Muaj koj lub tsev yeej ib txwm zoo. Thiab thaum nws yog tsim los ntawm koj tus kheej txhais tes, dab tsi tsis yog vim li cas rau kev khav theeb? Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim heev. Ua ntej yuav pib nrog kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev nws tus kheej, koj yuav tsum tau npaj lub hauv paus. Nws yog dab tsi, nws tshwm sim, nws raug nqi npaum li cas - tsab xov xwm no yuav qhia. Tsis tas li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav xav txog cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas los tsim lub hauv paus.
Lub hauv paus thiab nws txoj kev xaiv
Ua ntej koj pib xyaum, koj yuav tsum nkag siab txog kev xav. Ua ntej, cia saib seb lub hauv paus yog dab tsi.
Nov yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov uas ua rau lub tsev loj hlob. Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub tsev nyob ntawm qhov raug ntawm nws qhov kev xaiv thiab kev teeb tsa.
Kev tso lub hauv paus tuaj yeem pib tsuas yog thaum txhua hom ntawm lub hauv paus tau kawm kom ntxaws, tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tau muab piv nrog kev tsim lub tsev, cov yam ntxwv ntawm geological thiab huab cua ntawm cheeb tsam.
Yam koj yuav tsum xyuam xim tshwj xeeb rau thaum xaiv lub hauv paus:
- architectural building project;
- muaj peev xwm thauj khoom ntawm av;
- tsim qhov hnyav;
- av hom;
- muajcellars;
- av tob;
- khoom siv thiab tag nrho lub tsev cheeb tsam.
Nws yuav nyuaj rau tus neeg zoo tib yam kom nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv geological intricacies. Yog li ntawd, nws raug pom zoo kom koom nrog tus kws tshaj lij uas yuav pab hauv qhov teeb meem no.
hom lub hauv paus tseem ceeb
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov hauv paus yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, tab sis feem ntau thaum xaiv, lawv raug coj los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av.
hom lub hauv paus tseem ceeb:
- columnar;
- ribbon;
- pile;
- slab.
Cia saib txhua yam ntxiv.
Pillar Foundation
Hom ntau tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj ntawm lub hauv paus yog columnar. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev teeb - gazebos, terraces, da dej, tsev me me, cov tsev qis qis tsis muaj qab nthab.
Lub hauv paus zoo li no haum rau cov av nrog qhov tob tob ntawm qhov khov, nrog rau cov kab nqes. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov kabmob uas tsis muaj zog thiab kab rov tav.
Kev tsim ntawm kab hauv paus yog ib tug ncej lossis pedestal, nyob ntawm ib leeg hauv ib kauj ruam thiab muab tso rau hauv av kom txog qhov tob. Los ntawm saum toj no, cov ncej yog ua ke nrog randbeams.
Muaj ob hom kab hauv qab:
- Monolithic. Reinforced qhob yog nchuav rau hauv lub hauv paus formwork.
- Tib. Kev teeb tsa muaj nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom npaj ua los ntawm pob zeb, cib, thaiv, cov kav dej asbestos.
Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsim, lub hauv paus columnar tuaj yeem ua taumuab faib ua ob pab pawg - columnar thiab columnar nrog ib tug grillage - ib tug reinforced pob zeb ncej nyob rau hauv lub bearing phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev.
Khoom siv rau cov ncej tuaj yeem yog:
- brick;
- ntoo;
- natural stone;
- asbestos kav;
- blocks.
Strip foundation
Lwm lub hauv paus rau lub tsev, uas yog siv feem ntau, yog daim kab xev. Lub hauv paus zoo li no tau tsim rau kev tsim vaj tsev hnyav nrog rau hauv qab daus, tab sis kuj tseem siv tau rau cov teeb pom kev zoo.
Ib daim kab xev ntawm ib yam khoom yog muab tso rau ntawm tag nrho ib puag ncig ntawm lub tsev yav tom ntej. Nws yuav tsum nyob txhua qhov chaw nrog tib cov duab sib luag.
Raws li hom kev tsim kho, strip bases muab faib ua:
- Monolithic. Xws li lub hauv paus yog tsim ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw. Cov kab hauv qab no yog qhov kev txhawb nqa ncej yog nchuav nrog pob zeb.
- team. Xws li lub hauv paus yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj zog. Thiab rau kev teeb tsa, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog xav tau.
Nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, lub hauv paus sawb muab faib ua:
- Rubble. Zoo nkauj labour intensive foundation. Rau nws txoj kev tsim kho, cov pob zeb tiaj tus yog siv, uas tau muab tso rau saum ib leeg thiab txuas nrog cov cement mortar. Lub thickness ntawm xws li masonry tuaj yeem ncav cuag 70 cm. Yog tias muaj ntau lub pob zeb ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho (hauv qhov xwm txheej), ces qhov no yuav yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo heev.
- Npuas pob zeb. Rau nws txoj kev tsim kho, kev daws teeb meem nrog qee qhov txhaws yog siv, uas yog xaiv nyob ntawmlos ntawm av thiab noo noo. Nws tuaj yeem yog pob zeb, pob zeb crushed, tawg cib, pob zeb me me rubble. Lub mortar yog siv cov cement lossis cement-lime.
- Filler (pob zeb). Homogeneous nqaim (txog 35 cm) hauv paus. Feem ntau siv rau lub teeb vaj tsev. Nws tsuas yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ntshiab, uas yog nruj nreem rammed. Yuav kom nws kav ntev, nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog nrog tshwj xeeb qhov cuab lub zog rau lub hauv paus.
- Pib-taw. Cov kab hauv qab yog pawg clogged ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub trench. Pawg tsav tsheb qhov tob yog li ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter'.
- Cib. Haum rau thaj chaw uas muaj av qhuav. Daim kab xev yog ua los ntawm brickwork 38-64 cm tuab, uas yog poured nrog ib tug mortar ntawm xis mas thiab xuab zeb.
Tus yam ntxwv, qhov hnyav ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab tus nqi-zoo ntawm lub hauv paus sawb yog nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Pile Foundation
Lub hauv paus pawg zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus kem. Sib txawv ntawm profitability thiab me me ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog. Siv los tsim cov tsev ntiag tug thiab lub tsev teeb pom kev los ntawm ntau yam khoom (los ntawm ntoo mus rau pob zeb).
Pile foundation tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis ruaj khov thiab tsis muaj zog, nrog rau thaum lub tsev tsim muaj qhov sib txawv qhov siab - los ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter' lossis ntau dua.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsim yog muaj qee tus lej ntawm pawg, uas cuam tshuam los ntawm grillages. Piles yog kev txhawb nqa sunk tob rau hauv av thiab hloov lub load rau hauv av. Grills, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim nyog los hloov lub luj ntawm lub tsev mus rau pawg.
Cov khoom siv feem ntau yog:
- Ntoo - feem ntau yog ntoo thuv, uas tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb. Siv rau cov tsev ntiav me me.
- Reinforced concrete. Tsim los rau kev tsim vaj tsev nrog hnyav hnyav.
- Hlau (steel). Lawv siv thaum tsis tuaj yeem siv cov pob zeb ua pob zeb.
- Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab pob zeb. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws thaum tsim cov av nyuaj, xws li cov av swampy.
Los ntawm kev tsim, pawg tau muab faib ua:
- Printed. Txhawm rau tsav mus rau hauv av, siv lub zog quab yuam lossis txoj hauv kev nkag mus.
- Ntsia. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog cov piles raug ntsia rau hauv av.
- Aspic. Cov kab hauv qab yog nchuav lub hauv paus pob zeb rau hauv cov ncej.
Slab Foundation
Lub hauv paus slab yog lub hauv paus kim kim, tsis tsuas yog hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj hais txog tus nqi ntawm kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws raug nquahu kom siv nws hauv thaj chaw uas tsis muaj av sib npaug, yog tias cov dej hauv av nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam. Lub hauv paus feem ntau yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv kev tsim vaj tse hnyav.
Lub hauv paus slab rau lub tsev yog monolithic reinforced pob zeb slab ntawm qhov siab xav tau, uas yog ua ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho. Qhov tuab ntawm cov qauv no tuaj yeem yog 0.3 … 1.0 m, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm qee qhov kev suav. Reinforced lub zog muab lub hauv paus reinforcement nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 12-25 mm.
Lub hauv paus no muaj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws thiab kav ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj zog heev rau ob qho tib si ntsug thiab kab rov tav loads.
Tus nqi them pes tsawg
Price nyob ntawm:
- Tsim. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov plag tsev thiab cov khoom tsim nyog tau muab coj los rau hauv tus account. Qhov ntawd yog, lub tsev hnyav dua, lub hauv paus yuav tsum muaj zog dua. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej pib ua hauj lwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xam seb lub hauv paus nqi npaum li cas.
- Foundation type. Lub xub ntiag ntawm hauv qab daus, plinths, kev txhawb nqa yog muab rau hauv tus account. Txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nkag mus hauv av yuav tsum tau siv cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb hydrotechnical.
- Used cov ntaub ntawv rau waterproofing.
- Ntxiv cov peev txheej rau kev txhawb nqa thiab kev ua haujlwm rau lub hauv paus.
Nws tsis tsim nyog los piav txog tus nqi hauv qhov no, vim tias tus nqi ntawm txhua yam khoom yuav txawv ntawm thaj chaw sib txawv.
Formwork
Formwork yog ib ntus lossis tas mus li (tshem tawm thiab tsis tshem tau) cov qauv, uas yog tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv. Feem ntau, ntoo boards yog siv los tsim formwork, qee zaum plywood lossis hlau los xij.
Rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus sawb, feem ntau yog siv ib ntus formwork, tab sis ib qho formwork ruaj khov yog siv los tsim lub hauv paus los ntawm cov ncej (piles). Txawm hais tias hom thib ob ntawm formwork tau pib muaj koob meej, vim tias polystyrene ua npuas ncauj siv rau nws txoj kev tsim kho, uas txhim kho cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev ntawm lub hauv paus.
theem ntawm formwork installation:
- Tshem tawm thiab theem thaj tsam.
- Npaj cov boards. Shields nyob rau sab uas cov pob zeb yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv si thiab du li sai tau. Tom qab lub mortar tau hardened, tag nrho cov irregularities yuav pom.
- Xav txog kev kho cov formwork. Nws yuav tsum yog li ntawd tsis muaj deformation tshwm sim thaum solidification.
- Boards haum nruj ua ke thiab khob. Qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov sib txawv yog txog li 3 hli. Yog hais tias cov kab nrib pleb loj, lawv yuav npog nrog cov hlua los yog txhaws nrog slats.
Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub hauv paus txheej txheem:
- Phau ntawv qhia tau teeb tsa. Yog li ntawd cov ntaub thaiv npog tsis tawg nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov pob zeb loj, lawv tau tsau sab nraud nrog pegs. Yog hais tias lub hauv paus yog ntau tshaj 20 cm, ces nres yuav tsum tau ntsia. Koj tuaj yeem hnav hlau clamps.
- Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tau nruab cov ntaub thaiv npog, lub dav hlau uas yuav tsum sib haum nrog lub ntug ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Nco ntsoov ceev ceev. Cov shields ntsia rau ib leeg yog kho nrog kev pab los ntawm spacers thiab hlau twists. Lub spacer yog ib kab ntoo nrog ib ntu ntawm 50 × 50 mm. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thaiv qhov ntev yog 2-3 m.
- Formwork los ntawm cov laug cam yog tsoo nrog rau tes. Thaum hammering, lawv cov kaus mom yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub formwork, thiab qhov kawg ntawm cov ntsia hlau uas protrude los ntawm sab nraud yuav tsum tau khoov.
- Koj tuaj yeem pib nchuav.
Rebar
Txhim kho rau lub hauv paus yog rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov hlau dov. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv, muab nws cov duab, tiv thaiv av tsis xws luag.
Feem ntau ua los ntawm cov hlau, tab sis kev txhim kho ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub nocoj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm fiberglass lug - composite. Cov kev txhawb zog zoo li no, raws li cov tuam ntxhab, yog ob peb zaug muaj zog dua li cov hlau.
Rebar muaj nws tus kheej cim thiab kev faib tawm. Tab sis rau cov pob zeb uas muaj zog, tsuas yog siv peb hom (raws li cov qauv):
- corrugated (los yog du) kub dov nrog ib ntu ntawm 6-40 mm;
- corrugated nrog lub zog ntxiv vim yog siv cov txheej txheem thermomechanical, nrog rau ntu ntawm 6-40 hli;
- txias-tsim corrugated nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 3-12 mm.
Yuav tsim lub hauv paus li cas? Rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus, cov chav kawm ntawm kev txhawb nqa yog siv hauv qab no:
- Class A-I. Distribution (assembly) fittings. Nta du nto thiab puag ncig hla ntu. Haum rau cov qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus qhov twg lub load me me.
- Klass A-III. Ua haujlwm armature. Features ib tug ribbed nto uas muaj zog zog thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus hnyav loads.
Strip foundation
Yog tias qhov kev xaiv poob rau ntawm lub hauv paus, ces nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub yuav ua li cas sau lub hauv paus. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum tau ua kom lub hauv paus kav ntev thiab nyab xeeb.
Txoj kev yuav ua li cas nchuav lub hauv paus:
- Ntawm qhov chaw rau kev tsim kho yav tom ntej.
- Nrog kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb, kos cov ciam teb sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev. Rau qhov no, improvised txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig - ropes (nuv ntses kab) thiab pegs (khoom ntxiv). Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau txhais cov axislub tsev yav tom ntej. Siv ib txoj kab kav dej, peb nthuav tawm thawj lub ces kaum ntawm lub tsev. Ntxiv perpendicular rau nws, ob ntxiv. Lub kaum sab xis plaub yog suav nrog daim duab peb sab. Peb xyuas cov ces kaum los ntawm kos kab pheeb ces kaum. Tam sim no peb tsav lub pegs thiab rub txoj hlua. Peb ua cov cim sab hauv raws li tib txoj cai, tawm mus 40 cm ntawm sab nraud.
- Thaum lub cim npaj tiav, peb pib khawb ib lub qhov. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, xaiv qhov qis tshaj ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xav txog tias qhov tob yuav tsum yog qis dua qhov khov ntawm cov av. Nws tseem yog qhov tsim nyog uas hauv qab yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo thiab cov phab ntsa ntsug.
- Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tau tsim lub cushion xuab zeb. Nws yog tsim nyog los txo qhov siab ntawm cov av. Cov xuab zeb yuav tsum tau moistened me ntsis ua ntej. Lub thickness ntawm lub hauv ncoo feem ntau tsis ntau tshaj 15 cm. Ib txoj kab nuv ntses yog siv los tswj qhov siab. Xuab zeb yog rammed nrog ib tug hluav taws xob tamper los yog ib tug ntoo beam. Txhawm rau ua kom lub hauv paus muaj zog, ib txheej ntawm rubble yog nchuav rau saum thiab ua kom tsis muaj dej.
- Tom ntej no, cov formwork rau lub hauv paus tau tsim thiab ntxiv dag zog.
- Tam sim no peb mus ncaj qha rau lo lus nug ntawm kev nchuav lub hauv paus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov cement yuav tsum muaj zog thiab tshiab. Cov pob zeb yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv cov txheej tsis ntau tshaj 20 cm. Qhov no yog ua tiav tas li, cov phab ntsa formwork yuav tsum tau tapping (kom tsis txhob muaj voids).
Ib co lus qhia:
- pib nchuav lub hauv paus tam sim tom qab khawb qhov trench;
- ntub cov xuab zeb ua ntej ua cua cushion;
- lub thickness ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa thiab cov xuab zeb cushion yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 7 cm;
- Kev tiv thaiv dej tuaj yeem ua tiav 3-5 hnub tom qab nchuav lub hauv paus.
In xaus
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb xam seb lub hauv paus yog dab tsi thiab nws yog dab tsi. Peb kuj tau tshuaj xyuas kom meej nws cov hom thiab pom tias dab tsi cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm lub hauv paus. Peb kawm yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub hauv paus nyob rau theem. Thiab tam sim no, thaum txoj kev xav tau kawm, koj tuaj yeem pib xyaum, ua siab loj txav mus rau kev tsim kho koj lub tsev npau suav.
