Bitumen yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev qub tshaj plaws uas paub rau noob neej. Niaj hnub no, nws txoj kev siv muaj ntau yam kev xaiv. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom no.
Ntau yam
cov tshuaj Bitumen yog cov khoom siv organic, uas suav nrog ntau hom.
- Natural bitumen. Nws yog cov khoom hnyav lossis cov khoom siv uas muaj cov carbohydrate compounds thiab lawv cov derivatives. Txoj kev ntawm lawv tsim yog ntuj oxidative txheej txheem ntawm roj polymerization. Lawv nthuav dav hauv cov chaw uas muaj roj nyob. Ntshiab natural bitumen yog ib yam khoom tsis tshua muaj.
- Asph alt ntau yam. Hom no pom ntau dua li yav dhau los. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb ntxeem tau. Lawv raug crushed thiab tig mus rau hauv hmoov. Qhov no yog li cas txoj kev bitumen tau txais.
- Oil. Qhov no yog ib hom khoom siv dag zog. Nws yog tau nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj refining. Raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, xws li bitumens tau muab faib ua seem, oxidizing thiab tawg.
Composition
Bitumen muaj cov hauv qab nomuaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub classic version:
- txog 80% carbon;
- txog 15% hydrogen;
- 2 txog 9% sulfur;
- tsis ntau tshaj 5% oxygen;
- 0 txog 2% nitrogen.
Cov tshuaj uas teev tseg yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen thiab nitrogen.
Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg.
1. Cov khoom tivthaiv yog siab molecular hnyav hydrocarbons hu ua asph altenes. Paraffins kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom xyaw.
2. Resins yog cov khoom siv amorphous uas yog xim av tsaus.
3. Cov roj feem yog ntau yam hydrocarbons uas muaj qhov ntom ntom tsawg dua 1.
Bitumen yog ib yam khoom nyuaj nrog ib qho piv txwv ntawm txhua yam. Kev nce hauv asph altene hauv nws qhov loj yuav ua rau muaj kev nce hauv hardness, brittleness thiab softening point.
Paraffins kuj txo cov plasticity ntawm bitumen, yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, kev saib xyuas yog them los txo lawv cov ntsiab lus rau 5% los yog tsawg dua.
Scope of application
Nyob ntawm lub cev lub zog, thaj chaw hauv qab no ntawm kev thov ntawm bitumen yog qhov txawv:
- kev tsim kho;
- ru tsev;
- waterproofing;
- hluav taws xob cable ntau lawm;
- tire-rubber technology;
- batteries;
- cov khoom pleev xim thiab kua roj vanish;
- metallurgy;
- tsim cov thee briquettes;
- roj refining.
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lawv tus kheej, bitumen yog feem ntauxav tau cov ntaub ntawv rau waterproofing ntau yam khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cellars thiab cellars.
Oil Road
Hauv kev tsim kho txoj kev, roj txoj kev bitumen (GOST 22245-90) yog siv. Muaj ntau ntau hom khoom siv no.
Yuav xaiv ntau yam, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog hom kev nyab xeeb.
Rau tej yam ntuj tso, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv lub caij txias, qhov nruab nrab, tsis siab tshaj -20 ˚С, txoj kev bitumens xws li BND 200/300, BND 130/200, thiab BND 90 yog haum nyob rau hauv raws li GOST. 130.
Rau thaj chaw uas qhov nruab nrab kub nyob rau lub caij txias yog li ntawm -10 txog -20 ˚С, cov roj txoj kev bitumens ntawm II thiab III climatic txoj kev aav tau muab. Cov no suav nrog ntau yam saum toj no, nrog rau BND 60/90.
Yog tias qhov nruab nrab txhua hli kub hauv lub caij txias yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm -5 txog -10 ˚С, ces GOST muab rau kev siv cov roj av li no raws li tag nrho cov hom saum toj no, nrog rau BND 40. 60 BN 90/130 IB 130/200 BN 200/300.
Rau thaj chaw uas lub caij ntuj no yog qhov ntsuas kub nruab nrab txhua hli tsis qis dua +5 ˚С, roj txoj kev bitumens xws li BND 40/60, BND 60/90, BND 90/130, BN 60/90, BN yog haum 90/130.
Oil
Muaj ntau yam uas siv los tsim tsis yog txoj kev xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov tsev nyob. Cov no yog cov khoom lag luam. Tsuas muaj peb lub npe uas suav nrog xws liPetroleum bitumen, xws li BN 70/30, BN 90/130, BN 50/50.
Raws li cov roj txoj kev bitumen, GOST uas tswj cov xwm txheej rau kev siv txhua yam, GOST 6671-76 siv rau kev tsim kho bitumen.
Qhov qis dua qhov ntsuas kub, cov khoom siv elastic yuav tsum siv rau kev tsim kho. Qhov no yuav ua kom nws ruaj khov thiab kav ntev.
Cov khoom siv roj av vov tsev
Rau ntau yam vov tsev ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb bitumen yog siv. Nws cov khoom thiab cov peev txheej tau tswj hwm los ntawm GOST 9548-74. Cov qauv no qhia txog kev siv peb yam ntawm cov khoom siv vov tsev no:
- BNK 90/30 - muaj qhov zoo li qhov tsim ntawm txheej txheej ntawm lub ru tsev.
- BNK 40/180 - siv rau impregnation.
- BNK 45/190 - xaiv rau cov khoom vov tsev thiab ru tsev.
Yam cuam tshuam rau hom khoom siv txoj kev
Txoj kev bitumen, GOST uas muab rau ob peb hom ntawm cov khoom no, yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Txhua tus muab qee qhov zoo rau cov khoom siv.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, uas txiav txim siab txog qhov ntawm bitumen, yog plasticity, softening point, brittleness, flashing, viscosity, adhesive qualities.
Kub kub nce bitumen viscosity. Thaum txias, cov khoom no poob qhov zoo thiab ua nkig thaum nws ncav cuag qhov ntsuas cua sov.
Ntxiv rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom yuav pab ua kom plasticitycov roj. Qhov ntau Frost tsis kam ntawm roj txoj kev bitumen, siab dua nws cov chav kawm zoo.
Flash point kuj yog qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb heev rau cov khoom siv xws li txoj kev bitumen. GOST muab rau tus qauv tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas no ntawm +200 ˚С thiab siab dua. Qhov siab dua qhov flash point, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov khoom yuav qis dua.
Qhov adhesion Performance index yuav pab koj paub seb cov bitumen adheres zoo npaum li cas rau lub hauv paus nto. Qhov siab dua tus nqi no, cov khoom siv muaj zog dua rau saum npoo.
khoom siv tshuab
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho txoj kev thiab lwm yam chaw, bitumen cua sov tshuab yog siv. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua raws li qee txoj cai. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov khoom yog embedded nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj xws li bitumen. GOST nthuav tawm nws cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Txhawm rau kom sov cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab kho, ib lub boiler tshwj xeeb nrog cov phab ntsa hlau tuab thiab lub hau kaw hermetically. Lub thickness ntawm cov khoom yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob hlawv.
Fills 2/3 ntawm lub thawv. Cov bitumen tau tawg ua me me ua ntej thauj khoom.
Cua sov yog ua tiav cov cua sov tsawg, thiab cov khoom yog melted mus rau ib homogeneous loj. Thaum txawv teb chaws impurities tshwm, lawv raug tshem tawm nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb sieve. Qhov siab tshaj plaws cua sov yog +200 ˚С.
Thaum qhov cua kub ntawm +160 txog +170 ˚С bitumen yuav yaj hauv li 3 teev. Yog tias koj nce nws mus rau qhov txwv tus nqi, cov txheej txheem sov so tsuas yog 1teev.
Txoj kev roj bitumen tsis zam qhov nce hauv cua sov siab tshaj +200 ˚С, vim tias lawv cov khoom yuav deteriorate los ntawm qhov no. Ntawm +220 ˚С, coke yuav pib tsim.
Thaum cov bitumen yog overheated, ib qho tsis kaj siab daj-ntsuab pa luam yeeb tsim, thiab thaum ciam teb nce mus txog +240 ˚С, cov khoom yuav txawm flare. Lub hau ntawm lub cauldron yog kaw kom tua hluav taws.
Tom qab cua sov thiab flashing, txoj kev bitumen ua nkig thiab tsis tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho lossis kho kev ua haujlwm.
Cia thiab thauj
Cia ntawm bitumen yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tso tsheb hlau luam. Lawv tau nruab nrog cov txheej txheem rau kev sib xyaw cov khoom cua sov. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev muab cov dej vapor los tiv thaiv cov vapors los ntawm cov khoom siv.
Yuav muab lub tso tsheb tso rau hauv qab, lawv muaj nqes hav.
Khoom siv thauj cov kua txoj kev bitumen yog nruab nrog cov twj tshwj xeeb uas tso cov tshuaj.
Yog tias cov khoom thauj khoom hauv daim ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb yog siv.
Thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los thiab khaws cia, txhua qhov kev nyab xeeb hluav taws yuav tsum tau ua tiav, vim tias bitumen yog cov khoom siv hluav taws kub heev. Los ntawm kev ua raws txhua txoj cai kev nyab xeeb, koj tsis tuaj yeem ntshai ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv no. Tom qab kawm txog cov khoom thiab ntau yam ntawm cov khoom, koj tuaj yeem siv tau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau yam khoom.
Bitumen yog ib yam khoom uas muajxws li zoo zoo xws li ya raws tsis kam, lub zog, tsis kam mus rau climatic influences, tsis tshua muaj suab thiab kub permeability, raws li zoo raws li tsis tshua muaj tam sim no conductivity. Ua tsaug rau cov khoom no, nws yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrov heev thiab txhim khu kev qha.
