Beamless floors: hom, xam, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Cov txheej txheem:

Beamless floors: hom, xam, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Beamless floors: hom, xam, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Video: Beamless floors: hom, xam, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Video: Beamless floors: hom, xam, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Video: [HMONG w/Eng subs] Txhob Yuam Kev Hlub (Starring Pov Thoj) 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Cov plag tsev ntoo thiab hlau yog ib txwm sib sau ua ke ntawm kev txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb. Cov tom kawg yog hu ua kab teeb. Pob zeb pem teb tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev thav duab yam tsis tas siv cov khoom txhawb nqa. Tom qab tag nrho, slabs ntawm hom no yog lawv tus kheej txawv los ntawm kev muaj zog thiab muaj peev xwm zoo heev.

keeb kwm me ntsis

Beamless floors yog thawj zaug siv hauv kev tsim lub tsev hauv xyoo 1902 hauv Asmeskas los ntawm engineer Orlano Norcors. Nyob rau hauv Russia, xws li designs kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Thawj lub tsev nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1908. Nws yog ib tug plaub-zaj dab neeg lub tsev rau ib tug warehouse khoom siv mis nyuj. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm engineer A. F. Lopeit. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tsev ntawm hom no yog cov kab hauv lawv muaj qhov txuas ntxiv. Yog li, thaj tsam ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab daim hlau nce thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev txhim kho tau nce. Yog li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub qab nthab ntawm hom no hu ua "mhroom-shaped".

Reinforced qhobdaim hlau
Reinforced qhobdaim hlau

siv qhov twg

Cov plag tsev zoo li no tuaj yeem nruab rau hauv cov tsev ntawm yuav luag txhua yam. Feem ntau, cov qauv beamless tuaj yeem pom, piv txwv li, hauv cov tsev nyob hauv nroog slab high-rise. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub, cov plag tsev yog ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nyob rau hauv ntau lawm rhiav, warehouses, garages, thiab lwm yam.

Tshwj xeeb, cov qauv no feem ntau tau nruab rau ntawm cov chaw lag luam khoom noj khoom haus. Cov no tuaj yeem yog, piv txwv li, cov khoom noj mis nyuj, kev cob qhia rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ib nrab, thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntawd yog, feem ntau beamless ceilings yog mounted qhov twg muaj kev tu cev ntau ntxiv.

Hauv kev tsim vaj tsev ntiag tug, cov txheej txheem interfloor ntawm hom no tsis tshua siv. Tab sis qee zaum cov tsev nyob hauv nroog suburban tau tsim ua li no.

Siv Beamless Floors
Siv Beamless Floors

ntau yam tseem ceeb

Hauv kev tsim kho, tsuas muaj peb hom ntawm cov plag tsev:

  • national teams;
  • monolithic;
  • precast-monolithic.

thawj hom qauv muaj ob ntu: ib lub slab nyob saum kab thiab lub peev. Beamless prefabricated pem teb muaj ib qho yooj yim configuration. Lub slab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rests ntawm tshwj xeeb rhawv teem saum toj no kem. Qhov kawg, dhau los, tau khaws cia rau hauv lub peev thiab sib cuam tshuam los ntawm kev vuam.

Monolithic thiab precast-monolithic qauv

Hom thib ob ntawm cov plag tsev tsis muaj kab mob yog monolithic. Lawv yog siv nyob qhov twg cov qab nthab du yog xav tau. Piv txwv li, lawv tau siv davnyob rau hauv underground passages thiab subway. Xws li ceilings yog tiaj inseparable slabs txhawb los ntawm txhua. Qhov kawg hauv qhov no kuj muaj peev.

Ib yam ntawm prefabricated monolithic beamless ceilings yog tias lawv tau tsim nrog ib lub xwmfab lossis duab plaub ntawm kab. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kev txhawb nqa yog ntsia raws li lub tswv yim 6x6 m. Cov plag tsev no yog nteg rau prefabricated, ncua thiab saum toj-kem panels.

Capitalless ceilings

Qhov kev tsim kho ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom no kuj nrov heev. Hauv qhov no, cov ntsiab lus hauv pem teb so ncaj qha rau ntawm pylons thiab txhua kab ntawm tus ncej. Slabs hauv cov qauv no feem ntau muaj qhov tuab tas li.

Cov ceilings hauv kev tsim vaj tsev tau pib siv xyoo 1940. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv beamless ntawm hom no yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov ntawv txhawb nqa ntawm txhua kab. Rau kev xaav ntawm shear rog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov txheej txheem ntawm transverse reinforcement ntawm beamless floors yog siv ntxiv. Cov pas hlau hlau ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov phiaj xwm hauv thaj chaw uas lawv txuas nrog kev txhawb nqa.

Tsis tas li, thaum tsim cov tsev ntawm hom no, txhua kab ntawm txoj kab uas hla loj tuaj yeem muab tau. Thaum siv cov ntsiab lus zoo li no, thaj tsam ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa thiab daim hlau nce. Thiab yog li ntawd, cov loads tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem qhov sib tshooj hauv thaj tsam ntawm kab.

Type of frames

Lub tsev nrog lub qab nthab uas tsis muaj kab teeb tuaj yeem tsim tau siv cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv. Cov ncej ntawm cov tsev xws li:

  • frame;
  • liison;
  • frame-kev sib tham.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntawm thawj ntau yam, lub ntsiab bearing zog ntawm lub qab nthab yog ua los ntawm txhua kab thiab crossbars mounted nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Ncej ntsiab nyob rau hauv xws li vaj tse yog thav duab nruj. Tom qab pom tag nrho cov loads ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev - ob qho tib si ntsug thiab kab rov tav.

Pouring beamless slabs
Pouring beamless slabs

Nyob rau hauv khi thav ntawv, lub ntsiab loads poob rau hauv cov kab ke thiab diaphragms, kuj hu ua pylons. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov plag tsev lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv xws li cov tsev yog loj heev. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb ntsug loads, qhov no, cov qauv no kuj pom cov kab rov tav, tom qab ntawd lawv hloov mus rau diaphragms.

Kev sib xyaw braced thav duab feem ntau yog siv hauv cov khoom thauj khoom ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab monolithic reinforced pob zeb. Hauv qhov no, diaphragm tshuab pom 85-90% ntawm kab rov tav loads. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev nce me me, lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv tag nrho, ntawm 100%.

txiaj ntsig

Piv rau cov pa, beamless floors muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm unconditional zoo. Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv no suav nrog hauv thawj qhov chaw:

  • kev siv zog tsawg ntawm kev ua tiav;
  • txo qhov siab thiab cubic peev ntawm lub tsev;
  • txhim kho kev huv.

Tiav cov plag tsev du beamless yog yooj yim dua li cov niaj hnub. Hauv qhov no, koj tsis tas yuav ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub qab nthab. Txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav xws li kev sib tshooj yog plastering saum npoo thiab pleev xim ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, ob qho kev ua haujlwm no yuav tsis siv ntau dhaulub sij hawm.

Beamless reinforced pob zeb slabs feem ntau yog nyias dua li ib txwm. Raws li, nrog tib lub peev xwm cubic, lub tsev yuav qis dua.

Yuav ua li cas lwm yam muaj txiaj ntsig

Kev saib xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov plag tsev tsis muaj teeb meem yooj yim dua. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsim lub qab nthab los yog hauv pem teb tsis muaj qhov chaw uas cov khib nyiab los yog plua plav tuaj yeem txhaws. Raws li, ntau yam kab mob pathogenic microorganisms tsis pib hauv cov qab nthab. Tias yog vim li cas nws yog ib txwm ua kom muaj cov qauv ntawm hom no hauv khw muag khoom noj lossis, piv txwv li, hauv tsev kho mob.

Kev xa cov slabs hauv pem teb
Kev xa cov slabs hauv pem teb

Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov sib tshooj, tau kawg, kuj muaj. Lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv ntawm hom no, piv nrog cov qauv kab, yog lawv qhov hnyav. Kev txhawb nqa rau pem teb ntawm hom no yuav tsum tau muab ntsia kom muaj zog li sai tau.

Tsis tas li, qhov dav dav dav yog suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv tsis muaj kab. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv cov slabs ntawm xws li cov plag tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob loj heev. Reinforced qhob yog cov khoom siv ruaj khov heev. Tab sis nrog rau thaj tsam loj thiab hnyav hnyav, lub phaj zoo li no tseem yuav pib khoov thiab tej zaum yuav txawm tawg.

Kev lag luam muaj peev xwm tsuas yog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov plag tsev tsis muaj kab nyob hauv qhov dav tsis tshaj 5x6 meters dav ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm 5 kN / m 2. Hauv qhov no, cov qauv tsim feem ntau tig los ua kev ntseeg siab heev.

Tsim cov plag tsev tsis muaj teeb meem yog qhov nyuaj thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm. Tsuas yog ib tus neeg muaj kev paub dhau los tuaj yeem ua txoj haujlwm no.tsim nyog engineer. Kev nyuaj hauv kev kos duab kos duab, tau kawg, kuj tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv no.

Txoj kev suav ntawm ib qho chaw tsis muaj teeb meem

Tsim cov plag tsev ntawm hom no, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum ceev faj li sai tau. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv qauv ntawm hom no, lub load yog npaum li cas los ntawm ntau yam luv luv lags. Daim phiaj, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj thaj tsam loj, thiab yog li ntawd tuaj yeem khoov tau ntau dua.

Yuav ua li cas suav cov plag tsev tsis muaj teeb meem? Raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov qauv zoo li no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho, mounted hla spans mus txog 5-6 m. Yog tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa ntau dua, cov neeg tsim qauv feem ntau muaj teeb meem los xyuas kom meej lub zog ntawm daim hlau rau xuas nrig ntaus.

Beamless floors
Beamless floors

Lub qab nthab pib tawg nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nyob ib ncig ntawm kab. Cov pob zeb hauv qhov chaw no poob nws txoj kev ncaj ncees, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo tam sim ntawm cov slab. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua kom lub zog tawg ntawm cov qauv:

  • los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tuab ntawm phaj;
  • los ntawm kev nce qhov kabmob;
  • los ntawm kev txhim kho kev hloov pauv.

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los xam cov beamless slabs, monolithic, prefabricated los yog prefabricated-monolithic. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim kho, kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev suav tag nrho lub sijhawm khoov yog feem ntau siv.

Tsis tas li, kev tsim cov kab tsis muaj kab mob monolithic slabs tuaj yeem nqa tau los ntawm kev siv cov thev naus laus zis ntau dua thiab niaj hnub. Piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem no hu uamoments.

Old thev naus laus zis

Cov txheej txheem no rau kev ua lej thaum txhim kho beamless plag tsev yog siv ntau zaus hauv peb lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thawj yam engineers coj raws li lub hauv paus yog hais tias cov rog nyob rau hauv lub capitals yog faib nyob rau hauv ib daim duab peb sab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub tom kawg yog muab raws li lub xam ncua ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag. Tag nrho lub sijhawm khoov tag nrho hauv qhov no tuaj yeem suav nrog cov qauv hauv qab no:

M=1/8 WL(1-2c/3L)(1-2c/3L)

Ntawm no W yog tag nrho cov khoom thauj ntawm ib lub xov tooj ntawm lub pob zeb hauv pem teb, L yog qhov nrug ntawm kab, c yog qhov ntev ntawm cov peev.

Cov qauv no tau tsim los ntawm J. Nichols hauv xyoo 1914. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1917 nws tau txais los ua ib qho ntawm ACI lub tsev lis dej num. Cov qauv no yog siv los xam cov plag tsev nrog cov kab ntawv peev.

Monolithic beamless ceilings
Monolithic beamless ceilings

Kev kwv yees ntawm lub sijhawm

Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no me ntsis yog tsim los ntawm kev sim thiab cov ntaub ntawv theoretical. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, V. I. Murashov thiab A. A. Gvozdev tau koom nrog kev txhim kho hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Rau lub vaj huam sib luag square, cov qauv hauv qhov no yog:

M0=1/8 WL(1-2c/3L)(1-2c/3L)

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsim thiab hauv kev tsim cov kev txhawb nqa, cov plag tsev uas siv cov txheej txheem no tau muab faib ua ntu thiab dhau-kem strips hauv txoj kev npaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua raws li qhov dav ntawm txhua ntu yog sib npaug ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov axes ntawm txhua cov lus qhia.

Btxhua txoj hlua zoo li no thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev muaj lub sijhawm tsis zoo thiab zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv feem ntau loj dua nyob rau hauv cov kab lus tshaj li hauv cov ntsiab lus. Los ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov bands, lub sijhawm yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov nkhaus. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev xyaum, lawv cov kev ntsuas stepwise yog siv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sij hawm yog assumed mus tas li tshaj qhov dav ntawm strips.

Beamless slab reinforcement
Beamless slab reinforcement

Nrog ntau yam ntawm cov yas deformations, kev faib tawm ntawm M kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv plaub qhov qauv ntawm cov phiaj yog txiav txim siab kom lawv cov nyiaj tau los thaum kawg sib npaug ntawm cov nqaj M0.

Txoj kev teeb tsa phaj

Kev sib dhos tshuab ntawm beamless slabs nyob ntawm lawv ntau yam. Thaum siv cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho yog raws li hauv qab no:

  • ntau lawm daim hlau ntawm lub tuam txhab;
  • thauj lawv ntawm tsheb thiab xa mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho;
  • tshem tawm slabs los ntawm tsheb crane ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho;
  • txhim kho daim phiaj ntawm kab thiab phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev nrog lub tsheb crane.

Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov ntev ntawm cov pob zeb ua pob zeb tsis tuaj yeem tshaj 9 m.

Kev teeb tsa lub qab nthab monolithic

Cov qauv zoo li no tau nchuav rau hauv cov ntoo ua ntej ua ntej. Hauv qab ntawm daim ntawv no kuj yog ua plank. Los ntawm hauv qab no nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb telescopic. Tom qab ntawd, sau cov hauv qab no:

  • nruab fittings ntawm tshwj xeeb fungus-stands;
  • pob zeb sib tov yog nchuav rau hauv formwork.

Cov mortar yog npaj los ntawm cov chaw lag luam nrog kev soj ntsuam nruj ntawm txhua qhov kev siv thev naus laus zis raws li kev faib ua feem thiab sib xws. Nws yog pub rau hauv formwork siv lub hose los ntawm lub tank tsheb.

Daim ntawv no raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov sib tshooj uas tau sau ua qhov no tom qab li 2 lub lis piam. Txhua lub sijhawm no, lub phaj yog niaj hnub watered nrog dej los ntawm lub hose thiaj li tiv thaiv cov tsos ntawm cov kab nrib pleb. Kev tsim kho ntxiv ntawm lub tsev yuav pib tsis pub dhau ob lub lis piam ntxiv. Nws yuav siv sij hawm tsawg kawg ib hlis rau pob zeb kom muaj zog txaus.

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