Rau kev tsim cov da dej hauv tebchaws Russia, feem ntau siv cov kab kem lossis kab xev ntawm lub hauv paus. Tab sis niaj hnub kev xaiv ntau dua yog lub hauv paus dhuav, uas yog vim muaj ntau yam ntawm nws qhov zoo. Qhov kev xaiv no tuaj yeem hu ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj lossis muaj teeb meem av. Yog tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom, tom qab ntawd cov qauv piav qhia tso cai rau kev tsim kho ntawm ob-zaj dab neeg da dej yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov av thiab cov tsev nyob ze.
Ntaus Ntaus
Cov kab tho tho tsis tsav mus rau hauv av nrog quab yuam thiab tsis ua kom cov txheej txheem puas - lawv loj hlob tawm hauv av. Kev ua haujlwm suav nrog cov qhov dej drilling, qhov twg cov yeeb nkab lossis cov ntawv tshem tawm tau muab tso rau. Qhov chaw sab hauv yog mortar.
Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog cov av mos, ces lub hauv paus dhuav nrog grillage tej zaum yuav yog qhov kev xaiv nkaus xwb. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncej thiab pawg yog txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem ntawm cov av uas tsis yog compressible thiab nyob hauv qab ntawm txoj kab khov thiabdej hauv av. Cov av zoo li no hauv qee thaj chaw nyob tob heev. Cov dhuav muaj peev xwm ncav cuag ib txoj kab no los ntawm kev tuav lub da dej loj txaus rau lawv tus kheej.
Cov pawg tuaj yeem nruab ua ke nrog rwb thaiv tsev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov ua tau kom tau txais tus nqi kim dua, tab sis txhim khu kev qha tsim. Rau qhov no, polystyrene ua npuas ncauj yog siv, uas muaj cov qauv nruj. Nws yog tsau rau waterproofing thiab them nrog av. Styrofoam yog ib qho zoo heev shock absorber rau av heaving rog. Txawm tias ib daim kab xev puag ntawm cov dhuav pawg tsis ua txhaum cov kev sib txuas lus ntsia ntawm qhov chaw ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib lub tsev, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsis muaj hauv qab daus, tab sis rau chav da dej no tsis muaj teeb meem. Lwm qhov zoo dua ntawm lub hauv paus no yog nws lub neej ua haujlwm ntev - cov qauv npaj ua haujlwm rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo.
Calculation
Kev suav cov dhuav pawg yog ua tiav ntawm thawj theem. Piv txwv li, qhov dav tuaj yeem txiav txim siab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa yav tom ntej. Rau kev tsim cov thav duab, tsis tas yuav ua kom tob hauv lub hauv paus ntau dhau, vim tias cov phab ntsa yuav nyias thiab lub teeb. Yog hais tias koj npaj yuav tsim ib chav Lavxias teb sab tiag tiag los ntawm ib lub bar, ces lub hauv paus yuav tsum tau ua 40 hli loj dua los xyuas kom meej tias txawm load tis.
Piv txwv li, thaj tsam ntawm kev txhawb nqa yuav nyob ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm pawg. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kawg yog 15 cm, ces thawj yog 177 cm2. Nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 1,062 kg, pob zeb yuav xav tau, qhov ntim ntawm 0.0354 m 3. Rau kev txhawb nqa, koj yuav tsum tau npaj 3bar, thaum qhov kev siv ntawm kev txhawb nqa ib kab meter yuav sib npaug rau 7 daim. Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm pawg kab mus rau 40 cm, koj yuav tsum tau txhawb thaj tsam ntawm 1,256 cm 2. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub peev xwm bearing yuav sib npaug zos rau 7,536 kg, thiab lub ntim ntawm pob zeb siv yuav yog 0.251 m3. Vertical tuav yuav tsum tau siv 8 daim, ib kab meter lawv yuav xav tau 18.
Ua piv txwv, xav txog kev tsim lub hauv paus rau lub tsev uas hnyav 60 tons. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm pawg yuav yog 20 cm. Ib lub khib yuav tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav tsis tshaj 1,884 kg. Yog tias koj faib 60,000 kg los ntawm tus nqi no, ces koj tau 31.84 daim. Tus lej no yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug mus rau tag nrho tus lej, uas yuav muab 33 pawg. Yog hais tias lub pouring yog nqa tawm tsis muaj casing kav, ces koj yuav tau mus yuav reinforcement thiab pob zeb, tag nrho cov nqi uas yuav yog 13,717 rubles. Yuav kom tau txais tus nqi no, 32 yuav tsum tau muab faib ua 428, 68 rubles.
kos npe, drilling thiab formwork
Yog tias koj txiav txim siab los tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov kab dhuav, ces ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau kos lub xaib. Kev txhawb nqa ntawm thaj chaw tuaj yeem nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phab ntsa ruaj khov lossis hauv cov qauv checkerboard. Qee lub sij hawm lawv raug ntsia hauv qee ntu ntawm lub tsev. Tom ntej no, koj tuaj yeem pib drilling qhov dej. Ib qho yuav siv sij hawm ntau teev.
Cov khoom lag luam tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no yog yamoburs ntawm Nyiv thiab Kaus Lim tsim khoom. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov hauv paus dhuav hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Lub installation ntawm boring piles yog tsim los ntawm formwork, uas koj yuav ua nyob rau hauv lub kauj ruam tom ntej. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm cov av. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm geological tej yam kev mob, koj yuav ua tau yam tsis muaj formwork, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas pob zeb yog poured rau hauv lub tsim zoo, uas pab txhawb txoj kev. Koj yuav tau ua formwork rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Raws li ib tug formwork, cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev yuav ua ntawm no, uas yog dov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yeeb nkab.
Cov lus qhia yuav ua li cas xaiv cov khoom
Koj tuaj yeem xaiv txoj kab uas hla ntawm pawg dhuav, suav nrog cov lus suav saum toj no. Cov kev txhawb nqa yuav tsum muaj zog thiab ruaj khov kom lawv cov kabmob muaj peev xwm siab txaus. Tab sis tsis txhob mob siab rau, txhim kho kev txhawb nqa ntawm txhua square meter.
Koj tuaj yeem ua pawg nrog koj tus kheej tes. Lawv ua rau ntawm qhov chaw, yog li tsis tas yuav txhawj xeeb txog qhov xav tau ntawm qhov chaw cia. Kev txhawb nqa muaj ntau heev niaj hnub no, cov hauv paus uas tau nthuav dav mus rau 50 cm, uas yog yooj yim los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Lawv tso cai rau koj los ua kom cov kabmob muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom mus txog 5 tons. Ntawm lub hauv paus zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem tsim lub tsev tawm ntawm cov cib.
Cushion ua haujlwm thiab txhawb nqa
Cushion rau lub hauv paus - xav tau. Nws yog ua los ntawm crushed pob zeb, xuab zeb los yog qhob mix. Lub substrate yog compacted, thiab ces lub qhov dej yog sau nrog lub hauv paus khoom. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau lub zog ntawm pawg, koj tuaj yeem siv qhov cuab yeej cuab tam, uas yog knitted rau hauv ib qho qauv nrog kev pab los ntawm grillage.
Pibua kom muaj zog, txhawb nqa tawb yog tsim rau lawv. Rau qhov no, koj yuav tsum siv 12 hli rods uas txuas rau ib leeg. Koj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov duab peb sab uas npaj txhij, uas tau yuav rau hauv pem teb kab teeb.
Kev txhim kho pawg
Cov dhuav pawg tau nruab rau hauv kauj ruam tom ntej. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom tob cov khoom los ntawm 1.5 m ntxiv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov av khov kab. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tob ntawm khov hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv qhia geological. Qhov kev npaj zoo nrog formwork thiab kev txhawb nqa yog nchuav nrog M-200 pob zeb.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis muaj dab tsi, qhov kev txhawb nqa tau nqa hauv qhov dej ntau zaus. Yog tias koj siv thev naus laus zis nrog lub hauv paus nthuav dav, tom qab ntawd lub formwork yuav tsum tau tsa los ntawm 30 cm tom qab nchuav thawj feem ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yuav tso cai rau cov pob zeb ua rau lub hauv paus. Kev tsim kho ntxiv nrog cov thev naus laus zis no tuaj yeem pib tsuas yog tom qab ob peb hnub. Kev them nyiaj yug yuav tsum tau waterproofed nrog bituminous mastic los yog ru tsev ntaub los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj.
Cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj dej
Cov pob tho tho yog dej tsis qab los tiv thaiv kev nqus ntawm cov cement laitance. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov dej yog them nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab polyethylene ruaj khov lossis cov khoom siv vov tsev. Qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog qhov zoo dua. Yog tias koj npaj yuav siv cov yeeb yaj kiab, ces koj yuav tsum tau welded thiab ua ib lub hau ntawm nws, uas yuav ua tau zoo heev rau lub hauv paus. Txoj kev no yog tsim rau cov khoom siv hauv av. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, cov duab los qhia, hlau lossis asbestos-cement kav siv tau.
Ntxiv ntxiv txog kev sau nta
Yog tias koj npaj yuav siv cov thev naus laus zis uas tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm, nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua cov dhuav pawg los ntawm kev nchuav pob zeb los ntawm lub tov khoom. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv ib hnub koj tuaj yeem tuav cov ntim loj. Lub hauv paus yog poured nrog ceev-hardening cement, uas yuav tsum tau diluted nyob rau hauv me me feem. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua sai li sai tau thaum koj pib ramming txheej dhau los.
Koj tuaj yeem sau qhov dej nrog pob zeb sib xyaw nrog pob zeb, limestone, cobblestone lossis sandstone. Xws li ib tug muab tub lim yuav tsum muaj lub zog siab. Qhov no siv rau pob zeb rubble. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb zoo dua ntawm kev daws teeb meem thaum txhim kho drill piles, yuav tsum tau siv ib qho tshwj xeeb xyaum, uas ua rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev co. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, qhov no yuav tshem tawm txawm tias me ntsis voids nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov tshwm sim, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov khoom siv hydraulic zoo, uas yog pub rau hauv pwm los ntawm lub tshuab hydraulic uas muab cov qib siab ntawm qhov xav tau.
Pile thav duab: yam koj yuav tsum paub
Cov kab txaij dhuav tuaj yeem muaj qhov ntev txog li 12 m. Qhov txoj kab uas hla ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 8 mus rau 42 hli. Cov ncej ntau lawm muaj txoj kab uas hla uas sib npaug ntawm qhov txwv ntawm 250 mus rau 800 hli. Ua hauj lwm nplawm ntawm qhov cuab lub zog nyob rau hauv lub thav duab yog siv nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 4 daim. Nws yog ua los ntawm coiled reinforcement, txoj kab uas hla ntawm nws txawv ntawm 12 mus rau 14 mm. Lub suab nrov tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 100 txog 300 hli.
In xaus
Thaum pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus dhuav siv cov cuab yeej siv tes thiab lub qhov xyaum, koj yuav tsum tau npaj rau qhov tseeb tias cov cuab yeej no muaj kev txwv txoj kab uas hla. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj teeb meem, koj tuaj yeem laum lub qhov ntev txog 40 cm. Feem ntau cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov cuab yeej drilling muaj cov cuab yeej zoo li no.
Tab sis yog tias koj npaj yuav siv augers thiab cutters, ces lawv txoj kab uas hla tuaj yeem yog 50 cm, tab sis lawv tsuas yog tsim los ntawm ob peb lub tuam txhab uas lawv cov khoom koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm cov khw muag khoom. Yog hais tias lub qhov dej yuav muaj ib txoj kab uas hla loj, ces koj yuav tau khawb lub qhov manually. Lub formwork yog ntsia rau hauv, thiab tom qab stripping nws yuav tsum tau tswj qhov zoo ntawm lub pouring thiab nqa tawm sab nraud waterproofing.
