Kerosene yog cov kua ntshiab lossis daj daj uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov roj av distillation. Nws muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw thiab oily kev ntxhib los mos. Muaj ntau ntau hom kev sib txuas no. Nws yog siv hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv tsev. Kerosene kuj tseem siv los ua aviation roj. Tus nqi qis dua, piv txwv li, roj av lossis roj av.
Ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov hydrocarbon no, ib feem tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm teeb pom kev zoo kerosene. Nws yuav tau tham ntxiv hauv kab lus.
Cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov roj hloov lawv cov yam ntxwv raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm distillation tau pom ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII pib siv cov khoom tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Txawm li ntawd los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tias vim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm distillation, roj hloov nws cov xim los ntawm tsaus mus rau lub teeb daj. Nws tau muab sau tseg tias, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov khoom pib, ib lub teeb khoom ignites yooj yim heev. Cov kev soj ntsuam no tsim lub hauv paus rau kev siv roj ntxiv thiab tsim cov roj kerosene.
Kerosene yog tau los ntawm cov roj los ntawm distillation (los yog rectification). Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm tib "dub kub". Qee zaum, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog raug rau kev kho dej ntxiv. Cov txheej txheem no txhim kho cov khoom zoo. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab hydrocarbons hauv cov khoom yuav sib npaug li 14-30%.
Teeb pom kev zoo kerosene yog tau los ntawm cov roj av yooj yim. Rau qhov no, tom kawg yog hydrotreated. Yog tias peb xav txog cov txheej txheem no los ntawm kev pom tshuaj, ces hydrogen atoms txuas nrog hydrocarbon molecules uas ua kerosene. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab hydrocarbon molecules nrog leej faj thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg tau tawg. Yog li, cov khoom tsis tsim nyog raug tshem tawm.
Composition
Cov khoom xyaw ntawm kerosene tsis muaj "daim ntawv qhia". Nws tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm seb hom roj los ntawm qhov uas nws tau tsim, nrog rau txoj kev nws ua tiav. Cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tseem tsis hloov. Tsuas yog lawv cov feem pua tau hloov pauv. Qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm hydrocarbons ntawm ntau yam. Nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej kuj hloov.
Cov khoom ntawm kerosene yog carbons ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- txwv aliphatic, cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 20 txog 60% ntawm tag nrho ntim.
- Naphthenic (ntawm 20 txog 50%).
- Bicyclic aromatic - los ntawm 20 mus rau 30%.
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons tuaj yeem ncav cuag 2%.
Tus so yog impurities ntawm oxygen, sulfur thiab nitrogen tebchaw. Cov ntsiab lus sulfur ntawm teeb pom kev zoo kerosene tsis tshaj 0.1 feem pua vim yog cov txheej txheem hydrogenation.
siv thaj chaw
Kerosene yog siv rau teeb pom kev hauv teeb. Txawm hais tias lub npe, qhov no yog nws qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yog qhov tsuas yog.
Nws kuj yog siv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev rau cua sov lossis ua noj. Cov no suav nrog:
- Kerogas yog cov khoom siv cua sov uas tau siv dav. Thaum nws ua haujlwm, tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm kerosene, nws tsuas yog evaporates. Qhov no tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm soot.
- Lub qhov cub roj, uas txawv ntawm hom yav dhau los hauv cov roj av ntawd twb tau hlawv hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, lwm yam Vedas ntawm kerosene tsis tuaj yeem siv vim qhov tsim tau ntawm soot.
- Primus, uas zoo ib yam li lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Nws txawv tsuas yog hauv ib hom roj sib txawv. Nws feem ntau coj los ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws thiab cov neeg nuv ntses.
Lwm thaj chaw siv yog nyob rau hauv cov cav tov uas txiav hlau. Qhov tshwm sim hauv cov cheeb tsam no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov nplaim taws tsis haus luam yeeb thaum hlawv roj.
Ntxiv rau, hom kerosene no tuaj yeem siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj. Nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kua nplaum, cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish, roj hmab, hauv lub neej txhua hnub (thaum ntxuav khaub ncaws, khoom tawv, thiab lwm yam).
Bat
Kerosene teeb rau ntau tus tau dhau los ua kev tos txais yav dhau los, uas qee zaum xav nco ntsoov. Tsawg tus neeg siv lawvtam sim no nyob hauv tsev. Tab sis koj puas tuaj yeem hnov qab qhov ntawd? Piv txwv li, ib tug kerosene teeb "Bat". Leej twg tsis nco qab nws? Nws yog ib yam dab tsi haiv neeg, ib yam dab tsi uas nco txog thaum yau. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog lub npe official. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov neeg hu nws. Thiab nws tau txuas nrog lub teeb ci ntsa iab. Nws shimmered raws li nws qhwv ib ncig ntawm lub wick, uas feem ntau yog txiav los ntawm kev xav. Cov no yog cov nco koj tsis xav hnov qab. Ntau tus yuav hu lawv cov nkauj. Yog li rov qab mus rau qhov tseem ceeb.
Lub "Bat" kerosene teeb tseem muag. Nws tuaj yeem dhau los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev lossis veranda. Nws tus nqi hnub no yog kwv yees li yim thiab ib nrab txhiab rubles.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom
Russia tau tsim cov txheej txheem meej ntawm cov qauv uas txhais cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam khoom thiab cov khoom. Teeb pom kev zoo kerosene tsis muaj qhov zam. GOST 11128-65 thiab GOST 4753-68 teeb tsa cov txheej txheem yooj yim uas cov kua hluav taws xob no yuav tsum ua raws.
Yog tias siv roj av rau teeb pom kev zoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav txog qhov siab ntawm qhov siab ntawm qhov tsis muaj pa taws, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov sulfur, qhov taw tes ntawm qhov taw tes thiab huab cua. Qhov ntsuas tom kawg qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm hydrocarbons kom hlawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, kerosene rau lub teeb yuav tsum muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub teeb feem ntawm lub teeb (uas yog, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons).
Tseem teeb pom kev zoo kerosene
Qhov kev sib txuas no tuaj yeem muaj ntau hom, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheejyam ntxwv. Feem ntau yog teeb pom kev zoo kerosene KO-25. Thaum nws kub hnyiab, lub teeb ci ntsa iab yog tsim, nyob rau hauv uas soot thiab lwm yam teeb meem sib txuas tsis tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj tseem muaj cov teeb pom kev zoo xws li KO-20, KO-22, KO-30.
Txhua hom tsiaj muaj tib cov tshuaj sulfur, uas tsis pub tshaj 0.003 feem pua ntawm tag nrho. Cov kua qaub yog tib yam, tsis tshaj tus lej 1, 3%.
Teeb pom kev zoo kerosene KO-30 muaj qhov qis tshaj plaws, uas yog 0.790 grams ib cm3 ntawm qhov kub ntawm +20 degrees. Tib qhov taw qhia, tab sis nrog tus nqi tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 0.830 grams ib cm3, siv rau KO-20.
Flash point rau KO-30 yog 48 degrees. Rau lwm hom kerosene, tus nqi no tsis poob qis dua plaub caug degrees. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, huab taw tes rau txhua hom yog -15 degrees. Thiab tsuas yog lub teeb pom kev zoo kerosene hom KO-20 muaj qhov taw tes huab ntawm rho tawm kaum ob degrees.
khoom nqi
Cia saib seb koj yuav siv nyiaj npaum li cas los yuav roj av. Nws tus nqi yuav nyob ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog nws cov yam ntxwv.
Yog li, tus nqi teeb pom kev zoo kerosene KO-25 pib los ntawm 35 rubles ib kg, lossis 50 rubles ib liter yog tias koj yuav nws hauv ntau. Hauv ib lub ntim me me, roj yuav raug nqi ntau dua (kwv yees li 70-100 rubles ib liter).
Teeb pom kev zoo roj av tseem yog cov khoom lag luam nrov rau niaj hnub no. Universal zoo tso cainws yuav nyob twj ywm hauv kev thov hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev thauj mus los.
