Raws li ib lo lus qub Lavxias teb sab, tus txiv neej tiag tiag tseem yuav tsum ua tsev. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws tus kheej tso ib lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tsev neeg zes yog loj hlob txhua xyoo. Ntau tus khub niam txiv tso tseg lub hustle thiab bustle ntawm megacities thiab siv zog rau lub hauv paus pib. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyob deb nroog tau pib, thaum tus naj npawb ntawm cov pej xeem nyob deb nroog nce vim kev hloov chaw ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog. Nws yog fashionable nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Yog li, qee tsev neeg siv lawv lub lim tiam ua haujlwm hauv nroog, thiab hnub so lawv mus rau sab nraud. Txawm tias 30 xyoo dhau los, kev npau suav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nrog xwm tau embodied nyob rau hauv lub purchase ntawm dacha, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, muaj ib tug ntoo shack los yog ib tug unheated tsev. Tam sim no, txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tsev neeg feem ntau tau dhau los ua kev tsim lub tsev ruaj khov nrog ob peb lub tsev rau kev nyob ruaj khov sab nraum nroog.
Yuav ua tsev li cas?
Xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev tsim khotsis yooj yim li. Tom qab tag nrho, ntau haiv neeg qhia rau hauv stupor txawm tias cov txiv neej ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab mus ib txhis rau cib. Silicate los yog ceramic, hollow los yog khoom, dawb los yog liab - qhov no tsuas yog ib tug tsis tiav daim ntawv teev cov kev xaiv. Txhawm rau nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws cib rau ib lub tsev, koj yuav tsum paub cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv.
Kev xaiv xaiv
Lub tsev yuav tsum ua kom ruaj khov thiab xis nyob, thiab nws txoj kev tsim kho yuav tsum yog qhov tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias qhov zoo ntawm tus tswv xav tau los ntawm lub tsev yav tom ntej. Kev paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev nyob rau theem pib yuav pab txiav txim siab seb lub cib twg zoo dua, silicate lossis ceramic hauv txhua kis.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev pom, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog qhov txawv:
- dimensions;
- composition;
- look;
- mass;
- density;
- zog;
- thermal conductivity;
- frost resistance;
- kub tsis kam;
- moisture absorption;
- soundproofing;
- vapor permeability.
Muaj ob qhov ntsuas ntxiv uas nyuaj rau tus cwj pwm rau cov kws tshaj lij. Lawv feem ntau yuav raug cais raws li kev daws teeb meem: xim thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg ntawm cov khoom.
Sizes
Qhov no tsuas yog qhov ntsuas tsis tau txiav txim los ntawm hom khoom nkaus xwb. Nyob ntawm qhov ntev, silicate lossis ceramic cib muab faib ua:
- single: 250 x 120 x 65mm;
- ib thiab ib nrab: 250 x 120 x 88 mm;
- ob: 250 x 120 x 138mm;
- nqaim: 250x 60 x 65 mm;
- thin: 250 x 22 x 65mm;
- euro: 250 x 85 x 65mm;
- modular: 280 x 130 x 80 mm.
Kev tsim kho ntau tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog los ntawm ib leeg thiab ib nrab ntawm cov cib. Masters ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam, thaum xaiv ib lossis lwm qhov loj, pib los ntawm kev tsim cov phab ntsa tuab. Rau ib-zaj dab neeg tsev, nws raug nquahu kom siv lub thickness ntawm 250 hli raws li lub hauv paus thiab xaiv masonry nyob rau hauv ib lub cib. Rau cov tsev uas muaj ntau lub plag tsev, nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua kom lub thickness ntawm 100-150 hli thiab siv ib thiab ib nrab, nteg tawm cov phab ntsa hauv ob lossis ob thiab ib nrab cib.
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov nqi nyiaj txiag, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los yuav ob npaug. Ib qho silicate lossis ceramic cib yuav ua rau tus nqi tsim tsev ntau dua li 20%.
Composition
Ceramic bricks yog raws li cov av nplaum, thaum silicate cib yog raws cov xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub.
txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tiav los ntawm cov av nplaum suav nrog 5 theem: rho tawm cov khoom siv raw, npaj rau molding, ncaj qha molding, ziab thiab tua. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig zoo, kev tswj hwm cov khoom ntxiv tau qhia rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hmoov tshauv, xuab zeb, thee, peat thiab cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb los tswj kev tua hluav taws thiab cov xim uas xav tau.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm silicate cib thiab ceramic cib yog pom tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom xyaw, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau lawm. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom pib, tom qab ntub dej nrog dej, hloov mus rau hauv cov yas loj, los ntawm cov khoom seem tsim. Cov cib nyoos yog ua tiav nrog cov chav kub kub hauv qhov siab ntawm 12 cua. Raulos txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg, dyes thiab auxiliary Cheebtsam kuj tseem ntxiv rau pawg.
cib ntau yam thiab pawg
Muaj kev faib cov khoom siv hauv tsev rau hauv qhov khoob thiab cov khoom. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, cov voids sab hauv raug tso cai. Yog tias feem pua ntawm cov voids yog 13 lossis ntau dua, ces lub cib tau muab cais ua qhov hollow, txwv tsis pub cov khoom siv hauv tsev hu ua khoom.
Raws li lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm, nws kuj tau muab faib ua ob hom. Lub silicate los yog ceramic cib siv rau cladding yog hu ua pem hauv ntej, thiab rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus thiab phab ntsa nws yog hu ua ua hauj lwm los yog zoo tib yam. Hom tom kawg yog 20% pheej yig dua li tig ntsej muag. Yog li ntawd, kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev no txo cov nqi tsim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsos ntawm cov cib ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau plastering phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev. Nws suav tias yog kev lag luam tsim nyog los nteg tag nrho cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm cib, thiab nteg ib kab ntawm pem hauv ntej cib sab nraud.
Ib leeg ceramic tag nrho lub cev ua haujlwm cib hnyav ntawm 3.3 txog 3.5 kg. Qhov hnyav silicate ntawm tib qhov tso tawm tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3.7kg.
Cib ntawm qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo, uas feem ntau nyiam rau cladding, yog ib-thiab-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib-ib ci ntsa ntsej muag hollow nrog hnyav txog li 4.2 kg.
Ib leeg hollow ceramic lossis silicate cib feem ntau yog siv rau cladding thiab muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 1.6 txog 2.5 kg.
Qhov loj ntawm cov ceramic ib thiab ib nrab txawv ntawm 2.7 txog 4.3 kg, nyob ntawm seb muaj lossis tsis muaj qhov khoob. Qhov hnyav ntawm silicatetso tawm yog 4.2 txog 5 kg.
Density
qhov ntsuas no cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm cib, tab sis kuj nws cov thermal conductivity thiab characterizes tus naj npawb ntawm kilos ntawm cov khoom tiav hauv ib chav tsev ntim (kg / m 3).
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm silicate lossis ceramic cib yog:
- corpulent - los ntawm 1800 txog 2000;
- hollow - los ntawm 1100 txog 1600.
Tus nqi ntom ntom cuam tshuam rau lub zog, nqus dej thiab thermal conductivity. Yog li, los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev corpulent, nws raug nquahu kom tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm cov khoom siv siab, cov kab thiab qhov cub. Rau qhov kev xaiv slotted, kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev qis qis yog qhov tsim nyog, suav nrog kev tso cov qauv kev thauj khoom nrog cov khoom qis.
Txoj Kev
Thaum tsim lub tsev ib-zaj dab neeg, tsis tas yuav nrhiav kom paub lub zog ntawm silicate thiab ceramic cib. Qhov twg yog qhov zoo dua qhov no tsis muaj teeb meem. Ob leeg yuav tiv taus qhov loj ntawm lub ru tsev thiab lub ru tsev.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho cib ua tiav muaj lub hom phiaj uas ua rau nws lub zog. Lub hom phiaj yog nyob ntawm cov khoom qub thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab qhia txog kev tso cai ntawm 1 square centimeter ntawm thaj chaw. Yog hais tias lub cib ceramic yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib M-50 txog M-300, ces rau silicate cib qhov kev txwv yog los ntawm M-75 txog M-250.
Rau cov khoom thauj-cov kabmob ntawm qis-nce thiab kev tsim kho ntiag tug, nws txaus tias cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj lub zog ntawm M-100 lossis M-150. Nyob rau hauv lub tso ntawm partitions thiab tsev neegcov tsev nws tso cai siv M-50. Rau hauv qab daus thiab lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsev siab, nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv M-300, thiab rau cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev siab, lub hom M-200 yog qhov zoo dua.
Thermal conductivity
Txhawm rau nkag siab cov khoom siv hauv tsev twg tsim nyog rau lub tsev tshwj xeeb, koj yuav tsum tau sib piv cov silicate thiab ceramic cib raws li lawv lub peev xwm los ua lub zog hluav taws xob. Qhov ntsuas no hu ua thermal conductivity. Rau silicate hollow cib, xam coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity tuaj yeem ncav cuag 0.4 W / mdeg. Rau ceramic hollow, daim duab no yog me ntsis qis thiab cov nqi rau 0.34 W / mhail. Lub thermal conductivity parameter ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm txhua yam yog muab ob npaug rau piv rau lub hollow cib ntawm tib hom.
Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob khov rau lub caij ntuj no thiab ua kom txias hauv lub sijhawm kub, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xaiv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, suav nrog cov coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity. Nws tus nqi tso cai nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej huab cua thiab suav rau txhua cheeb tsam sib cais.
Frost resistance
Lwm qhov taw qhia, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi uas yog txiav txim los ntawm huab cua. Frost tsis kam ntawm cov khoom siv txhais tau tias nws tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Nws paub tias tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv nruj rau kev ua haujlwm cib, txij li cov phab ntsa thauj khoom feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ua rau khov.
Rau cladding, nws raug nquahu kom xaiv cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrog F-35 thiab siab dua. Yog tias qhov kub thiab txias tsis tshaj 40 degrees, nws muaj peev xwm yuav cib nrog F-30. Nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias tus nqi ntawm lub cib yuav yognce nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau qhov ntsuas ntawm Frost tsis kam thiab thermal conductivity. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los yuav cov khoom lag luam nrog cov ntsuas qis qis, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, ntxiv rau insulate lub tsev thiab nqa tawm waterproofing.
Heat resistance
Vim cib yog cov khoom siv hluav taws kub, nws tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsim lub tsev ntawm txhua lub tsev. Qhov twg yog qhov zoo dua, ceramic lossis silicate cib, txiav txim siab thaum tso qhov cub cua sov.
Thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm no tsis yog ntau los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev raws li feem pua ntawm cov voids. Rau kev tso rau hauv lub cub tawg, cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom muaj lub cev tag nrho cov ceramic ib zaug, tsawg dua ib thiab ib nrab. Silicate cib tsuas yog ua tau rau hauv ob sab phlu.
Moisture absorption
Qhov ntsuas no yog qhov txiav txim siab rau kev ntsib thiab tso lub hauv paus. Qhov sib txawv ntawm silicate thiab ceramic cib yog loj heev. Yog li, rau cov khoom siv silicate, qhov ntsuas dej nqus dej yog li 15%, thaum qhov nruab nrab ceramics yog qhov ntsuas ntawm 10%. Lub ntsej muag cib muaj qhov feem pua ntawm cov dej noo tsawg tshaj plaws. Txij li thaum nws nquag cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig sab nraud, qhov kev xav tau siab tshaj plaws yog tsim rau nws. Qhov kev tso cai tsis txaus ntawm kev nqus dej ntawm lub ntsej muag yuav tsum yog 6-8%. Txwv tsis pub, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos yuav zoo ib yam li cov ruins, thiab crumbling cib yuav ua rau cov uas nyob ib sab.
Sound pov thawj
Silicate cib me ntsiscoj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm soundproofing. Tshaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm 5-7 dB. Txawm li cas los xij, sab hauv ntawm ib nrab xuab zeb-txiv qaub cib yuav txuag nyiaj, sijhawm thiab muab cov suab nrov zoo dua li ceramic masonry. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas muaj noo noo accumulates, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub da dej thiab chav dej, silicate tsis pom zoo vim hais tias ntawm high noo noo nqus coefficient. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov nyiaj khaws cia tsis tsuas yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm, tab sis kuj heev doubtful.
vapor permeability
Newbies tsim tsev tsev zes nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes tau nrhiav lub cib zoo rau qee lub sijhawm. Lawv nrhiav cov ntawv luam zoo nrog kev mob siab rau, kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev pib tsim kho yog qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, feem ntau xav txog seb silicate cib txawv ntawm ceramic.
Cov neeg xaiv tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau delve rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, ncav cuag qhov kev kawm ntawm qhov ntsuas li vapor permeability. Hauv ceramic cib, qhov ntsuas uas tso cai rau cov khoom ua pa yog 3 zaug siab dua li cov khoom siv silicate. Yog tias tus tswv tseem nyiam cov khoom siv hauv tsev silicate, tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa ntxiv hauv cov masonry.
Kev daws teeb meem
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm ceramic cib hla silicate cib tuaj yeem raug hu ua xim xim. Muaj ntau cov xim uas tuaj yeem hloov xim ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev thaum cuam tshuam nrog av nplaum, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog txiv qaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov saum npoo ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic tuaj yeem ua tauribbed los yog wavy. Silicate cib tsuas yog tsim los ntawm qhov chaw du.
Tus nqi muag ntawm ceramics yog siab dua silicate, vim nws cov khoom tsim tau cuam tshuam nrog ntau zog thiab nqi zog. Ceramic cib boasts ntau yam, thiab silicate cib muaj suab rwb thaiv tsev zoo.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ceramics suav nrog cov tsos ntawm cov ntsev ntawm qhov chaw, uas me ntsis ua rau lub ntsej muag ntawm cov qauv, thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm silicate yog nws cov thermal conductivity.
Cov neeg tsim kev paub dhau los pom zoo xaiv lub cib nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej huab cua thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev hauv tsev. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov nyiaj khaws cia tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab txawm tias ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv.
