Ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tshwj tsis yog Australia, muaj ntau lub tsev tsis meej pem thiab qub. Cov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau pom tias lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv Neolithic, Eneolithic thiab Bronze Age. Yav dhau los nws tau ntseeg tias lawv sawv cev rau ib qho kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis niaj hnub no ntau thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau nug txog qhov kev xav no.
Yog li, los ntawm leej twg thiab vim li cas thiaj li tsim cov qauv megalithic? Vim li cas lawv muaj daim ntawv no lossis daim ntawv ntawd thiab lawv txhais li cas? Koj tuaj yeem pom cov monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai qub nyob qhov twg?
Megaliths yog dab tsi?
Ua ntej txiav txim siab thiab kawm cov qauv megalithic, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias lawv tuaj yeem muaj li cas. Niaj hnub no nws tau suav hais tias yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm hom megalith. Lub sij hawm no tau raug muab tso rau hauv kev tshawb fawb terminology hauv xyoo 1867, ntawm kev tawm tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Askiv A. Herbert. Lo lus "megalith" yog Greek, txhais ua Lavxias teb sab txhais tau tias "pob zeb loj".
Qhov tseeb thiab dav txhais ntawm dab tsi megaliths tseem tsis tau muaj. Hnub no hauv qab nolub tswv yim hais txog cov qauv qub uas ua los ntawm cov pob zeb, cov slabs lossis cov blocks yooj yim ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg yam tsis tas siv cov cementing los yog khi sib txuas thiab cov kev daws teeb meem. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv megalithic, suav nrog ib qho thaiv, yog menhirs.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv megalithic
Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv, cov neeg sib txawv tau tsim cov qauv loj los ntawm cov pob zeb loj, thaiv thiab pob zeb. Lub tuam tsev hauv Baalbek thiab Egyptian pyramids kuj yog megaliths, nws tsis yog kev cai hu lawv li ntawd. Yog li, cov qauv megalithic yog ntau cov qauv tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub thiab muaj cov pob zeb loj lossis slabs.
Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus qauv suav tias yog megaliths muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv uas sib sau ua ke:
1. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb, blocks thiab slabs ntawm loj loj, qhov hnyav uas muaj peev xwm muaj xws li los ntawm ob peb kaum kilograms mus rau pua pua tons.
2. Ancient megalithic qauv tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj zog thiab tiv taus kev puas tsuaj: limestone, andesite, bas alt, diorite thiab lwm yam.
3. Tsis muaj cement tau siv hauv kev tsim kho, tsis yog hauv mortar lossis ua blocks.
4. Hauv ntau lub tsev, qhov chaw ntawm cov blocks uas lawv tau tsim yog ua tib zoo ua tiav, thiab cov blocks lawv tus kheej tau nruj nruj rau ib leeg. Qhov tseeb yog qhov uas rab riam tsis tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm ob lub pob zeb megalithic ntawm pob zeb volcanic.
5. Heev feem ntau khaws ciaTom qab kev vam meej tau siv cov khoom tawg ntawm megalithic lug ua lub hauv paus rau lawv tus kheej cov tsev, uas tau pom meej hauv cov tsev nyob ntawm Tuam Tsev Mount hauv Yeluxalees.
Thaum twg lawv tsim?
Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom megalithic nyob hauv Great Britain, Ireland thiab lwm lub tebchaws ntawm Western Europe hnub rov qab mus rau 5th-4th xyoo txhiab BC. e. Cov qauv megalithic qub tshaj plaws nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws yog nyob rau xyoo IV-II millennia BC.
Hom ntawm cov qauv megalithic
Tag nrho ntau yam ntawm cov qauv megalithic tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj:
- pam tuag;
- non-ntiaj teb:
- profane;
- sacred.
Yog tias txhua yam ntau dua lossis tsawg dua nrog kev lom zem megaliths, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom ua qhov kev xav txog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv tsis zoo, xws li ntau yam phab ntsa loj thiab txoj kev teeb tsa, kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab cov tsev nyob.
Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug thiab txhim khu kev qha txog cov neeg thaum ub siv cov qauv dawb ceev megalithic: menhirs, cromlechs thiab lwm yam.
Yuav ua li cas?
Cov hom megaliths feem ntau yog:
- menhirs yog ib leeg, vertically ntsia stele pob zeb mus txog 20 meters siab;
- cromlech - lub koomhaum ntawm ntau tus neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws, tsim ib lub voj voog lossis lub voj voog;
- dolmens - feem ntau hom megaliths hauv Tebchaws Europe, sawv cevib lossis ntau lub pob zeb loj slabs tso rau saum lwm cov blocks lossis pob zeb;
- covered gallery - ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm dolmens interconnected;
- trilith - ib lub pob zeb uas muaj ob lossis ntau qhov ntsug thiab ib qho, muab tso rau saum lawv kab rov tav, pob zeb;
- taula - pob zeb qauv hauv daim ntawv Lavxias "T";
- cairn, tseem hu ua "gurii" lossis "tur" - cov qauv hauv av lossis hauv av, nteg tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau lub pob zeb;
- pob zeb kab yog vertically thiab parallel blocks ntawm pob zeb;
- seid - pob zeb pob zeb lossis thaiv, ntsia los ntawm ib tus neeg lossis lwm tus neeg hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog saum toj, rau ntau yam mystical ceremonies.
Tsuas yog hom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv megalithic tau teev nyob ntawm no. Cia peb saib ib co ntawm lawv.
Dolmen
Txhais los ntawm Breton rau hauv Lavxias txhais tau tias "lub rooj pob zeb".
Raws li txoj cai, nws muaj peb lub pob zeb, ib qho ntawm cov lus dag ntawm ob lub vertically ntsia, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv "P". Thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv no, cov neeg thaum ub tsis ua raws li ib txoj cai, yog li muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau dolmens uas muaj ntau yam haujlwm. Cov qauv megalithic nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Mediterranean thiab Atlantic ntawm Africa thiab Europe, hauv Is Nrias teb, Scandinavia, thiab Caucasus.
Trilith
Ib qho ntawm cov subspecies ntawm dolmen, muaj peb lub pob zeb, cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog trilith. ua li casRaws li txoj cai, xws li ib lo lus yog siv tsis tau cais nyob rau hauv megaliths, tab sis rau monuments uas yog cov khoom ntawm ntau complex qauv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nto moo megalithic complex li Stonehenge, lub hauv paus ib feem muaj tsib triliths.
Cairn
Lwm yam ntawm cov tsev megalithic yog cov cairn, lossis ncig saib. Qhov no yog lub pob zeb zoo li lub pob zeb, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv Ireland lub npe no txhais tau hais tias tsuas yog tsib lub pob zeb. Lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv ob qho tib si ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab hauv qab nws. Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog kev tshawb fawb, ib qho cairn feem ntau txhais tau hais tias cov qauv hauv av megalithic: labyrinths, qhov chaw thiab faus chambers.
Mengirs
Hom qub thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv megalithic - menhirs. Cov no yog ib leeg, vertically loj pob zeb lossis pob zeb. Menhirs txawv ntawm qhov zoo tib yam, ntuj pob zeb thaiv los ntawm lawv qhov chaw nrog cov cim ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv txoj kab ntsug yog ib txwm loj dua li kab rov tav. Lawv tuaj yeem sawv ntsug ib leeg lossis yog ib feem ntawm cov complex megalithic complexes.
Hauv Caucasus, menhirs tau zoo li ntses thiab hu ua vishap. Nyob rau ntawm Iberian ceg av qab teb, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lub Crimea thiab Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam, heev heev anthropomorphic Magalites - pob zeb poj niam tau khaws cia.
Post-megalithic menhirs kuj yog pob zeb runic thiab pob zeb crosses tsim ntau tom qab.
Cromlech
Ob peb menhirs teem rau hauv ib lub voj voog lossislub voj voog thiab npog nrog pob zeb slabs rau saum yog hu ua cromlechs. Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws yog Stonehenge.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau cov puag ncig, muaj cov cromlechs thiab cov duab plaub, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv Morbihan lossis Khakassia. Nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm M alta, lub tuam tsev cromlech complexes yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "petals". Txhawm rau tsim cov qauv megalithic, tsis tsuas yog siv pob zeb, tab sis kuj yog ntoo, uas tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm archaeological hauv tebchaws Askiv ntawm Norfolk.
Flying Stones of Lapland
Cov qauv megalithic ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia, coj txawv txawv raws li nws yuav suab, yog seids - pob zeb loj loj teeb tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw me me. Qee lub sij hawm lub ntsiab thaiv yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib lossis ntau lub pob zeb me me, folded rau hauv "pyramid". Hom megalith no nthuav dav los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Onega thiab Ladoga mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Barents Hiav Txwv, uas yog, thoob plaws sab qaum teb ntawm European ib feem ntawm Russia.
Nyob rau Kola Peninsula thiab hauv Karelia, muaj cov seids loj li ntawm ob peb kaum centimeters mus rau rau meters thiab hnyav los ntawm kaum kilograms mus rau ob peb tons, nyob ntawm seb lub pob zeb uas lawv tau ua. Ntxiv nrog rau Lavxias teb sab qaum teb, ntau ntau megaliths ntawm hom no muaj nyob rau hauv thaj tsam taiga ntawm Finland, sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab Norway, thiab roob ntawm Sweden.
Seids tuaj yeem yog ib leeg, pab pawg thiab loj, suav nrog los ntawm kaum rau ntau pua megaliths.
