Rau cov qauv thiab cov qauv uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej mus rau qhov sib txawv, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm cov kua nruab nrab. Rau kev tsim kho hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, hydrotechnical pob zeb yog siv. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm nyab xeeb ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom.
Definition
Hydrotechnical pob zeb belongs rau qeb ntawm hnyav, nws yog siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm embankments, txuas hniav thiab lwm yam lug, qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv uas nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw yog tag nrho submerged nyob rau hauv dej, los yog muaj kev sib cuag nrog nws.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv yog nws lub peev xwm los tswj nws cov yam ntxwv qub hauv qhov chaw nruj heev yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam qhov zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm lub caij. Qee qhov haujlwm, xws li lub zog, nyob rau hauv huab cua ib puag ncig nce ntxiv raws sijhawm, muab qhov kev ncaj ncees thiab cov qauv ntawm lub pob zeb khaws cia.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj qee qhov kev xav tau uas yuav tsum yogua raws li kev ua vaj tse hydraulic. GOST 26633-2012 "Heavy thiab nplua-grained pob zeb. Specifications" tswj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom uas ua kom sib tov thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiav. Cov ntaub ntawv yog thoob ntiaj teb, nws tau txais los ntawm 8 lub teb chaws.
Raws li GOST, hydraulic pob zeb tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg raws li qib ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv dej thiab raug rau ib puag ncig dej:
- Surface.
- Underwater.
- Rau cov qib dej hloov pauv.
Raws li qhov ntim ntawm cov qauv tsim, cov khoom raug muab faib ua:
- Massive - cov duab nyuaj thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau kev kho tsis sib xws nrog kev tso cua sov.
- Tsis loj - qauv yooj yim nrog qhov me me.
Raws li quab yuam siv rau cov khoom tawv tawv:
- Rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob.
- Rau cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog.
Kev faib tawm ntxiv qhia qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov pob zeb:
- Rau cov qauv sab hauv (lawv tsis tshua muaj kev ntxuav tawm, dej siab, tab sis yuav tsum tiv taus cov teebmeem zoo li qub).
- Rau cov khoom sab nraud thiab qhov chaw (xws li cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov dej thiab cov tshuaj tom qab hloov pauv tau).
Cov tshuaj yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm GOST kom tau txais ib lub pob zeb uas muaj zog txaus, lub zog thiab kev nyab xeeb. Tag nrho cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv hydrotechnical pob zeb ua tau zoo tswj. Mix Hindiaz:Nkauj kho siab.
- Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tus khi. RauCov nyhuv resistant rau cov dej txhoj puab heev, sulfate-resistant cement yog siv. Rau qib sib txawv ntawm kev immersion, ib qho hydrophobic los yog nrog kev suav nrog plasticizing additives yog noj. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, pozzolanic, slag lossis Portland cement yog siv.
- Fine aggregate - quartz xuab zeb, nws ua rau kom cov pob zeb ua haujlwm rau dej. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj me me impurities thiab khib nyiab - nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntub dej, hloov ntawm yuav ua rau cov khoom tsis muaj zog heev.
- Coarse aggregate - gravel thiab crushed pob zeb los ntawm sedimentary thiab igneous pob zeb. Qhov no yog yus muaj los ntawm high hydrophobicity, Frost tsis kam. Cov feem ntawm pob zeb nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Cov duab ntawm cov aggregate yuav tsum voluminous thiab convex, crushed pob zeb los yog gravel muaj tsawg zog.
- Additives - txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj. Lawv ua kom cov pob zeb tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej, txo qhov tso cua sov raws li xav tau, thiab tiv thaiv cov kab nrib pleb.
Cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, lawv cov kev txwv, cov qauv tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj tau sau tseg hauv GOST 26633-2012 p.3. Kev ua raws cai yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tsim khoom, qhov sib xyaw ua tiav tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ua raws li tus qauv.
Specifications
Cov khoom muaj ntau yam. Lawv txawv los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom uas hydraulic engineering pob zeb yuav tsum muaj. Specifications nyob ntawm seb hom thiab hom kev sib xyaw. Cov tseem ceeb yog compressive zog, axial dabtsi yog khoov, nro, Frost tsis kam thiabhydrophobicity. Cov kev daws teeb meem ua haujlwm raug xaiv raws li tag nrho ntawm cov ntsuas no, txij li txhua pawg ntawm cov khoom yuav txawv, uas tsis tuaj yeem lees txais rau cov khoom siv no.
Txoj Kev
Qhov taw qhia thawj zaug thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tus nqi ntawm lub zog compressive, vim tias feem ntau cov qauv muaj kev quab yuam ntsug ntawm qhov ntim ntawm lub tsev saum toj no.
Lub zog ntawm pob zeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tsim lub voos xwmfab thiab tom qab ntawd sim nws hauv siab. Tus qauv yog khaws cia los ntawm 28 mus rau 180 hnub kom tau txais lub zog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hydraulic engineering khoom, lub voos xwmfab muab tso rau hauv dej thaum lub sij hawm hardening.
Kev sim yog ua raws li kev ua ntawm lub zog kom txog thaum cov kab nrib pleb tshwm.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov pob zeb tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm B3, 5 txog B60. Feem ntau hom yog B10-B40.
Tensile thiab khoov lub zog
Cov qauv uas tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev thauj khoom ntsug yog raug rau lwm yam quab yuam xws li axial nro thiab khoov. Yuav kom nkag siab seb cov pob zeb puas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov deformations, nws raug sim hauv chav kuaj. Tensile zog qib – Bt0, 4…4, 0.
Nyob zoo dej hiav txwv
Txiav txim siab raws li kev kuaj mob ntawm cov qauv ntsuas ntawm lub hnub nyoog tib yam li thawj kis. Lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev sim yog maj mam nce cov dej siab kom txog thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cev pob zeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub pob zeb tau muab lub cim W2-20 dej tsis kam.
Kev txhoj puab heevtej yam kev mob ntawm dej hiav txwv, siab siab siv hydraulic pob zeb tsis qis dua W4.
Frost resistance
Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm high humidity, tshwj xeeb yog them rau qhov kub thiab txias hloov nrog muaj peev xwm ntawm cov dej solidification. Raws li koj paub, thaum nthuav dav, cov kua crystallizes thiab puas cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev uas nws tau tswj kom nkag mus. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm kev tshwm sim nrog cov qauv tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb hydraulic additives thiab plasticizers yog ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom, uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov pob zeb kom tawv.
Frost tsis kam qib F qhia tau tias muaj pes tsawg lub voj voog ntawm kev ua kom tiav alternate khov thiab thawing ib qho qauv ua vaj tse tuaj yeem tiv nrog qhov poob ntawm lub zog tsis tshaj 15%. Rau kev sib xyaw hydraulic, kev sim tau ua rau dej nrog nws cov cua sov thiab tig mus rau hauv dej khov.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, hydrophobic pob zeb tau muab qib F50-300.
Mix txhim kho
Cov ntsuas lub zog, dej tsis kam thiab Frost tsis kam yog muab tso rau ntawm theem ntawm kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj ntawm lub Hoobkas. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm hydraulic pob zeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsev ntawm ntau yam hlau thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke.
Kev hloov pauv ntxiv tau muab faib ua 2 pawg.
Kuv pab pawg txo cov dej nqus mus txog 5 zaug los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm 28 hnub. Ntawm cov feem ntau siv:
- Phenylethoxysiloxane 113-63 (yav tas los FES-50).
- Sodium aluminomethylsiliconate AMSR-3 (Russia).
- "Plastil" (Russia).
- Hydroconcrete (EU).
- Addiment DM 2 (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).
- Liga Natriumoleat 90 (Russia).
- Sikagard-702 W-Aquahod (Switzerland).
II pab pawg tsawg zog (txog 2-4.8 npaug). Nws daim ntawv thov yog ua tau rau tov nto pob zeb:
- Polyhydrosiloxanes 136-157M (yav dhau los GKZH-94M) thiab 136-41 (yav dhau los GKZH-94).
- "KOMD-S".
- Stavinor Zn Eu Stavinor Ca PSE.
- HIDROFOB E (Slovenia).
- Cementol E (Slovenia).
- Sikalite (Switzerland).
- Sikagard-700S (Switzerland).
III pab pawg tsis yog siv los tsim cov pob zeb hydraulic. Cov tshuaj ntxiv txo cov dej nqus mus txog 2 zaug.
Lwm yam khoom
Thaum xaiv qhov sib tov ua haujlwm, tsis yog tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hydraulic pob zeb raug suav nrog, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm yam tsis muaj:
- Shrinkage nqi.
- Resistance to deformation.
- Degree ntawm kev tiv thaiv dej ntws thiab twj tso kua mis.
Tsis muaj ib daim ntawv qhia rau hydrotechnical pob zeb: nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej, qhov loj ntawm lub taub hau thiab lwm yam loads yog muab rau hauv tus account. Raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, cov fillers thiab additives yog siv uas tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau cov haujlwm ntawm lub pob zeb yav tom ntej.
Daim ntawv thov
Txoj kev daws teeb meem hauv qab txheej dej yog lub luag haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm nyuaj. Nws yog poured nyob rau hauv loj ntim los tiv thaiv tsis sib xws solidification thiab blurring. Vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tso rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov qauv hardening, thermal stresses thiab tee tshwm sim, uasyuav tsum tau tswj. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob overheating thiab deformation ntxov ntxov ntawm cov pwm, cov yas thiab cov cement tshwj xeeb raug ntxiv rau cov tshuaj:
- Pozzolanic.
- Slag.
- Hydrophobic.
Rau kev tsim kho ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv cov qauv, hydraulic pob zeb yog siv. Nws siv dav:
- Bridges, lawv cov kev txhawb nqa thiab girders.
- Kev npaj ntawm embankments thiab phab ntsa ntxiv dag zog rau ntug dej hiav txwv, chaw nres nkoj.
- pas dej, lawv lub tais thiab ib puag ncig.
- Phab ntsa ntawm qhov dej phwj thiab cov ncej.
- Metro tunnels.
- Technical structures: dams, hydroelectric power stations, breakwaters.
Hauv tsev, cov pob zeb ua dej ntawm cov qib qis yog siv los nchuav lub hauv paus ntawm cov dej hauv av siab lossis nws qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thaum lub caij ntuj nag thiab nag hnyav.
