Soldering yog ib txoj hauv kev qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov hlau qhov chaw, uas tau pom los ntawm chasers los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws ntau tshaj tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no yog tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas mus tas li ntawm cov hlau siv qhov chaw diffusion, los ntawm kev sau cov seams nrog solder, uas yog cov khoom siv fusible nrog cov ntsiab lus melting qis dua li ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau koom nrog.
Cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm yog tooj liab, kev ntxuav ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom hnyav. Yog li ntawd, ua-nws-koj tus kheej tooj liab soldering nyob rau hauv tsev tau dhau los ua dav thaum nws tsim nyog los kho cov khoom hauv tsev thiab ntau yam khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua.
Khoom ntawm tooj liab alloys
tooj liab yog cov khoom siv ntau yam thiab pheej yig tshaj. Cov khoom zoo ntawm cov hlau ua kom muaj kev siv dav ntawm nws cov alloys hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
Cov khoom no suav nrog:
- Cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab yog lub ntsiab lus qhia zoo uas txiav txim siab nws txoj kev siv dav. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity coefficient ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tshaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam engineering hlau. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying thiab impurities rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau ntshiab txo nws cov conductivity, tab sis ho nce nws lub zog.
- Cov cuab yeej thermal conductivity, zoo li cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob, kuj nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm impurities hauv tooj liab alloy.
- Qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm tooj liab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab saum npoo, uas tsis hnov tsw rau sab nraud cuam tshuam, thiab yog li tiv thaiv lub hauv paus hlau los ntawm decomposition. Tooj liab tiv taus cov organic acids, saline thiab alkaline daws, tab sis nitric thiab inorganic acids tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov hlau no.
- Lub ductility ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom lossis machining (stamping, dov) tuaj yeem txo qis. Cov cuab yeej no tau yooj yim rov qab los ntawm annealing cov hlau, uas yog, cua sov rau 600-700 degrees, ua raws li los ntawm txias nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob.
- Cov tsos thiab xim ntawm tooj liab alloys muaj cov yam ntxwv ntxoov ntxoo uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm huab cua thiab huab cua tshwm sim. Tooj liab muaj ib qho xim tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov txiv kab ntxwv-pink hue mus rau xim bronze tsaus. Atmospheric influences yuav ua rau nto staining txog ntsuab. Qee cov tooj liab alloys tau siv dav rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas ntau yam ntawm cov xov tooj hlau tsis yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb, txawm tias cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev paub txog cov hlau soldering. Yog li ntawd nws yog qhov zoo dua los nresntawm soldering hlau kav.
Txoj kev rau cov khoom siv tooj liab
Kev sib txuas mus tas li ntawm cov kav dej hauv kev lag luam, nrog rau kev siv tooj liab hauv cov xwm txheej hauv tsev, tau ua ob txoj hauv kev:
- Txoj kev kub kub yog siv thaum txuas tooj liab ntawm cov kav dej ua haujlwm hauv qhov hnyav. Txoj kev no suav nrog melting solder ntawm qhov kub ntawm 600-900 ℃.
- Txoj kev ntsuas kub qis yog siv rau kev siv tooj liab hauv tsev. Qhov taw tes soldering thaum siv mos solder heats mus txog 450 ℃, thiab thaum siv nyuaj solder yuav tsum tau cua sov tshaj 450 ℃.
Soldering technology
Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem muab faib ua kev npaj ua haujlwm thiab theem ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm nws tus kheej. Kev sib txuas yooj yim:
- Kev txiav yeeb nkab zoo yog yooj yim dua nrog lub tshuab txiav. Ua li no, nws yuav tsum tau muab ntsia rau saum npoo yuav tsum tau kho kom cov menyuam txiav raws nraim coincides nrog cov kab txiav. Nrog lub clamping ntsia hlau, peb nias lub dav hlau txiav rau cov khoom, los ntawm kev tig ib ncig ntawm cov khoom, peb txiav cov hlau. Tom qab ob zaug, tig lub hau ntswj kom nias lub cutter tiv thaiv cov yeeb nkab. Kev txiav tooj liab kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov cuab yeej siv tes ua haujlwm, tab sis nws yuav nyuaj heev kom ua tiav qhov txiav txiav.
- Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tshem tawm cov npoo sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm qhov. Sab hauv chamfer raug tshem tawm kom txo tau qhov tsis kam ntawm cov pa roj lossis dej ntws, thiab cov ntug sab nrauv raug tshem tawm los pab txhawb cov txheej txheem sib dhos ntawm cov khoom. Xws likev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tau nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog tsim rau hauv lub tshuab txiav lossis cov khoom siv cais.
- Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum ntxuav cov npoo ntawm oxides. Kev tu txhua yam ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv yog nqa tawm nrog ib qho tshwj xeeb txhuam, mesh los yog sandpaper screwed rau tus pin. Sab nrauv yog ntxuav nrog ib lub cuab yeej nrog ib lub qhov nrog ib tug hlau txhuam los yog nrog zoo abrasive ntawv. Tom qab ntxuav qhov chaw, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tshem tawm cov plua plav thiab abrasive, uas txo qhov zoo ntawm tooj liab soldering.
- Tom qab tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov flux rau saum npoo, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw zoo li yog siv nrog txhuam. Tom ntej no, tam sim ntawd txuas cov khoom.
- Thaum sib sau ua ke, cov khoom sib hloov tau txheeb ze rau ib leeg kom cov flux tau faib tag nrho rau saum npoo, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom raug tsau rau hauv txoj hauj lwm yooj yim rau soldering. Cov dej ntau dhau raug tshem tawm nrog cov paj rwb ntaub.
- Ua ntej cua sov qhov taw tes soldering, tshem tawm tag nrho cov roj hmab thiab cov khoom yas uas yuav ua kom puas los ntawm cua sov.
- Cov nplaim taws yuav tsum yog qhov qub. Cov nplaim hluav taws sib luag ntawm lub teeb tooj liab yog me me thiab ci xiav. Lub hlws ris yuav tsum tau rhuab tusyees, smoothly txav cov nplaim ntawm txhua sab ntawm cov khoom. Thaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws melting kub mus txog, lub solder pib kis. Tom qab cov pob qij txha tau sau tag nrho nrog cov solder, lub burner yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov taw tes tooj liab thiab tso cai rau kom txias li qub.
- Cov kauj ruam kawg yuav yog tshem tawm cov khoom seem nrog cov ntaub ntub dej ntub dej hauv cov kua dej cawv.
Yuav kom cov hlau nyob hauv tsev, ntxiv rau cov khoom npaj, koj yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej cua sov, nrog rau cov flux uas tsim nyog thiab solder.
Koom cov cuab yeej cua sov
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua kom sov qhov chaw kom raug soldered. Feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cua sov qhov sib txuas nrog cov hlau soldering, roj burner lossis lub tsev plaub hau tshuab. Kev siv cov cuab yeej no yog qhov zoo rau kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv tsev.
Siv cov hlau nplaum
Lub tshuab hlau yog ib qho khoom siv uas lub taub hau yog cua sov rau qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob. Kev xaiv ntawm cov cuab yeej los ntawm lub zog yog nqa tawm nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom sib txuas.
A soldering hlau feem ntau yog siv rau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov cua kub ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau yog tshwm sim vim lub thermal zog ntawm lub ntsis ntawm lub cuab yeej. Lub taub yog nias nruj nreem tiv thaiv qhov sib txuas ntawm cov hlau, vim tias nws ua kom sov thiab melts lub solder.
Gas burner
Lub teeb yog ntau yam khoom siv rau cua sov qhov chaw. Cov pawg no kuj suav nrog cov tshuab tshuab hluav taws xob uas siv roj av lossis roj av.
Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm tooj liab brazing roj torches los ntawm cov qauv kev ua haujlwm siab rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev:
- nrog cov thawv pov tseg;
- siv lub zais pa ruaj khovhom;
- oxy-acetylene torches uas ua rau tag nrho cov chav rau soldering tooj liab kav.
Los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob tau faib raws li hauv qab no:
- rau cov cua sov hlau thiab muag muag (tsev neeg);
- rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov muag muag thiab tawv tawv (semi-professional);
- rau kev sib tw (professional).
Kev siv lub tsev kub lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tso cai rau soldering nrog fusible solder. Cov cuab yeej no muaj peev xwm tshuab cua kub txog 650 ℃.
Ntau yam fluxes
Rau qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom zoo thiab txhim khu kev qha txuas, kev siv cov flux yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Nws yog ib qho muaj pes tsawg leeg uas txhawb kev sib kis tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv, thaum ntxuav qhov chaw ntawm oxides thiab av. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov flux yog los tiv thaiv cov ingress ntawm oxygen mus rau qhov chaw ntawm soldering, uas ua rau kom cov adhesion ntawm solder rau cov hlau nto.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nquag, cov flux rau soldering tooj liab tuaj yeem yog cov hauv qab no:
- acid;
- tsis muaj kua qaub;
- activated;
- tiv thaiv corrosion.
Yuav kom tsim tau ib daim ntawv cog lus ruaj khov, qhov flux yuav tsum ua tau raws li ntau qhov kev xav tau:
- Qhov ntom thiab viscosity ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw yuav tsum qis dua li ntawm cov solder.
- Cov ntaub ntawv flux, tsis hais hom twg, yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug sib npaug rau tag nrho saum npoo ntawm kev sib koom tes.
- Ua kom yaj cov oxide zaj duab xis zoo, tiv thaiv nws rov tshwm simntawm qhov khoom.
- Cov khoom sib xyaw yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kub hnyiab.
- Muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si kab rov tav thiab ntsug pob qij txha.
- Thiab, tau kawg, los pab tsim kom muaj qhov zoo nkauj ntawm qhov sib txuas. Cov txheej txheem ntawm soldering tooj liab nrog nyiaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum siv fluxes, uas suav nrog cov poov tshuaj thiab boron fluorides.
Nyob ntawm solders
Raws li cov khoom siv rau cov tooj liab, qee cov hlau ntshiab, nrog rau lawv cov alloys, tuaj yeem siv tau. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev sib cuag tau zoo, lub solder yuav tsum ntub lub hauv paus hlau zoo, txwv tsis pub nws yuav ua tsis tau rau solder.
Lub melting point ntawm solder yog tsawg tshaj li cov hlau uas tau koom, tab sis siab tshaj qhov uas cov sib koom yuav muaj zog.
Fusible solders
Fusible (soft) solders yog melted mus txog 450 ℃. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov hmoov txhuas thiab cov tin hauv ntau qhov sib npaug. Cadmium, bismuth, antimony tuaj yeem muab ntxiv los muab cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb.
Tin-lead solders tsis muaj zog heev, yog li lawv yuav luag tsis tau siv thaum soldering qhov chaw nrog lub thauj khoom loj lossis ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 100 ℃.
Refractory solders
Pab pawg no suav nrog cov khoom muag raws li cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab. Copper-zinc solders yog siv los koom nrog cov khoom zoo li qub, vim tias lawv muaj qee yam brittleness.
txheej txheem ntawm cov tooj liab nrog tooj dag yog ua los ntawm kev siv tawv tooj liab-phosphorus solder.
Nyiaj hom solders yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Xws li cov alloys yuav muaj, ntxiv rau cov nyiaj, zinc thiab tooj liab. Cov solders no yog siv los koom nrog workpieces uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm shocks thiab vibration.
Tsis lees paub qhov yuam kev
Yog vim li cas qhov kev sib txuas tsis zoo ntawm ob qhov feem ntau yog nrawm, yog li koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tswj cov npoo ntawm cov khoom kom tsis muaj cov khoom me me txawv teb chaws uas tuaj yeem tsim tom qab txiav.
Thaum siv cov flux, sim tsis txhob nco txawm tias qhov chaw me me, vim tias txhua yam tsis xws luag tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo. Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm qhov saum npoo yog me ntsis rhuab, qhov no yuav ua rau tsis muaj zog fusion ntawm ob hlau. Kev kub dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua dej kub hnyiab tawm thiab tsim cov dej los yog oxide ntawm qhov chaw soldering, cuam tshuam rau kev ntseeg tau ntawm solder.
Soldering cov khoom siv tooj liab tsis yog qhov nyuaj, txawm tias yog tus pib. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis nruj me ntsis, thaum tsis hnov qab txog kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom sib txuas.
