Yuav ua li cas rho cov kub los ntawm chips?

2024 Tus sau: Aaron Duncan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-01 20:09

Kom tau txais kub los ntawm cov chips thiab cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua, koj yuav tsum paub meej qhov twg los nrhiav lawv. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ob peb milligrams ntawm hlau, chemists siv feem ntau txoj kev thiab cov tswv yim rau mining hauv tsev. Qhov no tau txais txiaj ntsig npaum li cas, nws puas tsim nyog siv txoj hauv kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev rho tawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab qhov twg yuav muag cov khoom tom qab?

xov tooj cua muaj txiaj ntsig nrog cov ntsiab lus kub

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov xov tooj cua hauv Soviet. Lawv yeej ib txwm muaj cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov uas tau ua tam sim no. Cov miners kub nrhiav thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuab tshawb nrhiav tshwj xeeb. Excavations thiab sib dhos ntawm qhov chaw kuj tau ua nyob rau ntawd. Rau txhua tuj ntawm seem, muaj txog 1 g ntawm kub. Yog li ntawd, txog li 5% ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug Soviet-style microcircuit.

• Tsis yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog them nrog cov khoom zoo, tab sis kuj yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cutlery nrog txheej.
• Cov khoom ntim rau hauv cov khoom siv ceramic, transistors muaj txog li 1% kub.
• substratesxov tooj cua Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kub - txog li 0.5%.

Kub los ntawm chips yog mined ntau dua vim muaj cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Lawv tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv tsev, yog li cov txheej txheem tso cai rau lawv tus kheej rau tus nqi - lawv yog tus nqi qis, siv tau rau ntau tus neeg nyiam ua haujlwm.

Qhov twg muaj kub dua?

Cov ntaub ntawv meej yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov ncav cuag qhov loj ntawm 3-liter tuaj yeem, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov kub rho tawm los ntawm nws yog li 8-10 g. Kuj tseem muaj impurities thiab nyiaj - nws yuav luag 50 g. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom seem.. Nws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom siv tub rog, uas koj tsuas tuaj yeem yuav tsis tau. Tus neeg muaj hmoo uas pom cov hlau tseem ceeb tseem yuav tsum tau ua kom huv huv, yuav khoom siv rau rho tawm kub.

1. xov tooj cua raj kuj muaj kub. Nyob rau hauv kab sib chaws ntawm lub cathode. Thaum cov kab hluav taws xob tau rhuab, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm lub xeev ntawm lub teeb, electrons raug tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm thermal zog. Lawv ua tsis tau lub cuab yeej, tom qab uas overheating tshwm sim. Kub yog siv rau cov qhov chaw ntawm lub circuits kom cov qeb tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis yaj.
2. Tseem muaj kub ntawm ob txhais ceg ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo tib yam. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj nws ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov qauv qub Soviet.

Nyob hauv cov txheej txheem tshiab muaj qhov hloov pauv kub - tungsten. Yog li ntawd, cov miners nyiam saib cov hlau daj hauv cov khoom qub. Piv txwv li, kev tsim cov tub rog units poob rau 70-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nyob ntawd koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom siv hloov pauv nrog cov ntsiab lus kub txog li 25% ib tuj.

Muaj ib daim ntawv teev cov khoom siv uas muaj cov hlau muaj nuj nqis:

• Semiconductors - cov no suav nrog optocouplers, zener diodes, diodes, thyristors. Tsis muaj kub ntau, tab sis nws yooj yim heev kom tau.
• Kub plated connectors. Lub thickness ntawm txheej yog ob peb microns.
• Capacitors - tsuas yog cov uas siv nyob rau hauv Soviet-style tub rog tsim.
• Transistors - kub hauv substrate hauv qab tus neeg xyuas pib thiab cov siv lead ua.
• xov tooj cua tubes - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hlau nyob rau hauv lawv.

Kub los ntawm chips yog suav tias yog qhov yooj yim tshaj rau kuv. Muaj cov npe ntawm cov qauv qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis hauv milligrams (saib lub rooj).

Npe	kub	Silver	Palladium
KR1108PP2	0, 35	5, 45	30, 36
K1002PR1	1,84	-	-
KM1603RU1	19, 49	61, 92	15, 48
KM1603RU1	19,57	19, 85	0, 12
H530AP2	12, 10	19, 84	0, 11
H530KP2	12, 23	19,78	0, 10
H530KP11	12, 16	18,98	0, 02
B1122P1	7,86	2, 12	0,01
KR537RU11A	51, 23	-	-

Yog tias peb piv tus nqi ntawm 1 daim ntawm KR1108PP2 qauv, uas yog kwv yees li 80 rubles (tshiab), ces ntau tshaj 500 daim microcircuits yuav tsum tau 1 g (1000 mg) kub. Lawv yuav tsum xub muab ntxuav ntawm impurities, ua los ntawm kub chips thiab compressed los ntawm melting nrog lwm yam khoom. Yuav kom tau 3500-4000 rubles rau 1 g, koj yuav tsum tau yuav hlau nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 80,000 rubles. Unprofitable, ntau ntau sim mus nrhiav dawb seem.

Txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau kuv qhov kub: qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los rho nws qhov twg?

Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj kom tau kub los ntawm chips hauv tsev ib puag ncig. Cov pawg ntawm cov khoom no qiv nws tus kheej mus rau yaj hauv ntau txoj kev, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab electrolysis. Piv txwv li, rau lub teeb, relays, resistors, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom kim heev. Lawv tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, qhov twg cov hlau muaj nuj nqis raug yuav. Koj tseem yuav xav tau cov cuab yeej siv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab, txhawm rau rho tawm ib milligram ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov khoom hnyav.

Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws kom tau txais kev nplua nuj yog nrog cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis. Nws tau yuav los ntawm koj, koj tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai, tsis txhob siv nyiaj thiab tsis txhob poob cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas koj tsis siv vim kev tawg. Yog tias qhov kev sim ua tsis tiav kom tau txais ib yam dab tsi, cov khoom seem tuaj yeem muab tso rau muag. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb, los ntawm qhov uas nws tsis tuaj yeem rho tawm kub ntawm koj tus kheej, raug muag ntau kim dua rau cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb uas tsis xav tau txawm tias me me.ib feem ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ingot. Qhov seem ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog yuav los ntawm qhov hnyav los ntawm tonnage.

Nws yuav tsis nyuaj kom tau kub hauv tsev:

• from watch;
• kev sib cuag;
• transistors;
• hluav taws xob txuas;
• microcircuits.

kawg yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws, vim muaj ntau txoj hauv kev ua qhov no, qhov kawg tiag tiag txhais tau tias.

Yuav ua li cas rho kub los ntawm chips: muaj txoj hauv kev

Tag nrho cov khoom uas tau sau tseg yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas - kub-plated steel yuav tsum tau ua lwm yam kev mining. Yog li ntawd, peb siv cov hlau nplaum rau qhov no. Tom ntej no, cov khoom kub-cov kabmob yog ntxuav ntawm av thiab hmoov av:

• Nyob rau hauv ib lub nkoj cais, npaj ib qho kev daws ntawm 2 qhov chaw hydrochloric acid thiab 1 feem hydrogen peroxide.
• Ntau yam rau ib lub lim tiam yog txo rau hauv lub thawv.
• Kua ntu txhua hnub kom cov kua qaub ua kom sib npaug ntawm txhua sab.
• Tom qab 7 hnub, cov tshuaj yuav tsaus, cov hmoov av kub yuav tshwm rau hauv qab.
• Hlau flakes yuav tsum dhau los ntawm lub lim.
• Tom qab yaug nrog methanol.
• Yuav kom sib koom ua ke rau hauv ib lub ingot, koj yuav tsum txuas cov nplai nrog lub qhov cub.

Kub melts ntawm 1063 degrees, tab sis qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua hauv tsev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tov nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv nrog sodium tetraborate (borax). Tom ntej no, qhov hnyav yog kwv yees kom qhia meej cov txiaj ntsig tau.

Feem ntau ntawm cov kub yog muaj nyob rau hauv microcircuits nyob rau hauv series 505, 130, 128, 108, 115, 162, 175, 178, 249 thiab tsis xwb. Nws kuj xam ua ntej yuav muaj pes tsawg feemtshem tawm ntau npaum li cas reagents xav tau los tsim cov nyiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm kub. Tom ntej no, xaiv txoj kev zoo extraction, uas peb yuav tham tom qab.

Aqua regia: tshuaj rho tawm txoj kev

Koj tuaj yeem tau txais kub los ntawm microcircuits hauv tsev siv cov tshuaj aqua regia. Cov hlau noble yog inert heev rau oxygen thiab sulfur. Nws reacts nrog halogens tsuas yog thaum rhuab. Txhawm rau yaj kub mus rau lub xeev ntawm kev daws, koj yuav tsum siv cov oxidizers muaj zog.

Aqua regia yog ua hauv tsev:

1. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov concentrated nitric acid - 1 feem.
2. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov concentrated hydrochloric acid - 3 qhov chaw.
3. Alcohol concentrates.

Formula: Au + HNO3 + 4 HCl=HAuCl4 + NO + 2 H2O.

Yog tias peb xav txog cov khoom ntshiab, ces qhov piv ntawm 1: 2. Kub yog oxidized thiab txo nyias los ntawm gilding. Cov hlau nplaum tom qab etching cov hlau raug tshem tawm nrog cov hlau nplaum, vim lawv tau yaj tag los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Cov hmoov precipitate yog pauv mus rau ntawv ci, tom qab ntawd nws qhuav rau ntawm ntawv xov xwm. Tsuas yog tom qab ziab kawg nkaus tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov hnyav. Tom ntej no, cov hlau yog alloyed rau lub zog nrog borax (boric acid).

Electrolysis: tau txais kub los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua

Vim tias cov ntsiab lus kub hauv microcircuits tsawg dua hauv cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua, tib neeg tau kawm kom rho tawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev paub. Cov txheej txheem feem ntau yog electrolysis:

1. Los ntawm cov hlau ntawm tooj dag lossis tooj liab, koj tuaj yeem rho tawm kub vim yog lub anodekev tawg.
2. Sulfuric acid kuj tau ntxiv rau cov concentrate hydrochloric acid, tab sis nws muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua.
3. iav thiab nitric acid yuav pab koj sai sai pom cov hlau muaj nuj nqis - yuav muaj cov kub hauv cov xuab zeb, uas tom qab ntawd ntws tawm thiab nruab nrab nrog ci dej qab zib.

Thaum neutralizing sediment, tsis txhob hnov qab tso cov kua qaub rau hauv ib lub thawv cais. Nws yuav tsum tau lim, raws li cov hlau me me tuaj yeem nyob hauv nws. Tsis txhob nchuav cov khoom seem rau hauv dej.

Txhim kho cov hlau nrog mercury: txoj hauv kev yooj yim kom nplua nuj hauv tsev

Txhawm rau nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm kev tau txais cov kub los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse lub pob zeb, ib tus yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev hu ua amalgamation. Mercury tsis yaj cov hlau, tab sis ntub nws, cia nws cais tawm ntawm lwm yam impurities. Ib lub pob ntawm cov nyiaj ua kua nyiam cov nplej zoo li cov hlau nplaum.

1. Mercury thiab kub mloog zoo yuav tsum nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv 1: 1.
2. Cov khoom yuav tsum huv.
3. Thaum ntes kub, txhua qhov pom tshwm sim nres.

Cov tshuaj yog ntxuav nrog dej kom txog thaum lub amalgam ploj tag. Tshaj mercury yog nqus tawm nrog lub koob txhaj tshuaj yam tsis muaj koob.

Lim qhov chaw rau cov khoom kub kub

Kub tsis yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kua qaub xwb, yog li siv los nag thiab pom:

• Ozone - tsim oxide Au₂O_{3 xim tsaus.}
• Fluorine, bromine, chlorine lossis iodine gaseous xeev. Tsim muaj fluoride AuF₃, chlorideAuCl₃, bromide AuBr₃ or iodide AuI_3.
• Selenic acid raws li cov qauv 2Au + 6H₂SeO₄=Au₂ (SeO ₄)3 + 3H₂Se0₃ + 3H_20.
• Sulfuric acid yog tov nrog kub puag - nitrate, permanganate, manganese dioxide.
• Alkali thiab lub ntiaj teb hlau cyanides - nkag mus rau oxygen yog xav tau: 4Au + 8KCN + 2H₂O + O_{2=4K [Au (CN)2] + 4CON.}

Nyob hauv tsev, qee qhov kev cuam tshuam yog qhov txaus ntshai ua tiav. Xyuas kom tseeb tias muaj kev ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb ua ntej. Yog tias koj muaj cov chips uas muaj kub hauv koj txhais tes, xaiv txoj kev lim dej uas yooj yim tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem ntau tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua uas nyuaj rau nag lossis daus yam tsis siv cov hlau nplaum.

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv tsev

Paub yuav ua li cas rho cov kub los ntawm cov chips hauv tus nqi qis, koj tuaj yeem suav cov txiaj ntsig thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem "txhim kho":

1. Theoretical foundations of chemistry yog absorbed zoo.
2. Tau tshem cov thoob khib nyiab uas tsis tsim nyog thiab khib nyiab.
3. Nws tsis zoo uas txhua qhov kev ntxuav kub txo nws cov ntsiab lus los ntawm 10%.
4. Tau 1 g kub xwb los ntawm ib tuj hlau.
5. Kev faib khoom nyuaj vim tsis muaj daim ntawv lo.

Dhau li ntawm qhov no, hauv Lavxias Federation muaj ntau qhov kev rau txim rau cov neeg uas paub yuav ua li cas kom tau kub ntawm cov chips.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li kev lag luam: txoj kev txhawb nqa thiab kev rau txim hauv Txoj Cai Txhaum Cai ntawm Lavxias Federation

Yog peb tsis tham txogkev lag luam, tab sis kev lag luam ntiag tug, uas yog, muaj ntau yam teeb meem: kev tsim khoom lossis kev rho tawm, kev lag luam thiab nyiaj tau los. Nrhiav cov neeg siv khoom tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nws puas yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb? Muaj txoj cai lij choj thiab kev rau txim rau nws qhov tsis ua raws li tsab xov xwm 191 ntawm Txoj Cai Txhaum Cai ntawm Lavxias Federation nyeem:

Kev ua lag luam cuam tshuam txog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, pob zeb zoo nkauj ntuj lossis pearls, ua txhaum txoj cai tsim los ntawm kev cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Federation, nrog rau kev khaws cia tsis raug cai, kev thauj mus los lossis kev xa khoom ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, pob zeb zoo nkauj lossis pearls nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv, cov xwm txheej, tshwj tsis yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov khoom seem ntawm cov khoom no, tau cog lus rau ntau qhov loj, yuav raug nplua los ntawm kev quab yuam ua haujlwm ntev txog tsib xyoos lossis los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm tib lub sijhawm. nrog rau kev nplua nyiaj txog li 500 txhiab rubles lossis tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj ua haujlwm lossis lwm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tus neeg raug txim rau lub sijhawm ntev txog peb xyoos lossis tsis muaj.

Yog tias ib lub tuam txhab yuav tons ntawm seem, tom qab ntawd kev muag cov khoom ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog twb yog ib tsab xov xwm uas tau sau ntau lub sijhawm. Yog tias koj tus kheej yuav yaj kub rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau khoom plig, qhov ntawd yog lwm qhov teeb meem.