Technogenic av yog cov av ntuj thiab cov av uas tau hloov pauv thiab hloov chaw vim yog tib neeg tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam. Cov khoom zoo li no tseem hu ua av dag. Nws yog tsim rau kev xav tau kev lag luam, nrog rau kev txhim kho hauv nroog.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov av tsim khoom
Technogenic av feem ntau yog siv los ua lub hauv paus rau vaj tse, engineering thiab vaj tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, railway embankments thiab earthen dams yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom no.
Raws li txoj cai, kev tsim kho ntim ntawm cov av technogenic raug ntsuas ntau pua lab lab cubic meters.
Engineering-geological thaj chaw ntawm av
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nws niam nws txiv pob zeb lossis cov khoom pov tseg thaum nws ua. Tsis tas li ntawd, engineering-geological thaj chaw ntawm technogenic av tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm tib neeg kev cuam tshuam rau nws. Yog li ntawd cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov minedCov khoom siv hauv tsev, GOST tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus lej 25100-95. Nws yog hu ua "Soils and their classification". Hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho vaj tse engineering (embankments thiab lub hauv paus tsev) tau muab cais ua ib chav kawm.
Kev faib cov av technogenic muaj ntau pawg:
- 1 pab pawg: pob zeb, khov thiab tawg. Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv cog lus.
- 2 pab pawg: txuas, pob zeb, tsis txuas, tsis muaj pob zeb thiab dej khov. Lawv txawv zog ntawm ib leeg.
- 3 pawg: ntuj tsim uas tau hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm lawv tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv ntuj tsim uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev. Tsis tas li, cov kws tshaj lij suav nrog cov av loj thiab cov av uas tau hloov pauv raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cua sov rau pawg thib peb.
Tsis tas li, chav kawm ntawm cov av technogenic yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev faib ua hom thiab hom. Subdivided raws li cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, npe, cuam tshuam, keeb kwm, kev tsim thiab lwm yam kev mob. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov av technogenic tam sim no muaj ntau qhov tsis txaus thiab xav tau qee qhov kev qhia meej.
khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg
Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog hu ua formations ntawm ib tug peculiar muaj pes tsawg leeg, vim lub geological tej yam kev mob ntawm thaj chaw uas cov khoom tshwm sim. Nws raug txiav txim los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam. Xws li technogenic av muaj ib tug heterogeneous muaj pes tsawg leeg raws ntsug thiab cheeb tsam. ATnyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no, nws yog nquag siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai, uas nyob ntau pua metres tob hauv ntiaj teb, nws yuav tsum tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev ntawm engineering thiab geological tshawb fawb. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm zoo li no, cov kws ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau npaj cov chaw rau kev sau cov khoom khib nyiab, nrog rau cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam. Nws tsim nyog xav txog tias kev ua haujlwm zoo li no ntawm thaj chaw qub toj ntxas thiab thaj chaw faus tsiaj yog txwv nruj los ntawm Lavxias txoj cai.
Txoj kev tsim ntuj tsim teb raug
Natural displaced formations yog hu ua av uas tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv lub ntuj tshwm sim, thiab ces raug mus rau ib feem ntawm industrial processing. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no yog tsim los ntawm dispersed cohesive thiab non-cohesive xau.
Pob zeb thiab pob zeb ib nrab yog thawj zaug crushed ntawm cov tshuab, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau txav mus los raws li cov av sib tov sib xyaw. Tib yam siv rau cov pob zeb khov. Raws li txoj kev ntawm kev tso, cov kev hloov pauv tau muab faib ua alluvial thiab bulk. Nyob rau hauv lem, tej av, nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tsim, muab faib mus rau hauv systematically thiab unplannedly dumped. Lawv kuj raug faib nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov mus rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam.
Vim lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov av technogenic, lawv tau siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau embankments. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom no yog siv rau kev tsim cov dams, dams, foundations rau cov tsev.
Av nta
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm engineering thiab geological ntawm technogenic av siv hauv kev tsim kho ntawm embankments thiab dumps suav nrog:
- Kev ua txhaum ntawm cov qauv pob zeb hauv lub cev ntawm lub embankment vim qhov txo qis ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
- Av fractionation thiab nws tus kheej-flattening ntawm txoj kab nqes.
- Hloov nyob rau hauv durability. Shear kuj nce vim compaction los yog txo vim hnyav ya raws.
- Kev tsim cov pore siab mounds nyob rau hauv dej-saturated av, uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm landslides.
Nyob ntawm cov lithological muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov kws tshaj lij faib embankments ua ob hom: homogeneous thiab heterogeneous. Qhov txiaj ntsig no yog qhov sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm qhov feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev hauv cov txheej txheem rov qab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nplua feem feem ntau yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib feem ntawm lub embankment, thiab loj feem - nyob rau hauv qis ib tug. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev sib txawv.
Av muaj zog
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog ntawm cov av tsim los ntawm tib neeg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim cov pob zeb. Thaum xam cov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ib tug embankment, engineers yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsis tiav compaction ntawm cov av loj, uas yog soj ntsuam tom qab shear testing.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov av uas tib neeg tsim, uas yog siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm embankments, tau mus txog tom qab ob peb xyoos thiab nyob ntawm seb hom khoom siv. Piv txwv li, xuab zeb loamCov av nrog impurities los ntawm peat yog compacted nyob rau hauv 2-4 xyoo txij li hnub ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho. Loams thiab av nplaum ncav cuag lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv 8-12 xyoo. Sandy loam embankments thiab xuab zeb ntawm nruab nrab thiab nplua feem yog compacted nyob rau hauv 2-6 xyoo.
Alluvial av
Alluvial technogenic av yog tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm hydraulic mechanization siv lub raj xa dej. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, cov kws tshaj lij ua cov txheej txheem thiab tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Thawj yog tsim nyog rau engineering thiab kev tsim kho lub hom phiaj. Lawv yog tsim los nrog predetermined zog. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov qauv no, cov txheej tuab ntawm cov xuab zeb, cov dams thiab cov dams, tsim los rau qhov nruab nrab dej siab, raug ntxuav.
Unorganized alluvium yog siv los tshem cov pob zeb hauv av kom dawb av rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv, xws li kev rho tawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab lwm yam minerals.
Kev tsim kho av thiab tso tawm thaj chaw los ntawm hydromechanization suav nrog ntau theem:
- Hydraulic mining ntawm av pob zeb siv hydraulic saib thiab suction dredgers.
- Hydrotransportation of mined material by distribution and main pipelines.
- Kev koom tes ntawm alluvium ntawm technogenic av rau hauv av ua haujlwm lossis thaj chaw dawb, uas yuav tsum ua haujlwm kom haum rau cov pob zeb rho tawm.
khoom vaj khoom tsev alluvial
Engineering thiab geological thaj chaw ntawm alluvial av yog txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiabKev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm nws tus kheej hais nrog dej. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm technogenic av siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws extraction nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, raws li zoo raws li txoj kev ntawm kev ua hauj lwm txuam nrog kev tsim kho thiab alluvium ntawm lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv no.
Cov khoom ntawm cov av alluvial yog nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev thiab thaj chaw, xws li topography ntawm qhov chaw thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov chaw uas cov khoom siv hauv tsev mined. Tsis tas li, cov kws tshaj lij suav nrog cov xwm txheej thiab cov khoom ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv alluvial ua los ntawm cov pob zeb no.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av alluvial
Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv cov av alluvial txiav txim siab lub sijhawm tau txais ntawm nws lub cev thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Thaum lub sij hawm ntxuav, qhov sib tov yog muab faib ua feem. Cov khoom loj yog concentrated rau feem ntau nyob ze ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm slurry, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas qhov chaw txoj kab nqes yog tsim. Cov xuab zeb zoo nyob hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab, thiab zoo, feem ntau yog av nplaum, tsim thaj tsam pas dej.
Engineers qhia ntau theem hauv kev tsim cov av alluvial:
- Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau nws. Kuj tseem muaj kev poob dej hnyav heev. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej-compaction yuav siv qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau tsis siv ntau tshaj ib xyoos.
- Av ntxiv dag zog tshwm sim vim yog xuab zeb compression. Nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, dynamic stability nce. Cov txheej txheem no yuav siv sij hawm los ntawm ib mus rau peb xyoos.xyoo.
- Lub xeev ruaj khov yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov cementation bonds, uas tsis ntshai dej ntws. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no, cov xuab zeb alluvial muaj zog heev. Lub sijhawm ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv ua tiav rau kaum xyoo lossis ntau dua.
Kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm technogenic av
Txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thaum lub sijhawm rov ua haujlwm thiab alluvium rau kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua tsuas yog nrog kev tswj hwm geotechnical nruj, uas yog ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm paub txog engineering. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam ib zaug los ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas, xws li qib ntawm kev tsis sib xws ntawm cov embankment, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic tshuaj hauv nws, lub cev thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, geologists yuav tsum nrhiav kom paub lub peev xwm ntawm cov av los tsim ntau yam gases, xws li methane, thiab carbon dioxide. Kev tsim ntawm cov tshuaj no tshwm sim los ntawm kev decomposition ntawm cov organic tshuaj.
Yog hais tias nws hloov tawm tias lub embankment tsis muaj lub zog txaus, uas yuav tsum tau siv rau kev tsim kho ntxiv, cov khoom tsim yuav tsum tau ua tiav ntau txoj hauv kev:
- Consolidate nrog cov tshuab hnyav (rollers, rammers, vibrators).
- Txhim kho lub embankment nrog cov pob zeb thiab pob zeb.
- Txhim kho cov qauv nrog cov lus qhia tawg.
- Txhim av tob kom ruaj khov.
- Txiav ib lub tsev los txhawb nqa nws nrog kev txhawb nqa.
Yog tias dej nag hnyav tshwm sim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tau uaua cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog uas yuav yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov qauv, suav nrog txoj kev thiab cov tsev. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua cov kev ntsuas los txhawb lub hauv paus kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov pob zeb.
