Rau qhov kev pabcuam kev tsim kho, xws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog qhov raug thiab paub. GOST 28013 (pom zoo thiab muab tso rau hauv kev siv los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tsim Kho ntawm USSR No. 7 hauv xyoo 1989; nws tau hloov los ntawm GOST zoo sib xws, pom zoo los ntawm Txoj Cai ntawm Gosstroy ntawm Russia No. 30 ntawm 1998 thiab muab tso rau hauv tshwm sim nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj 1999) txhais lub tswvyim raws li ib tug txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus "mortar mix", "dry mortar mix", "mortar" thiab txhais cov kev cai ntawm niaj hnub technical yam ntxwv hais txog lawv cov kev npaj, kev lees txais thiab kev thauj mus los thiab kev ntsuas zoo.
Raws li kev ceeb toom: cov qauv no tsis siv rau cov cua sov thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv mortars.
mortar yog dab tsi?
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog npaj kom raug thiab sib xyaw kom haum rau ib homogeneous pawg ntawm cov khoom: ib tug binder, nplua aggregates thiab sealer. Yog tias tsim nyog, cov additives tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau cov tshuaj. Kev lig kev cai, cement, gypsum los yog txiv qaub ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas muab cov tshuaj elasticity. Cov aggregate feem ntau yog xuab zeb, cov aggregator yog dej.
Tsis yogyuav tsum tau hardening, kiag li npaj txhij rau kev siv tom qab txuas cov khoom tsim nyog, mortar yog hu ua mortar sib tov. Cov mortar sib tov yuav muaj cov khoom qhuav sib xyaw ntawm lub hoobkas. Qhov no yog hu ua qhuav mortar sib tov. Nws raug kaw nrog dej ua ntej siv.
Ib qho tawv tawv, zoo li lub pob zeb dag, uas muaj astringent khi cov xuab zeb ua ke, yog li txo kev sib txhuam, hu ua mortar.
Kev tsim khoom mortars: general specifications
Mortars raug cais raws li hauv qab no.
Nyob ntawm cov binder siv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv txawv:
1. Ib qho yooj yim ib qho - cement, txiv qaub los yog gypsum. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau qhia los ntawm qhov sib piv 1: 2, 1: 3, nyob rau hauv uas 1 yog ib feem (sib qhia) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tus lej thib ob yog pes tsawg feem ntawm cov aggregate ntxiv rau ib feem ntawm cov ntawv khi.
2. Complex, sib xyaw, multicomponent. Cov no yog cov cement thiab limestone, limestone thiab gypsum, av nplaum thiab straw, limestone thiab tshauv, thiab lwm yam. Lawv tau qhia los ntawm peb tus lej: knitting lub ntsiab, knitting ntxiv, muab tub lim.
Ntau ntau kuj nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov binder thiab xuab zeb. Muaj mortars:
1. Ib txwm. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov pom kev sib piv ntawm binder thiab aggregate.
2. Rog. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug tshaj ntawm binder, muab ib tug loj shrinkage thaum lub sij hawm tso, tawg (thaum thov nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab txheej). Yog txiav txim siablos ntawm dipping tus pas rau hauv cov tshuaj - cov greasy sib tov envelops nws nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab txheej.
3. Skinny. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis zoo, ib qho me me ntawm binder, xyaum tsis ntsws, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ntsib. Lawv raug txhais raws li hauv qab no: thaum tus pas nkag rau hauv cov tshuaj, qhov sib tov tsis lo rau nws.
Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov ntawv khi, lub tsev mortars tau muab faib ua:
- huab cua - lawv qhov tawv nqaij tshwm sim hauv huab cua hauv qhov chaw qhuav (gypsum);
- hydraulic - cov txheej txheem hardening pib hauv huab cua thiab txuas ntxiv hauv qhov chaw ntub dej, piv txwv li, hauv dej (cement).
Nyob ntawm cov xuab zeb siv, txawm tias nws yog lub ntuj zoo tib yam, roob, dej los yog lub teeb ntxeem tau (expanded av nplaum, pumice, tuff), muaj hnyav (qhuav qhuav ntawm 1500 kg / m3) thiab lub teeb (txog 1500). kg / m3) mortars. Qhov zoo ntawm cov aggregate ncaj qha cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov khoom kawg. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog slag, sib tov ib tug binder nrog lub tsev xuab zeb yam tsis muaj impurities (mineral s alts, inclusions ntawm av nplaum pob zeb) tsub kom lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj mus txog 40%.
Qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov dej kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj cov kev daws teeb meem: nrog qhov tsis muaj nws, cov kev daws teeb meem yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nruj, nrog ntau dhau - delamination, vim tias cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub zog. raug txo.
Kev lees paub tias cov tshuaj khib (GOST 28013-98) tau npaj kom raug, raws li cov qauv zoo thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog, yog nwskev ua haujlwm. Lub xov tooj ntawm tes, yas muaj peev xwm sau tag nrho cov voids, nws yog zoo compacted, rammed, tsis crumble, tsis crumble, tsis plam raws phab ntsa. Nrog me ntsis ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv khi thiab cov tshuaj khib nyiab, cov tshuaj khib nyiab ua cov yas ntau dua, tab sis qhov no ua rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev ntau dua thaum lub sij hawm hardening thiab, raws li, tsim cov kab nrib pleb.
Cia peb nyob hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib xyaw thiab cov kev daws teeb meem, txhua qhov kev ntsuas uas tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov qauv tam sim no.
Cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab
Cov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib xyaw yog qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom, muaj peev xwm khaws dej, txav mus los thiab stratification. Qhov qis dua qhov kev siv binder rau cov kev xav tau rau kev sib tov, qhov zoo dua. Yog hais tias qhov sib tov tau muaj sij hawm los txeeb los yog nws tau thawed, nws yog nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub ntxiv ib lub sealer rau nws. Txhawm rau ua tiav cov khoom xav tau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom npaj cov tshuaj khib nyiab kom zoo, koob tshuaj, thiab kho cov tshuaj hauv lawv. Cov no yuav tsum yog cov mixers ntawm cyclic (nruam hom), gravitational (yuav tsum) ua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov yuam kev txog li 2% yog tso cai rau kev hwm rau binders, tus neeg sawv cev sib xyaw, cov khoom siv qhuav, txog 2.5 - nrog rau kev sib sau. Rau lub caij ntuj no, qhov ntsuas kub yuav tsum sib npaug los yog siab dua 5 ° C. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws dej kub rau kev sib tov yog mus txog 80 ° C.
Raws li tus qauv ntawm kev txav mus los, ntau lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib xyaw yog qhov txawv:
1. Pk4 - tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm 1-4 cm. Siv hauv vibrated rubble masonry.
2. Pk8 - rab rawg ntawm kev txav mus los yog nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 4 mus rau 8 cm. Nws yog qhov cuam tshuam rau cov pob zeb zoo tib yam (los ntawm cov pob zeb hollow thiab cib) masonry, tig mus ua haujlwm, kev teeb tsa phab ntsa (loj-thaiv, loj-vaj huam sib luag).
3. Pk12 - kev txav mus los tshaj 8 thiab txog 12 cm. Siv thaum tso cov cib zoo tib yam, plastering, cladding, filling voids.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab uas tau npaj tshiab los khaws cov dej kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb. Qhov ntsuas tau zoo hauv kev kuaj mob yog 90% hauv lub caij ntuj no, 95% nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom, nws yuav tsum tshaj 75% ntawm cov dej tuav tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kuaj. Qhov siab dua qhov ntom, qhov siab dua cov dej tsis kam. Rau lub Hoobkas qhuav mortars, noo noo cov ntsiab lus mus txog 0.1% los ntawm qhov hnyav tau txais.
Raws li rau stratification thiab qhov nruab nrab ntom, rau ob qhov ntsuas, qhov yuam kev raug tso cai nyob rau hauv 10%, tsis siab dua. Yog hais tias huab cua-entraining additives ntxiv rau cov mortar sib tov, txheeb ze rau qhov nruab nrab ntom, qhov taw qhia txo mus rau 6% ntawm ib qho tsim los ntawm qhov project.
Quality standard for mortars
nruab nrab ceev, khov ua, lub zog compressive yog cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg muaj suab paj nruag. Yog li, muaj ntau qib uas txiav txim siab axial compressive zog: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.
F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - qib characterizing qhov taw qhiaFrost tsis kam ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yog raug rau alternate freezing - thawing. Frost resistance Performance index yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb, masonry, plaster mortars, thaum nws los txog rau sab nrauv plaster. Txhua hom kev daws teeb meem raug tswj.
Raws li qhov ceev, lub tsev mortars (GOST 28013) tau muab faib ua cov hnyav thiab lub teeb, rab rawg ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas tsis tuaj yeem siab dua 10% ntawm qhov tsim los ntawm qhov project. Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Nws yog siv thaum tso lub hauv paus, lub tsev hauv qab daus. Qhov siab dua qhov ntom ntom, tus muaj zog dua, nyuaj dua cov tshuaj khib.
Cov qauv zoo rau cov tshuaj uas tsim cov kev daws teeb meem
Cement, txiv qaub, gypsum raw cov ntaub ntawv, xuab zeb, suav nrog los ntawm slags los ntawm thermal fais fab nroj tsuag, blast-kub slag yog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau kev npaj cov mortars. Tag nrho cov khoom no, nrog rau cov dej rau cov mortars, yuav tsum ua tau raws li cov cai, ob qho tib si muab los ntawm GOST 28013 thiab cov qauv zoo rau txhua qhov khoom.
Rau txhua tus neeg mortar, nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, xav tau ib qho kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov dej noo uas xav tau. Yog li, rau kev ua haujlwm tiav, lub tsev xuab zeb nrog cov nplej loj txog li 1.25 hli yog qhov tsim nyog, rau cov av - txog li 2.5 hli, thaum plastering xuab zeb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1-2 hli, thaum plastering txheej txheej - tsis ntau tshaj 1.25 hli. (muaj peev xwm sib txawv mus txog 0.5% los ntawm qhov hnyav, tab sis cov tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov xuab zeb nrog cov nplej ntau tshaj 2.5 hli). Yog siv xuab zebtshauv, ces yuav tsum tsis muaj dej khov, khov pob hauv qhov loj. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev rhuab, qhov kub ntawm lub tsev xuab zeb tsis tuaj yeem tshaj 60 ° C. Lub teeb mortars koom nrog kev sib xyaw nrog cov xuab zeb ntxeem tau (shungite, vermiculite, nthuav av nplaum, perlite, slag pumice, aglonirite, ya tshauv, thiab lwm yam). Cov kev daws teeb meem zoo nkauj yog tsim los ntawm cov xuab zeb ntxuav quartz, pob zeb crumbs nrog grain loj txog li 2.5 hli (granite, marble, ceramics, thee, yas). Xim plastering ntawm facades suav nrog kev siv 2-5 hli granite, iav, ceramic, thee, slate, yas chips. Xim cement-xuab zeb plastering yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev ntxiv cov xim cement, ntuj lossis cov xim pleev xim ntawm cov qauv tsim nyog rau cov khoom sib xyaw.
tshuaj ntxiv
Kev npaj cov mortars feem ntau suav nrog kev ntxiv rau lawv cov khoom sib xyaw ntau yam tshuaj ntxiv uas txhim kho cov khoom zoo, uas tiv thaiv kev delamination, pab txhawb kom muaj zog dua, muaj zog, thiab ua kom cov Frost tsis kam ntawm qhov sib tov. Cov no yog cov hu ua superplasticizing, plasticizing, stabilizing, dej-retaining, air-entraining, accelerating hardening, retarding setting, antifreeze, sealing, dej-repellent, bactericidal, gas-forming complexes. Plaub kawg yog rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb.
Qhov xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib xyaw hauv chav kuajtej yam kev mob. Ua raws li cov qauv, lawv tsis ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, corrosive cuam tshuam rau lub tsev thiab cov qauv hauv kev siv. Muab faib los ntawm hom, hom, lawv txhua tus muaj cov cim, nrog rau kev tsim qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Yog li, sodium sulfate (SN, GOST 6318, TU 38-10742) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau kev ua kom tawv tawv ntxiv, urea (urea) (M, GOST 2081) rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, TU 6-05-386) rau dej. - khaws cov additives.. Ib daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj ntxiv tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv ntxiv rau GOST 28013. Cement mortar yog tsim nrog ntxiv ntawm cov organic (microfoam qub) thiab inorganic (av nplaum, txiv qaub, cement plua plav, ya tshauv thiab lwm yam) plasticizers.
Technical quality control
Ib lub lag luam uas koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib tov, tsis poob, ua cov txheej txheem tswj kev siv tshuaj ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog thiab kev npaj cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib tov nws tus kheej. Kev tswj tau ua ib zaug ib zaug. Mortar mixs ntawm tib yam muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsim ib qho kev ua haujlwm, yog xa hauv batch. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qauv tswj tau raug xa mus rau chav kuaj (nrog rau GOST 5802) txhawm rau txiav txim siab txhua yam kev ua haujlwm.
Yog tias tus neeg siv khoom teeb tsa cov ntsuas sib txawv ntawm cov teev hauv GOST 28013, cov khoom lag luam zoo yuav raug tswj los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam mortars yog ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom muaj cai thov kev tswj cov qauv ntawm cov mortar sib tov thiabkev daws teeb meem. Cov mortar sib tov yog dispensed los ntawm ntim, cov mortar qhuav yog dispensed los ntawm loj.
Hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib xyaw rau kev muaj peev xwm delamination thiab khaws cia cov kua, thiab cov tshuaj khib rau Frost tsis kam, ib daim tshev yog nqa tawm thaum xaiv lossis hloov cov khoom sib xyaw lossis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj khib nyiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom yuav raug tshuaj xyuas txhua rau lub hlis. Yog tias, nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev txheeb xyuas, tsis ua raws li tus qauv tam sim no pom, tag nrho cov khoom raug tsis lees paub.
Yuav tsum muaj dab tsi hauv cov ntaub ntawv rau cov khoom?
Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no yuav tsum tau sau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj ntawm cov khoom zoo thiab pom zoo los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj xyuas:
- lub npe thiab chaw nyob ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, hnub tim thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev npaj sib tov;
- hom tshuaj;
- hom binder;
- kom muaj nuj nqis, txav ntawm cov khoom;
- lub npe thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv;
- qhov taw qhia ntawm tus qauv no, uas yog kev lees paub ntawm kev ua raws li cov khoom npaj siv nrog cov ntaub ntawv kev tshaj lij.
Yog siv cov porous aggregates, qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom hauv lub xeev qhuav yog kho ntxiv. Rau qhov sib tov qhuav, lub ntim ntawm lub tov khoom yog sau kom cov khoom sib tov tau txais qhov xav tau txav mus los. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj lub sij hawm lav rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov khoom sib tov hauv daim ntawv qhuav, uas yog xam los ntawm hnub ntawm kev npaj mus txog rau lub sij hawm tas sij hawm ntawm rau lub hlis.
Kev thauj mus los ntawm mortar mixes
Thaum thauj cov tshuaj khib nyiab sib tov, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshem tawm qhov poob ntawm qhov laitance. Tso caikev thauj cov khoom los ntawm txoj kev, nrog rau hauv tubs (bunkers) los ntawm tsheb thiab ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov khoom sib tov sib xyaw yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas, uas tau sau tseg thaum lub ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov tob ntawm 5 cm.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhuav, mortar sib tov yog thauj hauv cov cement tsheb thauj khoom, ntim lossis ntim txog li 40 kg (paper ntim) thiab txog li 8 kg (polyethylene ntim). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv cov hnab ntawv, kev thauj mus los yog nqa tawm ntawm cov ntoo pallets, hauv polyethylene - los ntawm kev tso lub hnab nrog sib tov rau hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb. Kev khaws cia ntawm qhov sib tov hauv hnab yog tso cai ntawm qhov kub ntawm 5 ° C hauv cov chav qhuav kaw. Tom qab kev thauj mus los, cov mortar sib tov yog unloaded rau hauv ib tug tov khoom los yog lwm yam ntim.
Siv mortars
Kev siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab muaj ntau yam. Kev tsim kho cov pob zeb thiab cov mortars raws li cov cement binder ua cov khoom siv tau dav dav hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug thiab kev tsim kho hauv kev tsim kho lub hauv paus muaj zog load-bearing foundations, kab rov tav, ntsug, inclined qauv, qauv, ceilings, thaum lub sij hawm loj thiab tam sim no kho, reconstructions, restorations.
Nws feem ntau lees txais tias thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev zeb, kev noj cov tshuaj khib nyiab mus txog ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov qauv. Ntau tus ntawm peb tau puas tau yuav txiv qaub, gypsum, sib xyaw mortars rau plastering phab ntsa hauv cov tsev lossis tsev neeg ntiag tug (cov no yog cov hu uaua kom tiav cov txheej txheem). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau yuav masonry mortars rau installation, cladding, masonry, refractory. Hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, tam sim no koj tuaj yeem pom lub tsev mortars (GOST 28013), uas muaj cov khoom zoo tshaj ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev, suab nqus, cua sov thiab hluav taws kub.
