav cov lus teb ntawm lawv tus kheej lossis xaj cov duab kos ntxiv zaum ob.
