Txoj kev txhawb nqa feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim kho. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv nquag siv hauv kev tsim kho - pob zeb, muaj lub zog siab, kuj muaj cov khoom tsis zoo - brittleness, uas yog, nws tsis muaj elasticity. Nrog kev thauj khoom tsis sib xws, kev vibrations, kub hloov pauv, hauv cov qauv loj nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua kom siv cov pob zeb tsis muaj kev txhawb zog. Nws tsuas yog tawg thiab tawg thiab tawg.
Yuav ua li cas?
Dab tsi rog ua rau ntawm tus qauv? Cia peb xam nws yam tsis tau delving rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev thauj khoom lossis kev vibration, txhua feem ntawm cov qauv lees txais thiab tiv taus kom deb li deb ntawm lub zog txaus. Piv txwv li, cia peb coj lub qab nthab ntawm thawj pem teb, uas kuj yog cov pem teb ntawm ob pem teb. Thaum loaded los ntawm saum toj no, lub beam resists downward dabtsi yog khoov.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, sab sauv ntawm lub beam ntsib ib tug compressive quab yuam, thiab sab qis muaj ib tug tensile quab yuam. Txij li cov pob zeb ua tauwithstand ntau compressive quab yuam tshaj tensile quab yuam, ces nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias lub beam tsis tau ntxiv dag zog, ces cov pob zeb yuav vau sai raws li hauv qab ntawm cov qauv. Ua ntej, cov kab nrib pleb yuav tshwm nyob rau sab qis, thiab tom qab ntawd cov qauv yuav tawg. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub nqaj yog tsim. Lub ntsiab lus yog kom tua cov quab yuam ntawm nro thiab compression vim steel reinforcement los yog hlau. Tus thawj muaj ib tug high degree ntawm tsis kam mus stretching thiab compression. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej pouring qhob, ib tug ob chav mesh ntawm reinforcement yog ua. Thawj txheej txheej yog muab tso rau hauv qab (10-50 mm los ntawm lub hauv qab ntawm lub beam), lub thib ob nyob rau sab saum toj (10-50 mm los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub beam). Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm sab sauv thiab qis mesh yuav nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov qauv.
Pob qhob nrog kev txhawb nqa
Kev ua haujlwm tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Txhua yam yooj yim heev thiab nqes mus rau plaub kauj ruam:
- Formwork, sib dhos thiab installation.
- Txhob Cia Siab.
- Kev npaj pob zeb.
- Filling.
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau npaj ib qhov chaw uas pob zeb yuav nchuav nrog kev txhawb nqa thiab kev ua haujlwm. Qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum yog raws li qhov ua tau. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum tau npaj cov ntaub ntawv, xam cov xuab zeb, cement, crushed pob zeb, qhov cuab lub zog thiab cov pob zeb npaj txhij. Lub pouring pib los ntawm lub hauv paus thiab yog ua los ntawm cov qis qis mus rau sab sauv sawv daws yuav.
Formwork
Kev tshuaj xyuas hais tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev sib dhos thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm formwork. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib lub laj kab ua los ntawm cov laug cam, plywood lossis cov ntawv hlau. Cov qauv zoo li no yooj yim los tsimnrog koj tus kheej tes. Nws txoj hauj lwm yog muab cov pob zeb ua ib yam zoo. Lub formwork yuav tsum muaj lub tiaj tus, du nto, txhua qhov chaw yuav tsum haum snugly tiv thaiv ib leeg kom tsis muaj qhov khoob, qhov khoob, protrusions. Qhov smoother thiab zoo dua cov formwork yog sib sau ua ke, qhov tsawg ua hauj lwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav siv tau rau plastering thiab xov. Cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov formwork yog laminated plywood nplooj ntawv nrog lub thickness ntawm 16 mus rau 24 hli. Lub thickness yog xaiv nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tus qauv. Plywood yog ib qho yooj yim los txiav, nrog ib tug jigsaw koj tuaj yeem muab cov kev teeb tsa nyuaj tshaj plaws. Plywood muaj lub tiaj tiaj thiab txawm tias ntog, thiab vim yog lamination, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim tshem tawm lossis txav los ntawm cov pob zeb kho. Tom qab tshem tawm cov formwork los ntawm ib ntu, tib daim ntawv tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm yam kev ua vaj tse. Tag nrho cov kab nrib pleb tom qab sib dhos yog ntim nrog mounting ua npuas ncauj. Tom qab ua npuas ncauj tau hardened, nws yog tsim nyog los txiav tawm tag nrho cov tshaj ntws nyob rau hauv lub formwork. Txwv tsis pub, yuav muaj voids nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb ua qauv uas yuav tsum tau muab kaw thaum lub sij hawm tiav. Sab hauv qhov ntev ntawm formwork, nws cov duab ntawm txhua qib yuav tsum ua raws li qhov project. Thaum txhua yam sib sau ua ke, foamed thiab ntxuav, koj tuaj yeem mus rau theem tom ntej - kev txhawb zog.
Formwork rau kab, "deck"
Thaum nchuav kab, mobile formwork yog siv. Ntawd yog, lawv ua raws li lub thickness ntawm kem, hais, ib 'meter' siab. Tom qab pouring thiab hardening ntawm pob zeb, nrog kev pab los ntawm 4 jacks, lub formwork yog hloov mus yam tsis muaj dismantling, thiab cov txheej tom ntej yog poured. Txoj kev no yog qhov zoo yog tias muaj ntau cov kab hauv cov qauv. Qhov no txuag lub sijhawm sib dhos thiabdismantling.
Kev tsim cov formwork hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav hu ua "deck decking" los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Qhov peculiarity yog tias vertically adjustable racks yog thawj zaug ntsia, ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 1.5-2 m. Boards 50-60 mm tuab yog muab tso rau ntawm lub racks, plywood los xij yog muab tso rau ntawm lawv (laminated sab). Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tseeb tias tsis muaj qhov khoob, thiab cov nplooj ntawv haum snugly rau ib leeg.
Txhim kho cov qauv kab rov tav
Kev txhawb zog yog ua ob txoj hauv kev. Thawj yog npaj txhij-ua hlau mesh rau kev ua vaj tse pob zeb. Haum rau tsis loj loads. Lub mesh yog stretched mus rau lub formwork thiab tsau nrog hlau los ntawm qhov drilled nyob rau hauv plywood. Kho shims yog ntsia ntawm cov ntsiab lus txuas. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom lub mesh tsis kov lub formwork. Txwv tsis pub, tom qab nws tshem tawm los ntawm pob zeb, qhov chaw ntawm daim phiaj yuav pom, uas yuav ua rau xeb, tawg thiab lwj qhov tsos ntawm cov qauv.
Txoj kev thib ob yog cov khoom siv txuas. Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas, qhov kev tsim no yuav tiv taus cov khoom hnyav. Txhua txoj haujlwm yog ua tiav yam tsis muaj vuam. Hlau pas nrig yog nteg tawm thaum uas tig mus rau ib leeg, los ntawm tib qhov deb, thiab tom qab ntawd, txoj cai ntawm lawv, cov pas nrig yog nteg tawm perpendicularly kom lawv sib tshuam ntawm txoj cai kaum. Lub suab sib txawv. Txhua qhov hla ntawm cov pas nrig yog txuas nrog knitting (mos) hlau. Ib yam li rau daim phiaj, shims yog siv. Tom qab txuas qhov qis ntawm kab sib chaws, lub sab sauv yog ua nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Kev kho kev txhawb nqa kuj tau nruab nruab nrab ntawm lub dav hlau sab saud thiab qis ntawm daim phiaj. Feem ntau lawv yog tsim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa tuav, uas yog welded ntawm thawj thiab thib ob txheej ntawm qee lub sijhawm. Cov yav tas yog xam kom cov pas nrig tsis sag nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej qhov hnyav, thiab lub flatness ntawm tus qauv yog guaranteed.
Txhim kho cov phab ntsa pob zeb, kab
Rau cov phab ntsa, cov rebar mesh tuaj yeem khi kab rov tav thiab tom qab ntawd nqa thiab kho vertically. Tab sis nrog cov ntim loj, nws yooj yim dua rau knit lub mesh nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntsug. Thaum concreting phab ntsa, mesh yog thawj zaug knitted, ces spacers raug ntsia (kom kho lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa).
Feem ntau yog siv cov yas lossis yas yas. Vim tias tom qab lub formwork raug tshem tawm, lawv yuav nyob twj ywm hauv cov pob zeb, thiab cov yas los yog yas bushings yuav tsis xeb los yog decompose. Tom qab lawv cov installation, formwork ntsiab yog muab tso rau. Cov khoom tsis sib haum yog txuas nrog cov hlau ntsia hlau, uas tau dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no yog ua kom cov studs tsis tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog pob zeb. Tom qab ntawd cov txiv ntseej ntawm cov studs yog nruj, yog li nias qhov ntxeev ntawm lub formwork tiv thaiv lub tes tsho spacer. Ob sab ntawm phab ntsa yog txuas rau pem hauv ntej nrog clamps los yog clips.
Kev tshuaj xyuas nco ntsoov tias thaum txhim kho cov kab ntsug ntsug (xws li phab ntsa lossis kab), cov hlua txuas ntxiv yuav tsum nyob saum npoo ntawm thaj chaw uas yuav tsum tau nchuav. Ua li ntawdnyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau mus koom seem no nrog ib tug kab rov tav seem ntawm sau. Raws li txoj cai, qhov kawg (qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov sau) muaj lub dav hlau kab rov tav.
Npaj pob zeb
Lub ntsiab lav ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov pob zeb npaj sib xyaw yog qhov kev ua raws nraim ntawm cov proportions ntawm tag nrho cov khoom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xyuam xim rau cov hom ntawm cov cement siv. Cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov xuab zeb sib txawv. Koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov hardness ntawm cov dej. Yog tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog, ces nws yog qhov zoo dua los xyuas qhov ntsuas no hauv chav kuaj ua ntej npaj qhov sib tov. Hauv kev xyaum, dej hardness yog txo los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj detergents feem ntau (qhov kev xaiv nyiaj txiag tshaj plaws yog cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav).
Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum ua raws li ntu ntu. Ua ntej, dej yog poured rau hauv lub thawv, ces cement, crushed pob zeb thiab thaum kawg xuab zeb. Rau cov ntim me me, cov cuab yeej siv phau ntawv lossis cov khoom siv me me tau siv. Rau qhov ntim loj, siv cov tshuab tshwj xeeb.
Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ua tiav. Ua ntej nws, koj yuav tsum tau rov qab xyuas qhov nruj ntawm lub formwork, lub xub ntiag ntawm txawv teb chaws qhov. Lub formwork yuav tsum tau smeared nrog siv tshuab roj los yog lwm yam greasy sib tov nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua kom nws yooj yim rau dismantle nws. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau nteg tawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw kom tsis txhob txav cov hlau nplaum ntxiv. Tom qab pouring, nws yog qhov yuav tsum ua tib zoo taug kev nrog lub vibrator los cog cov qhob dua tag nrho cov dav hlau ntawm thaj chaw uas tau muab nchuav. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov voids tsis tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev teeb tsa nyuaj, qhov twg hauvTej zaum yuav muaj cua sab laug hauv koj lub hnab ris.
Zoo kawg
Tus yuam sij rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho yog kev ua tiav ntawm txhua qhov haujlwm, ua raws li qhov ntev, suav. Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm txhua theem yuav tsum tau saib xyuas, kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse. Yog tias txhua yam raug xam raug, thiab kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav nrog kev ua haujlwm siab, ces tus qauv tsim yuav muaj zog thiab ruaj khov. Raws li ib qho kev xaiv rau classical reinforcement, muaj fiber ntau reinforced pob zeb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhawb nqa pob zeb nrog fibers nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias tom kawg, los ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej, muaj peev xwm pom tau tias muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua li cov qhob matrix.
