Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas mus tas li ntawm cov ntaub ntawv homogeneous vim yog kev tsim cov atomic bonds hu ua vuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv lub point ntawm kev sib cuag, ib tug ntom fusion ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv ib tug tshwm sim. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias xws li ib tug kev twb kev txuas tau siv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, niaj hnub hlau welding, hom thiab technology ntawm nws cov kev siv yog tas li txhim kho, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus koom ntau yam khoom nrog nce kev ntseeg tau thiab zoo.
Txhim kho qhov chaw vuam
Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau vuam ua tiav hauv ob theem. Ua ntej, qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau coj los ze zog rau ib leeg los ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub zog ntawm interatomic cohesion. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, cov qauv hlau tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog txawm tias compressed nrog lub zog tseem ceeb. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog lawv lub cev hardness, yog li kev sib cuag thaum mus cuag cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog tshwm sim ntawm qee lub ntsiab lus, tsis hais qhov zoo ntawm kev kho saum npoo. Nws yog qhov paug ntawm qhov chaw uas cuam tshuam rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv adhesion, vim tias cov yeeb yaj kiab, oxides, thiab cov txheej ntawm impurity atoms yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso.
Yog li ntawd, tsim kev sib cuag ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov khoomtuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm cov yas deformations uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv lub siab, lossis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm melting ntawm cov khoom.
Nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm cov hlau vuam, electron diffusion yog nqa tawm ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov khoom sib koom. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov npoo ploj mus thiab ob qho tib si hlau atomic daim ntawv cog lus, los yog ionic thiab covalent bonds (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm semiconductors los yog dielectrics) yog tau.
Kev faib cov hom vuam
Vuam tshuab yog kev txhim kho tas li thiab ua ntau haiv neeg. Txog niaj hnub no, muaj txog 20 hom hlau vuam, uas tau muab faib ua peb pawg:
- Kev kub siab vuam yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub zog siv tshuab, thaum cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov muaju tau txais los ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov yas deformation ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov hlau pib ntws, txav mus raws txoj kab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, noj nrog nws ib txheej ntawm cov khoom tsis huv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm deformation thiab kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj preheating yog hu ua txias vuam rau hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, interatomic bonds yog tsim, uas ua rau ib tug nruj docking ntawm qhov chaw.
- Fusion vuam yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom yam tsis siv lub siab. Thaum tshav kub kub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xws li hlau welding yog cov pa roj, hluav taws xob arc, beam-hom zog. Thaum lub sij hawm welding, qhov chaw sov thiab yaj, tsim interatomic bonds ntawm ob hlau thiab electrode, sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib qho chaw weld pas dej ua ke. Tom qab txias thiab solidification ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, ib tug nruam nruamseam.
- Thermomechanical vuam ntawm cov hlau yog ua los ntawm kev siv cua sov thiab siab. Qhov chaw ntawm kev sib koom ntawm cov khoom yog thawj rhuab thiab ces nias. Cua sov qhov muab nws qhov tsim nyog plasticity, thiab txhua yam kev ua haujlwm sib txuas cov khoom ntawm cov khoom rau hauv kev sib txuas monolithic.
Fusion vuam
hom vuam no yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li:
- Arc vuam. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov hluav taws xob kub kub ntawm cov hlau thiab cov electrode.
- Nyob rau hauv plasma bonding, lub tshav kub qhov chaw yog ionized roj uas dhau ntawm kev kub ceev los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob arc.
- Slag vuam yog ua los ntawm cua sov cov molten flux (slag) nrog hluav taws xob tam sim no.
- Laser bonding tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua cov hlau nto nrog lub laser beam.
- Nyob hauv electron beam vuam, qhov sib koom ua ke yog rhuab los ntawm lub zog kinetic ntawm txav electrons nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob teb.
- Gas welding ntawm cov hlau yog ua raws li cov cua kub ntawm qhov kev sib txuas nrog cov kwj ntawm hluav taws, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm oxygen thiab gas.
Arc welding sib koom
Arc vuam cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tam sim no nrog tus nqi nominal loj, thaum lub tshuab muaj qhov hluav taws xob me me. Lub transformer txuas ib txhij rau cov hlauworkpiece thiab vuam electrode.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau vuam nrog cov electrode, ib qho hluav taws xob arc yog tsim, vim tias cov npoo ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau sib koom yog yaj. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub arc, ib tug kub ntawm txog tsib txhiab degrees yog tsim. Xws li cua sov txaus los yaj tej hlau.
Thaum lub sijhawm melting ntawm cov hlau ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau koom nrog thiab cov electrode, lub pas dej ua ke tau tsim, uas txhua qhov txheej txheem adhesion tshwm sim. Lub slag nce mus rau saum npoo ntawm molten muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv zaj duab xis. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau arc vuam, ob hom electrodes yog siv:
- tsis yaj;
- muag.
Thaum siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis siv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom paub cov xaim tshwj xeeb rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov hluav taws xob arc. Consumable electrodes weld tsim ntawm nws tus kheej. Tshwj xeeb additives yog ntxiv rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xws li electrodes, uas tsis tso cai rau lub arc tawm mus thiab ua kom nws stability. Cov no tej zaum yuav yog cov khoom uas muaj qib siab ntawm ionization (potassium, sodium).
Arc txuas txoj hauv kev
Arc vuam yog ua nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev:
- Txoj kev qhia. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tag nrho cov kev koom ua ke yog ua manually, siv yooj yim hluav taws xob arc vuam.
- Ntau tsim tau yog semi-automatic hlau vuam. Nrog rau txoj kev no, cov vuam yog ua manually, thiab cov xaim muab tub lim yog pub tau txais.
- Tsis siv neeg vuam yog saib xyuastus neeg teb xov tooj, thiab txhua txoj haujlwm yog ua los ntawm lub tshuab vuam.
Gas welding technology
hom vuam no tso cai rau koj txuas ntau cov qauv hlau tsis yog ntawm cov chaw lag luam, tab sis kuj nyob hauv tsev. Cov hlau vuam tshuab tsis yog qhov nyuaj heev, cov roj sib tov thaum lub sij hawm combustion melts cov npoo npoo, uas tau ntim nrog cov xaim xaim. Thaum txias, cov seam crystallizes thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog thiab txhim khu kev qha.
Gas vuam muaj ntau yam zoo:
- Lub peev xwm los txuas ntau qhov chaw offline. Ntxiv mus, txoj haujlwm no tsis tas yuav muaj lub zog muaj zog.
- Yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha roj welding khoom yog yooj yim thauj.
- Qhov muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txheej txheem vuam kho tau, vim nws yooj yim los hloov lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab qhov cua kub ceev.
Tab sis kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no:
- Thaj chaw cua sov muaj thaj chaw loj, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov neeg nyob sib ze ntawm ntu.
- Tsis muaj peev xwm automate txheej txheem vuam.
- Qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb. Ua hauj lwm nrog cov roj sib tov muaj kev phom sij tawg heev.
- Lub thickness ntawm cov hlau rau kev sib txuas zoo yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 5 hli.
Slagvuam
hom kev sib txuas no yog suav tias yog txoj hauv kev tshiab kom tau txais qhov vuam. Qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau welded yog them nrog slag, uas yog rhuab mus rau ib tug kub tshaj lub melting ntawm cov hlau thiab lub hauv paus hlau.
Thaum pib, vuam zoo ib yam li submerged arc vuam. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab tsim ntawm lub pas dej ua ke ntawm cov kua slag, lub arc nres hlawv. Ntxiv melting ntawm cov npoo ntawm ib feem yog nqa tawm vim lub tshav kub uas tau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm khiav ntawm tam sim no. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm hom hlau vuam no yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov vuam.
Siab vuam sib koom
Kev sib koom ntawm cov hlau qhov chaw los ntawm cov tshuab deformation feem ntau yog ua tiav hauv kev tsim khoom, vim tias cov cuab yeej no yuav tsum tau siv cov cuab yeej kim.
Rau siab vuam suav nrog:
- Ultrasonic docking ntawm hlau qhov chaw. Ua los ntawm kev vibrations ntawm ultrasonic zaus.
- Cold welding. Nws yog ua los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm interatomic kev twb kev txuas ntawm ob qhov chaw los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj lub siab loj.
- Forge-forge method. Paub txij thaum ub. Cov khoom yog rhuab nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab ces welded los ntawm mechanical los yog phau ntawv forging.
- Gas siab vuam. Zoo ib yam li tus kws ntaus hlau, tsuas yog siv cov khoom siv roj cua sov xwb.
- Hu rau kev sib txuas hluav taws xob. Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov hom nrov tshaj plaws. Nrog cov vuam zoo li no, cov cua kub ntawm cov hlau yog ua los ntawm kev hla hluav taws xob los ntawm nws.
- Nyob rau hauv diffusion welding, lub siab quab yuam ntawm cov hlau yog tsawg, tab sis yuav tsum tau ib tug high kub kub ntawm qhov sib koom ua ke.
Spot vuam
Qhov chaw yuav tsum tau koom nrog hauv cov vuam zoo li ntawm ob lub electrodes. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov xovxwm, cov electrodes compresses, tom qab uas voltage yog thov. Qhov chaw vuam yog rhuab los ntawm kev hla ntawm tam sim no. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov chaw vuam yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag ntawm lub electrode.
Nyob ntawm seb cov electrodes nyob li cas nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov khoom yuav tsum tau koom, hu rau vuam yuav ua tau ib sab los yog ob sab.
Muaj ntau hom kev tiv thaiv vuam uas ua haujlwm raws li txoj cai zoo sib xws. Cov no suav nrog: pob tw vuam, seam vuam, capacitor vuam.
Kev nyab xeeb
Ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv vuam yog cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj. Qhov kub thiab txias, qhov chaw tawg thiab cov pa phem yuav tsum tau ua kom ib tus neeg ua raws li kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb:
- Tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv yuav tsum yog hauv av thiab rwb thaiv tsev.
- Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua haujlwm hauv cov khaub ncaws qhuav thiab hnab looj tes. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab qhov muag, nco ntsoov siv lub npog ntsej muag nrog iav tsaus.
- Cov khoom pab thawj zaug thiab lub tshuab tua hluav taws yuav tsum nyob ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm vuam.
- Chav ua haujlwm vuam yuav tsum ua kom muaj cua zoo.
- Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis txhob ua nyob ze rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Tsis txhob tso cov roj fwj tseg tsis muaj neeg saib.
Muaj ntau ntau hom hlau vuam, uas ib tus welder txiav txim siab xaiv, raws li cov khoom siv thiab muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tus welder yuav tsum paub cov cuab yeej thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv.
