Nws feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tib neeg xav nce qhov chaw nyob hauv lawv lub tsev los ntawm kev tsim lub ru tsev mansard. Nws yog qhov ua tau kom paub lub tswv yim no nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes, tab sis koj yuav tsum paub ua ntej tag nrho cov nuances ntawm kev tsim kho. Yog li ntawd, ib chav tshiab yuav tshwm sim, uas yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tsawg kawg nkaus. Muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev los ua ib chav hauv qab lub ru tsev. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws niaj hnub no yog gable mansard ru tsev. Kev teeb tsa ntawm tus qauv tsim no yog qhov yooj yim heev, txawm tias yog tus pib ua lag luam tsim kho.
Yuav tsim qhov project li cas?
Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev gable mansard txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum tau ua kom puas ntsoog ntawm qee qhov kaum. Tom qab ntawd, qhov chaw nyob hauv qab lub ru tsev xav tau yuav cia li nce. Ntau tus tsis paub yuav ua li cas ua lub ru tsev gable nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes. Yog hais tias lub tsev qub yuav tsum tau kho dua tshiab,Muaj ob peb yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum tsim. Nws ntseeg tias lub ru tsev mansard hnyav dua li qhov gable nto.
Thawj kauj ruam yog kuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev lub hauv paus. Cov phab ntsa yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas, kom paub tseeb tias lawv tsis tawg thaum lub sijhawm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom nkag siab seb lub tsev puas yuav tiv taus cov khoom hnyav uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho lub ru tsev gable mansard. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev npaj lub ru tsev no nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim ib lub tsev ntiav, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ua ib qhov project nrog lub hauv paus thiab cov phab ntsa muaj zog.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub tsev hauv tsev nrog lub ru tsev gable yog ib theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho. Yog tias ua yuam kev hauv kev suav, qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntxov ntawm lub tsev. Lub kaum sab xis xaiv tsis raug ntawm inclination ntawm lub ru tsev gable tuaj yeem ua rau deformation ntawm lub ru tsev nws tus kheej. Cov kab nrib pleb tuaj yeem tshwm hauv cov phab ntsa los ntawm kev thauj khoom ntau dhau ntawm lawv. Xav txog tag nrho cov nuances saum toj no, thaum tsim ib qhov project, koj yuav tsum tso siab rau nws cov kev npaj rau architects. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv nws lub peev xwm thiab xav sim nws tus kheej tsim ib qhov project rau ib tug gable mansard ru tsev, nws yuav tsum ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb architectural kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub computer. Lawv tuaj yeem xam qhov xav tau lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub ru tsev.
Muaj ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb (SNiP) uas txhua qhov kev suav ua raws. Nws yog hu ua "Loads thiab influences". Yuav ua li cas ua ib lub ru tsev gable nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes? Yuav tsum kawm cov ntaub ntawv no
Thaum muaj nqisCov lus nug ntawm kev xaiv ib lub tsev hauv tsev uas ib tug neeg yuav coj mus rau hauv lub neej nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes, ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account yuav ua li cas lub qhov ntev ntawm chav tsev nyob ntawm seb lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub ru tsev:
- Qhov pom qhov ntev ntawm lub ru tsev gable yog qhia hauv SNiP. Qhov siab ntawm lub qab nthab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav tsum ntau tshaj 2.2 meters.
- Muaj cov tsev uas muaj ru tsev ncaj nraim. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov dav ntawm chav tsev yav tom ntej.
Txhawm rau kom nce chav nyob thoob plaws qhov dav, lawv ua lub ru tsev mansard tawg. Qab nthab qhov siab tam sim ntawd nce thoob plaws tag nrho qhov dav ntawm chav tsev. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov rafters qis yog feem ntau tsis ntau tshaj 60 degrees. Lub kaum sab xis rau kev teeb tsa ntawm lub rafters sab saud yog xaiv los ntawm tus tswv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nws tus kheej. Feem ntau, qhov kev xaiv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nyiam ntawm tus tswv, nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub ru tsev. Txhua cheeb tsam yuav muaj huab cua sib txawv.
ru tsev ntsiab
Pib kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev, koj yuav tsum npaj cov khoom tsim nyog. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub ru tsev mansard gable yuav tsum muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Rau lub ru tsev ncuav mog qab zib koj yuav xav tau:
- Quality waterproofing. Yuav tsum muaj vapor barrier.
- Koj tsis tuaj yeem ua txoj haujlwm no yam tsis muaj lub tshuab cua sov. Lub suab ntawm rafters nyob ntawm nws. Txhim kho gable ru tsev rafters yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev. Txhawm rau siv cov khoom siv tsawg, koj yuav tsum tau nteg cov rafters kom lub slab haum ntawm lawv.
- Cov khoom siv vov tsev nws tus kheej, uas cuam tshuam rau homcov thawv. Nws tuaj yeem ua tsis tu ncua lossis sib cais. Txhua qhov kev xaiv muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.
Yuav ua kom lub ru tsev zoo, koj yuav tsum xav txog yuav ua li cas tag nrho lub ru tsev yuav ua cua.
Koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi?
Txhawm rau tsim lub ru tsev gable mansard nrog koj tus kheej tes, koj yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
- Beam, ntu ntu uas yuav tsum yog 50 x 100 millimeters.
- Boards ntsuas 150 x 50 millimeters.
- Unedged board, qhov loj ntawm qhov uas yog xaiv raws li cov kev cai dav dav ntawm qhov project. Cov laug cam raug xaiv, tsom mus rau qhov siab ntawm lub qab nthab ntawm lub ru tsev gable.
- Tshwj xeeb xaim nrog txoj kab uas hla tsis tshaj plaub millimeters. Feem ntau xaiv annealed.
Yuav tsum muaj cuab yeej dab tsi?
Yuav ua kom lub tsev qab nthab nrog lub ru tsev gable, koj yuav tsum tau ntim cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:
- Fasteners. Cov no suav nrog cov ntsia hlau thiab ntsia hlau. Koj ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj lub tsev theem, nrog rau cov kav dej.
- Meta ntsuas thiab riam ntse.
- Axe, rauj. Koj tseem yuav xav tau ib qho kev cuam tshuam thiab lwm yam cuab yeej los txhim kho lub ru tsev gable rafters.
Txhawm rau ua haujlwm hauv tsev nrog cov khoom zoo, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob txuag cov cuab yeej. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los yuav cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha ib zaug dua li mus tas li mus rau lub tsev muag khoom thaum qee yam tawg dua.
Mauerlat yog dab tsi thiab nws ua li cas?
Mauerlat txhais tau tiasrafter puag. Nws feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo lossis los ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm uas ruaj khov heev. Mauerlat tau muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntev ntawm lub tsev yog tias nws tau npaj los tsim lub ru tsev gable mansard. Lub hauv paus no yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo fastening ntawm sab qis ntawm lub rafters. Mauelat tseem xav tau kom sib npaug faib cov khoom thauj ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev.
txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv xav tau, koj yuav xav tau hlau studs uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub pob zeb pob zeb ntawm lub monolith. Lwm qhov kev xaiv fastening tuaj yeem yog ib lub xov hlau tshwj xeeb, uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ci ci. Txhawm rau kom lub hauv paus ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej cov dej tsis zoo ntawm cov ntoo. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ntub dej nag. High humidity yuav tsum tau zam. Koj tuaj yeem yuav cov vov tsev.
Nws tshwm sim tias thaum tsim lub ru tsev ntawm koj tus kheej, cov rafters kov saum phab ntsa nrog lawv sab beveled. Hauv qhov no, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis tau txuas Mauerlat.
Hauv qee qhov haujlwm, qhov dav ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab yuav luag tib yam li qhov dav ntawm lub tsev. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov rafters yuav kov cov kev txhawb nqa. Kev txhawb nqa yog tsim los ntawm cov kab teeb tshwj xeeb. Lawv muab tso rau hauv perpendicular mus rau phab ntsa ntev. Cov kab teeb yog mounted tib yam li Mauerlat. Yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv dej.
Yuav ua li cas txhawb nqa?
Txhawm rau ua tus ncej zoo rau lub ru tsev gable mansard, koj yuav tsum pib los ntawm kev txuas cov kev txhawb nqa. Lawv yuav tsum tau rau racks, uas yuav tsum tau symmetrical rau lub axis ntawm lub tsev. Qhov dav ntawm lub qab nthab yuav sib haum rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawmntsia txhawb nqa.
Ua ntej ua arches nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm tsab ntawv "P". Nruab cov racks, thiab tom qab ntawd khi lawv ua ke. Racks yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo zoo. Nws hla ntu yuav tsum sib haum mus rau ntu ntu ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Racks yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntsug, lawv yuav tsum tau mounted nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov kav dej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas seb qhov sib npaug ntawm jumper li cas. Nws yuav tsum yog kab rov tav mus rau uprights.
Thaum lub arch thib ob tau ua, tag nrho cov qauv yog leveled. Ib txoj hlua yog rub horizontally nruab nrab ntawm cov arches, qhov loj ntawm cov arches raug kuaj xyuas. Yog tias tsim nyog, tus qauv yog dismantled. Raws li txoj hauj lwm ntawm txoj hlua, cov seem arches yog mounted. Lawv tus lej yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub suab ntawm cov rafters, uas tau tshwm sim hauv qhov project. Txhua ntawm lawv yog mounted rau ib tug khib. Hauv qhov no, tus ncej muaj qhov xav tau rigidity.
Qee tus neeg siv hlau staples los tuav cov ncej arched ua ke. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev siv lub qab nthab, lub ru tsev yuav muaj kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv lub ntsug racks. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov qauv, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau nruab cov braces ntxiv. Txhua lub koov yog txuas rau saum toj nrog tus choj ntoo. Nws nyob rau tib lub phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev.
Yuav ua li cas rau nruab cov ceg rafter kom zoo?
Kev teeb tsa lub russ ntawm lub ru tsev mansard gable feem ntau tshwm sim hauv ntau theem.
Ob hom rafter ob txhais ceg tab tom npaj. Cov uas nyob hauv qab no feem ntau muaj lub kaum sab xis. Lawv muab Mauerlat nrog racks. Sab saum toj raftersyog ntsia ncaj qha rau ntawm cov qauv arched. Lub rafters ntawm lub ru tsev mansard gable yuav tsum tau ruaj ntseg fastened. Ua ntej pib nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm ob txhais ceg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov cim ua ntej rau qhov chaw uas lawv yuav nyob. Installation pib nrog cov huab rafters mus rau pediment. Qee zaum trimming yog tsim nyog.
Thaum qhov project qhia tias lub ru tsev yuav tsum muaj overhangs, ib qho kev txiav tshwj xeeb yog ua nyob rau hauv lub rafter ceg. Yog li ntawd, lub caij yuav tsum kov cov kev txhawb nqa nrog kev txiav kab rov tav. Fastening yog nqa tawm siv hlau staples los yog rau tes. Txhawm rau kom cov rafter ob txhais ceg txuas nrog Mauerlat ntau dua kev ntseeg siab, nws yog qhov zoo dua los kho lawv nrog cov hlau hlawv. Nws txoj kab uas hla yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 4 millimeters. Nws raug tso cai siv cov xaim nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 3 hli. Ib yam li ntawd, cov rafters uas tseem tshuav yog fastened.
Thaum tsim cov tsev loj tshwj xeeb, qhov ntev yog ntau tshaj li yim meters, cov kws tshaj lij qhia txog kev txhim kho lub rafter nrog lub nqaj nqaj. Nrog rau qhov kev tsim no, lub thauj khoom tau muab faib sib npaug thoob plaws hauv qhov tshwm sim.
Koj yuav tsum tau nruab ib tus ncej hauv nruab nrab ntawm txhua qhov gable. Tsis txhob hnov qab xyuas qhov verticality nrog cov kav dej. Lub nqaj nqaj yuav tsum tau muab ntsia saum toj no, kab rov tav.
Vim li cas nws tseem ceeb kom raug txiav txim siab qhov siab ntawm skate hauv txhua qhov project?
Ntau tus neeg tsis xyuam xim vim qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb xws li qhov siab ntawm skate. Nws yuav tsum tau txhais kom raug. Los ntawmqhov txiaj ntsig tshwm sim yuav nyob ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm lub rafters sab saud. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub rafter ob txhais ceg ntawm ib sab yuav tsum kov lub ridge beam, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - lub arched arch system.
Nws tshwm sim tias cov rafters sab saud tsim tsab ntawv "L". Hauv qhov no, ob txhais ceg yuav mus thaum butted. Qee lub sij hawm lawv mus rau kev siv tshwj xeeb overlays. Lawv tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ntoo lossis hlau. Raws li txoj cai, thawj khub ntawm rafters, yog tias ntsia kom raug, tom qab ntawd siv los ua tus qauv.
Dab tsi suav nrog hauv theem kawg ntawm kev tsim lub ru tsev?
Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev teeb tsa ntawm lub crate yog ua tiav. Nws raug tso cai nqa tawm ntawm koj tus kheej txhais tes, yam tsis muaj kev pab sab nraud. Waterproofing yog raug ntsia. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev tshem tawm qhov cua. Lub ru tsev yog pw. Los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub qab nthab, thermal rwb thaiv tsev yog ntsia, nrog rau vapor barrier. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ruaj ntseg ntawm daim tawv nqaij zoo.
Yuav ua li cas kom insulate lub ru tsev gable mansard?
Lub ru tsev yuav tsum khaws cov cua sov hauv tsev thiab tiv thaiv huab cua. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv ib lub ru tsev mansard nws yuav txias txawm thaum lub cua sov yog qhib. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau insulate lub ru tsev kom nws khaws cov cua sov hauv chav. Kev ua kom sov lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev yuav siv sijhawm thiab lub luag haujlwm los ua haujlwm.
Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias koj yuav tsum tau insulate txhua feem ntawm lub ru tsev mansard. Thawj kauj ruam yog xaiv cov khoom zoo rau rwb thaiv tsev.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov rwb thaiv tsev zoo?
Cov kev xav tau zoo siv rau cov rwb thaiv tsev zoo:
- cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv dej yuav tsum tau siv. Cov dej noo yuav tsum tsis txhob nyob twj ywm, txwv tsis pub cov thermal conductivity ntawm txheej yuav nce, thiab lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb sib npaug yuav ploj mus.
- Cov khoom siv yuav tsum khaws nws cov qauv qub. Cov cuab yeej no tseem ceeb heev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev. Yog tias daim ntawv tsis tuav, lub sijhawm dhau mus nws yuav "tawm" mus rau theem qis ntawm lub ru tsev, sab sauv yuav muaj rau kev nkag mus ntawm cua.
- rwb thaiv tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob poob nws qhov zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev, kom lub ru tsev tsis tas yuav tsum tau kho tom qab ib xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
- Cov khoom yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg thiab ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xaiv cov khoom zoo ib puag ncig. Tsis txhob siv cov txheej txheem uas yuav tso cov tshuaj lom.
- Koj yuav tsum xaiv cov khoom uas yuav tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias hloov hauv ib cheeb tsam. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug txias huab cua, ces ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai mus rau xws li ib tug ntsuas raws li lub Frost tsis kam ntawm cov khoom xaiv.
Tsis txhob tso tseg kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv, nrog rau thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los yuav ib yam khoom uas yuav tsis ignite yooj yim.
Yuav ua li cas ua kom sov?
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev thaiv lub ru tsev suav nrog:
- Thaum lub rwb thaiv tsev tau pw hauv qhov sib txawvnruab nrab ntawm cov rafters.
- Nws tshwm sim tias cov khoom raug tso ncaj qha rau ntawm rafters.
thawj txoj kev styling yog dav hauv peb lub sijhawm. Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj rau insulate lub ru tsev nrog koj tus kheej tes.
Txhawm rau kom lub ru tsev ua haujlwm tau ntev, thaum tso cov rwb thaiv tsev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai uas tau lees paub. Yog tias koj ua yuam kev thaum insulating lub ru tsev attic, cov khoom yuav pib nqus dej noo. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ru tsev puas yuav pib.
Yuav ua li cas yuam kev ntawm kev ua haujlwm?
Thaum ua haujlwm nrog rwb thaiv tsev, cov pib tshiab feem ntau ua yuam kev ntau uas ua rau lub ru tsev puas. Cov no suav nrog:
- Qee lub sij hawm lawv tsis nco qab nteg ib txheej waterproofing.
- Qee zaum, cov txheej txheem dej tsis haum uas xav tau tsis raug kho. Yog li ntawd, txheej rwb thaiv tsev yuav hloov thiab pib tso cua txias rau hauv chav.
- Ntau zaus hauv cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, lawv tsis nco qab txog qhov yuav tsum tau teeb tsa qhov cua qhov sib txawv. Condensation accumulates, uas ua rau maj mam lwj ntawm cov khoom vov tsev.
- Nws tsis tshua muaj qhov tsis muaj vapor barrier, tab sis qhov no kuj yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev nrog rwb thaiv tsev.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj li yuav tsum ua haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev rwb thaiv tsev?
Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm rwb thaiv tsev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau kos ib txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm thiab ua raws li nws nruj me ntsis. Cov kws tshaj lij qhia kom ua cov txheej txheem hauv qab no ntawm kev ua:
- Koj yuav tsum ntsuas qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov rafters.
- Cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev yuav tsum tau nqa nrog cov npoo me me.
- Tseemwaterproofing. Cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm cov tuav nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas nws fits snugly ntawm tus thawj qauv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws yuav tsum tau kho kom ruaj ntseg hauv qhov chaw.
- txheej txheem tso yog nqa tawm hauv qab mus. Tsawg seams yuav ua tau zoo dua.
- Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum kawg yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov khoob, txwv tsis pub nws yuav poob qhov kub.
- Nruab nrab ntawm cov rwb thaiv tsev thiab lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nws yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm qhov chaw, qhov deb yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog ob centimeters. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev maj mam pib nthuav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
- Rau huab cua mus ncig dawb, koj yuav tsum tawm qhov cua qhov sib txawv.
- Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom tsis sag thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa. Ua li no, koj tsis tas yuav tawm qhov khoob loj heev thaum txiav cov rwb thaiv tsev.
- Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog los npog tag nrho saum npoo nrog txheej txheej vapor barrier.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los kho cov txheej txheem thermal rwb thaiv tsev nrog ntoo tuav lossis slats. Reiki tuaj yeem coj los ua lub hauv paus rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.
Yuav ua li cas yog cov rwb thaiv tsev?
Muaj ntau hom rwb thaiv tsev:
- "URSA" yog suav tias yog cov khoom siv niaj hnub tshaj plaws rau kev rwb thaiv tsev ntawm lub ru tsev gable mansard. Nws yog ua los ntawm staple fiber. Nws tau ua tiav raws li qhov system tshwj xeeb. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov cua sov tshaj plaws. Nws yog muag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mats. Lawv qhov loj me feem ntau yog 1200 los ntawm 4200 millimeters. Lub thickness ntawm ib tug lev yog 150 millimeters. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muab lawv ua ntej sivncaj tawm daim ntawv. Hauv ob peb feeb, lawv dhau los ua ib txwm muaj.
- iav ntaub plaub yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv dav tshaj plaws rau kev rwb thaiv tsev ru tsev. Nws muaj nws qhov tsis zoo, yog li nws tsis tshua siv niaj hnub no.
