Lub commutator lub cev muaj zog yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob synchronous uas tam sim no hloov hauv winding thiab rotor txoj hauj lwm sensor yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tib lub cuab yeej - txhuam-cua sib dhos. Cov cuab yeej no los ntawm ntau hom.
Ntau yam
A DC commutator lub cev muaj zog feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom xws li:
- peb-ncej rotor ntawm lub tes tsho bearings;
- ob-ncej hlau nplaum ruaj khov stator;
- tooj liab daim hlau ua txhuam ntawm cov khoom sib dhos.
Cov txheej no yog qhov zoo rau cov kev daws teeb meem qis tshaj plaws uas feem ntau siv hauv cov menyuam yaus cov khoom ua si uas tsis tas yuav muaj lub zog siab. Ntau lub cav muaj zog muaj xws li ntau yam qauv:
- plaub graphite txhuam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke;
- ntau tus ncej rotor ntawm dov bearings;
- cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov stator nrog plaub tus ncej.
Feem ntau hom khoom siv lub cev muaj zogsiv nyob rau hauv cov tsheb niaj hnub los tsav lub kiv cua ntawm qhov cua txias thiab qhov cua, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, wipers thiab lwm yam. Tseem muaj ntau qhov sib sau ua ke.
Lub zog ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm ntau pua watts suav nrog kev siv plaub-ncej stator ua los ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Txhawm rau txuas nws cov windings, ib qho ntawm ob peb txoj kev siv tau:
- Hauv series nrog lub rotor. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub siab tshaj plaws torque tau txais, txawm li cas los xij, vim lub siab tsis ua haujlwm, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub cav puas yog siab.
- Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lub rotor. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov ceev tseem ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm load, tab sis lub siab tshaj plaws torque yog noticeably tsawg.
- Kev sib xyaw ua kom zoo siab, thaum ib feem ntawm cov winding txuas nrog hauv cov koob thiab ib feem ntawm qhov sib npaug. Hauv qhov no, qhov zoo ntawm cov kev xaiv yav dhau los tau ua ke. Hom no yog siv rau lub tsheb pib.
- Kev zoo siab ywj pheej, uas siv lub zog sib cais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov yam ntxwv coj mus rau lub parallel kev twb kev txuas yog tau. Qhov kev xaiv no tsis tshua siv.
Lub commutator lub cev muaj zog muaj qee yam zoo: lawv yooj yim los tsim, kho, ua haujlwm, thiab lawv lub neej kev pabcuam loj heev. Raws li qhov tsis zoo, cov hauv qab no feem ntau yog qhov tseem ceeb: kev tsim cov khoom siv zoo li no feem ntau yog kev kub ceev thiab qis-torque, yog li feem ntau cov tsav tsheb yuav tsum tau teeb tsa lub gearboxes. Qhov kev lees paub no tau tsim muaj zootxij li thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob taw qhia ntawm qhov ceev qis yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, nrog rau cov teeb meem cua txias cuam tshuam nrog qhov no. Cov tom kawg no yog qhov nyuaj nrhiav kev daws teeb meem rau lawv.
Universal commutator motor
Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog hom DC commutator tshuab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm DC thiab AC. Cov cuab yeej tau dhau los ua ntau yam hauv qee yam khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov cuab yeej siv tes vim nws qhov me me, qhov hnyav, tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tswj ceev. Heev feem ntau pom raws li ib tug traction tsheb nyob rau hauv railroads ntawm lub tebchaws United States thiab cov teb chaws Europe. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
Design nta
Rau kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm qhov teeb meem no, koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov nthuav dav ntxiv uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov cuab yeej nthuav tawm. universal commutator lub cev muaj zog hom yog cov cuab yeej ncaj qha tam sim no nrog kev sib tw windings txuas nrog hauv koob, ua kom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov tam sim no ntawm tsev neeg lub zog hluav taws xob network. Lub cev muaj zog rotates nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, tsis hais polarity. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov series kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub stator thiab rotor windings ua rau ib txhij hloov nyob rau hauv lawv sib nqus ncej, thiab vim li no, lub resulting torque yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug kev taw qhia.
Nws yog dab tsi?
Lub AC commutator lub cev muaj zog nrog kev siv cov hlau nplaumcov khoom muag muag nrog qis hysteresis. Txhawm rau txo qhov poob tam sim no, cov khoom no yog ua los ntawm cov phaj sib dhos nrog rwb thaiv tsev. Raws li lub subset ntawm AC collector cav tov, nws yog kev cai rau ib leeg tawm pulsating tam sim no units, uas yog tau los ntawm rectifying tam sim no ntawm ib-theem Circuit Court tsis siv ripple smoothing.
Lub AC commutator lub cev muaj zog feem ntau yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauv qab no: nyob rau hauv qis-ceev hom, inductive kuj ntawm stator windings tsis pub tam sim no yuav tsum tau noj ntau tshaj li tej yam kev txwv, thaum lub siab tshaj plaws lub cev muaj zog torque yog kuj txwv rau 3-5 ntawm nominal. Kwv yees ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov ntu ntawm stator windings - cov khoom siv sib cais yog siv los txuas cov hloov pauv tam sim no.
Ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev yog hloov lub tshuab hloov khoom siv tam sim no muaj zog. Thaum lub sij hawm thaum seem dhau qhov nruab nrab, lub magnetic teb, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog lub rotor, hloov nws cov kev taw qhia mus rau lub opposite, thiab qhov no ua rau cov tiam ntawm reactive EMF nyob rau hauv seem. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum khiav ntawm AC zog. Hauv alternating tam sim no collector tshuab, reactive EMF kuj tshwm sim. Lub transformer EMF kuj tau sau tseg ntawm no, txij li thaum lub rotor nyob rau hauv stator magnetic teb, uas pulsates nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Ib tug du pib ntawm lub collector lub cev muaj zog yog tsis tau, txij li thaum lub sij hawm no lub amplitude ntawm lub tshuab yuav siab tshaj plaws, thiab raws li nws mus txog qhov ceev ntawm synchronism, nws yuav proportionally txo. Raws li ntxivacceleration, nce tshiab yuav raug sau tseg. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem kev hloov pauv hauv qhov no, ob peb kauj ruam txuas ntxiv tau thov:
- Ib ntu tig yuav tsum nyiam hauv kev tsim kom txo qis clutch ntws.
- Lub zog tiv thaiv ntawm ntu yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv, uas cov ntsiab lus muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog cov resistors hauv cov ntawv sau, qhov ua kom txias zoo.
- Lub commutator yuav tsum nquag hauv av nrog txhuam ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws hardness nrog rau qhov loj tshaj kuj.
- Reactive EMF tuaj yeem them nyiaj los ntawm kev siv cov ncej ntxiv nrog cov kab sib txuas, thiab cov kab sib txuas sib txuas yog siv tau rau cov nyiaj hloov pauv EMF. Txij li thaum tus nqi ntawm qhov kawg parameter yog ib qho kev ua ntawm lub angular tshaj tawm ntawm lub rotor thiab magnetizing tam sim no, xws li windings yuav tsum tau siv cov qhev tswj systems, uas tseem tsis tau muaj.
- Qhov zaus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsawg li tsawg tau. Cov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws yog 16 thiab 25 Hz.
- Kev thim rov qab ntawm UKD yog ua los ntawm kev hloov lub polarity ntawm stator lossis rotor windings.
pros and cons
Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no yog siv los sib piv: cov cuab yeej txuas nrog lub tsev hluav taws xob hauv tsev nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 220 volts thiab zaus ntawm 50 Hz, thaum lub cav fais fab yog tib yam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tau tuaj yeem yog qhov tsis zoo lossis qhov zoo hauvnyob ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm tus tsav.
Yog li, AC commutator lub cev muaj zog: qhov zoo piv rau DC chav tsev:
- Kev sib txuas rau lub network yog tsim ncaj qha, thiab tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom siv ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm DC chav tsev, yuav tsum tau kho kom raug.
- Pib tam sim no tsawg dua, uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov khoom siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
- Yog tias muaj kev tswj xyuas Circuit Court, nws cov cuab yeej yooj yim dua - rheostat thiab thyristor. Yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua tsis tau, ces lub cev muaj zog, tus nqi ntawm qhov nyob ntawm lub zog thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1,400 rubles lossis ntau dua, yuav nyob twj ywm, tab sis yuav qhib tam sim ntawm lub zog tag nrho.
Tseem muaj qee qhov tsis zoo:
- Vim poob vim stator thim rov qab thiab inductance, tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo tau txo qis.
- Lub siab tshaj plaws torque kuj raug txo.
Ib-theem collector electric motors muaj qee qhov zoo hauv kev sib piv nrog cov asynchronous:
- compactness;
- tsis muaj kev khi rau lub network zaus thiab nrawm;
- tseem ceeb pib torque;
- txo qis thiab nce hauv kev nrawm hauv hom tsis siv neeg, nrog rau kev nce hauv lub zog nrog kev nce ntxiv, thaum lub zog hluav taws xob tseem tsis hloov pauv;
- kev tswj ceev tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj qhov dav dav los ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Qhov tsis zoo piv rau induction motor
- thaum hloov pauv, qhov nrawm yuav tsis ruaj khov;
- cov txhuam-cov khoom sib dhos ua rau cov cuab yeej tsis txhim khu kev qha (qhov yuav tsum tau siv cov txhuam txhuam kom nruj heev txo cov peev txheej);
- AC switching ua rau lub txim muaj zog ntawm tus sau, thiab xov tooj cua cuam tshuam tau tsim;
- suab nrov thaum ua haujlwm;
- lub manifold yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, uas ua rau lub cav loj heev.
Niaj hnub nimno commutator lub cev muaj zog yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov peev txheej piv rau lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab lub cev ua haujlwm.
Lwm kev sib piv
Thaum muab piv cov khoom siv thiab cov asynchronous lub cev muaj zog ntawm tib lub zog, tsis hais qhov ntsuas zaus ntawm qhov kawg, qhov sib txawv tau txais. Qhov no yuav piav qhia ntau ntxiv hauv qab no. Lub universal collector hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog siv ib tug "mos" yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sij hawm yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub load ntawm lub ncej, thaum lub revolutions yog inversely proportional rau nws. Qhov ntsuas torque feem ntau tsawg dua qhov siab tshaj plaws los ntawm 3-5 zaug. Idle ceev txwv yog tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev poob hauv lub cav, thaum tig lub zog tsis muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem tawg.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev muaj zog asynchronous yog "ntxuam", uas yog, chav tsev tuav ceev ceev ze rau qhov nominal, ua kom lub zog nrawm li sai tau nrog kev txo qis me ntsis. Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv qhov ntsuas no, lub cav torque tsis tsuas yog nce, tab sis kuj txo qis.mus rau xoom, uas ua rau kom tiav nres. Lub idle ceev yog me ntsis siab dua lub nominal, thaum nyob tas li. Ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm ib-theem induction lub cev muaj zog yog ib qho ntxiv ntawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev pib, txij li thaum nws tsis tsim pib torque raws li ib txwm muaj. Sib nqus teb ntawm ib theem stator, pulsating nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, tawg mus rau hauv ob lub teb nrog opposite theem, uas ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua kom pib yam tsis muaj txhua yam ntawm tricks:
- capacitance uas tsim cov theem khoom tsim;
- cais groove;
- active tiv thaiv tsim ib theem dag.
Txoj kev xav, kev tiv thaiv-theem rotating teb txo qhov kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib-theem asynchronous unit rau 50-60% vim poob rau hauv lub tshuab magnetic supersaturated thiab windings loaded nrog counter-field tam sim no. Nws hloov tawm tias muaj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm tib lub ncej, thaum ib qho ua haujlwm hauv lub cev muaj zog, thiab qhov thib ob hauv hom kev tawm tsam. Nws hloov tawm tias ib-theem collector hluav taws xob motors tsis paub cov neeg sib tw hauv cov tes hauj lwm. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob muab nws nrog qee qhov kev siv. Tsawg ceev, txwv los ntawm qhov zaus ntawm AC mains, ua asynchronous units ntawm lub zog zoo sib xws loj hauv qhov hnyav thiab qhov loj hauv kev sib piv nrog universal collectors. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum suav nrog lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub inverter nrog lub siab zaus, qhov sib piv qhov ntev thiab qhov hnyav tuaj yeem ua tiav. Lub rigidity ntawm mechanical yam ntxwv tseem nyoblub cev muaj zog, uas tau ntxiv tam sim no hloov pauv poob, nrog rau kev nce hauv zaus, sib nqus thiab inductive poob nce.
Analogues tsis muaj manifold los ua ke
Lub AC commutator lub cev muaj zog muaj ib qho analog uas ze tshaj rau nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab yam ntxwv - ib tug valve, qhov twg cov txhuam-collector los ua ke tau hloov nrog ib tug inverter nruab nrog ib tug rotor txoj hauj lwm sensor. Cov kab ke hauv qab no yog siv los ua ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm chav tsev no: lub rectifier, lub cev muaj zog synchronous nrog lub rotor angular txoj hauj lwm sensor, ua ke nrog lub inverter. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov hauv lub rotor txo qhov siab tshaj plaws torque thaum tuav qhov ntev.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog ua kom pom tias lub cuab yeej hloov hluav taws xob li cas rau hauv lub zog siv tshuab thiab rov ua dua. Qhov no qhia tau tias nws muaj peev xwm siv tau los ua lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog xav txog ntau yam ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog, daim duab uas yuav qhia tau tias nws muaj peev xwm.
Txoj cai ntawm physics tau hais meej meej tias thaum hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, qee qhov quab yuam tau tawm ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, txoj cai sab xis ua haujlwm, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub zog ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lub commutator lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm raws nraim ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no.
Physics qhia peb tias lub hauv paustsim cov khoom zoo yog cov cai me me. Qhov no tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim ib lub thav duab rotating nyob rau hauv lub magnetic teb, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim ib tug collector electric motor. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias ib khub ntawm cov conductors tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, qhov tam sim no tau coj mus rau qhov sib txawv, thiab yog li cov rog dhau lawm. Lawv cov lej muab qhov xav tau torque. Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog qhov nyuaj ntau dua, txij li tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog tau ntxiv rau nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv uas muab tib qho kev taw qhia ntawm tam sim no hla tus ncej. Qhov kev mus los tsis sib xws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tso ntau coils ntawm lub armature, thaum cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau hloov los ntawm cov coils, uas tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab lub zog rau ib qho kev taw qhia.
Ua-nws-koj tus kheej kho lub cev muaj zog
Zoo li lwm yam khoom siv, chav tsev no tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav vim li cas. Yog tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob, daim duab uas koj tuaj yeem pom hauv peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, tsis tuaj yeem nce tus naj npawb ntawm kev hloov pauv, lossis cov ncej tsis tig thaum nws pib, koj yuav tsum xyuas seb nws cov fuses tau tawg, yog tias muaj kev tawg. armature hluav taws xob Circuit Court, yog hais tias tus ntaus ntawv nws tus kheej yog overloaded. Feem ntau, overloading ua rau txawv txav tam sim no. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov ua tsis tau zoo no, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov tshuab xa mus thiab nres, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm qhov ua rau overloads.
Qhov tsim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog xws li thaum nws pib, nws sivib qho nyiaj tam sim no. Yog tias nws ntau dua li tus nqi nominal, nws yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov sib xws ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab sib txuas thiab cov kab sib txuas sib txuas rau ib leeg, nrog rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm rheostat. Thaum ua-nws-koj tus kheej lub tshuab hluav taws xob kho tau ua tiav, qhov ua yuam kev tshwj xeeb feem ntau ua. Tshwj xeeb, lub shunt winding tuaj yeem txuas nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm rheostat, lossis txuas nrog ib tus ncej ntawm cov hluav taws xob network.
Tshawb xyuas qhov sib xws ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm excitation winding yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas ib qho kawg ntawm shunt winding nrog lub thauj tog rau nkoj kawg, thiab qhov thib ob - nrog ib qho hluav taws xob conductor los ntawm rheostat arc. Feem ntau qhov hla ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib hluav taws xob no me ntsis me dua li lwm tus, yog li nws tuaj yeem kuaj pom yam tsis muaj megger. Tom qab tig lub hwj chim hloov thiab hloov lub rheostat slider mus rau hauv nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm, lub hwj chim yog muab rau cov dawb xaus. Los ntawm txoj kev tswj lub teeb, ib qho kev kuaj xyuas raws li tag nrho cov conductive xaus. Thaum koj kov ib tug ntawm lawv, lub teeb yuav tsum ci, tab sis tsis nrog rau lwm yam. Qhov no yog li cas tag nrho lub cev muaj zog raug kuaj. Tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav nyob ntawm seb hom kev puas tsuaj ntawm chav tsev.
Yog tias thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv uas tsawg dua li nominal, ces qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no feem ntau yog cov hauv qab no: qis mains voltage, overload ntawm lub cuab yeej, loj txaus siab tam sim no. Yog hais tias qhov inoperability ntawm qhov opposite xwm yog sau tseg, nws yuav tsum tau mus xyuas lub excitation Circuit Court, tshem tawm tag nrho cov txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag, tom qab ntawdkoj tuaj yeem teeb tsa tus nqi ib txwm muaj ntawm qhov excitation tam sim no. Qee zaum nws yuav tsim nyog los rov qab cov motors.
Thaum qhov laj thawj rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev yog qhov yuam kev ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm qhov sib npaug thiab cov kab sib txuas, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los kho qhov kev sib txuas kom raug. Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov teeb meem zoo li no hauv txoj kev yooj yim, nws yuav tsum tau rov qab cov hluav taws xob motors. Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas qhov loj ntawm qhov hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob network, txij li nrog kev nce hauv nws cov nqi nominal, cov cuab yeej hloov pauv tuaj yeem nce ntxiv.
