Txhua lub sijhawm, tib neeg tau tsim kho lawv tus kheej cov kev xav tau, pib nrog cov tsev qub thiab xaus nrog cov txuj ci niaj hnub. Txhawm rau kom cov tsev thiab lwm yam kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv uas yuav tsis tso cai rau tus kheej kom tawg.
Cement yog cov khoom siv los khi cov khoom tsim. Nws daim ntawv thov yog zoo nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, thiab txoj hmoo ntawm tag nrho cov qauv nyob ntawm nws.
History of tshwm sim
Cov ntaub qhwv tau siv txij li thaum ub. Thaum xub thawj nws yog av nplaum unbaked. Vim nws qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tau txais thiab nthuav dav, nws tau siv txhua qhov chaw. Tab sis vim nws tsis tshua muaj viscosity thiab ruaj khov, av nplaum tau muab txoj hauv kev rau cov khoom siv cua sov.
thawj cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau zoo hauv tebchaws Iyiv. Qhov no yog txiv qaub thiab gypsum. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom tawv tawv hauv huab cua, vim lawv tau siv dav. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom txog thaum lawv pib tsimkev taw qhia. Xav tau ib yam tshiab uas yuav tiv taus dej.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ib yam khoom tau tsim - kev sib hlub. Qhov no yog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau tawv nqaij hauv dej thiab hauv huab cua. Tab sis kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam xav tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib tug tshiab binding neeg sawv cev tau tsim. Nws yog hu ua Portland cement. Cov khoom no tseem siv niaj hnub no. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej, cov kev cai tshiab raug yuam rau cov binders. Txhua qhov kev lag luam siv nws lub npe nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.
Composition
Cement yog lub ntsiab ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv nws yog av nplaum thiab limestone. Lawv sib xyaw ua ke thiab raug rau kev kho cua sov. Tom qab ntawd lub resulting loj yog av mus rau ib tug hmoov lub xeev. Grey zoo sib tov yog cov cement. Yog hais tias nws yog tov nrog dej, ces qhov loj yuav nws thiaj li zoo li lub pob zeb. Lub ntsiab feature yog lub peev xwm los harden nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab tiv taus ya raws.
Tau txais cov cement mortar
Yuav kom lub tsev loj yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo, cov khoom xyaw yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 25% kua. Hloov qhov piv ntawm txhua qhov kev taw qhia ua rau txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev daws teeb meem, nrog rau nws qhov zoo. Kev teeb tsa tshwm sim 60 feeb tom qab ntxiv dej, thiab tom qab 12 teev cov sib tov poob nws elasticity. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm huab cua kub. Qhov siab dua, qhov ceev qhov loj yuav harden.
Yuav kom tau txais cov tshuaj, cov xuab zeb yog xav tau, hauv cov cement ntxiv. Lub resulting sib tov yog kom huv si tov thiab sau nrog dej. Nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm, qhov kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tib yam lossis ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Thawj muaj qhov sib npaug 1: 5, thiab qhov thib ob - 1: 2.
Hom thiab tsim cov cement
Tam sim no, ntau ntau yam ntawm binder raug tsim tawm. Txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej qib ntawm hardness, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub hom.
Cov hom tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Portland cement (silicate). Nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam. Txhua lub npe siv nws ua lub hauv paus. Qhov txawv yog tus nqi thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov additives uas muab cov cement cov khoom tsim nyog. Cov hmoov nws tus kheej muaj xim grey-ntsuab. Thaum cov kua ntxiv, nws hardens thiab hardens. Nws tsis yog siv cais hauv kev tsim kho, tab sis mus ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw.
- Plasticized compound txo cov nqi, muaj peev xwm tshem tawm kev txav mus los ntawm kev daws teeb meem thiab ua haujlwm zoo rau qhov txias.
- Slag cement. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm crushing clinker, moj tej tawg rauv slag thiab ntxiv active additives. Siv hauv kev tsim kho rau kev npaj mortars thiab pob zeb.
- Aluminous. Nws muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, teeb tsa ceev (45 feeb) thiab hardening (ua tiav tom qab 10 teev). Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tshwj xeeb yog ua kom muaj zog tiv taus noo noo.
- Acid resistant. Tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw quartzxuab zeb thiab sodium silicate fluoride. Txhawm rau npaj cov tshuaj, sodium kua iav ntxiv. Qhov zoo ntawm xws li cov cement yog tsis kam mus rau acids. Qhov tsis zoo yog lub neej ua haujlwm luv luv.
- xim. Tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw Portland cement thiab pigments. Cov xim txawv txawv yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Cement ntau lawm muaj 4 theem:
- Kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab nws cov kev npaj.
- Roasting thiab tau txais clinker.
- Sib tsoo hmoov.
- Ntxiv cov impurities tsim nyog.
Cement txoj kev tsim khoom
Muaj 3 txoj hauv kev nyob ntawm kev npaj cov khoom siv rau kev kho cua sov:
Nyob. Nrog rau txoj kev no, cov kua yuav tsum muaj nyob rau txhua theem ntawm kev tsim cov cement. Nws yog siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov khoom tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yam tsis muaj kev siv dej. Qhov no yog chalk nrog cov dej noo siab, cov av nplaum yas lossis limestone
- Qhia. Txhua theem ntawm kev tsim cov cement yog ua nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov dej tsawg kawg nkaus.
- sib tov. Kev tsim cov cement muaj xws li ob txoj hauv kev ntub thiab qhuav. Thawj cov cement sib tov yog ua nrog dej, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau lim mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.
pob zeb
Qhov no yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov cement, muab tub lim, kua thiab cov khoom tsim nyog ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib tug hardened sib tov, uas muaj xws licrushed pob zeb, xuab zeb, dej thiab cement. Qhob txawv ntawm mortar nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab aggregate loj.
Kev faib tawm
Txawm li cas los xij siv, cov pob zeb ua tau:
- Cement. Hom ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho. Nws yog raws li Portland cement, nrog rau nws ntau yam.
- Gypsum. Muaj qhov nce durability. Lub pob zeb gypsum yog muab los ua ib daim ntawv khi.
- Polymer. Raws li polyester resins. Haum rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kab rov tav thiab ntsug. Nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo heev rau kev ua tiav thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.
- Silicate. Lub binder yog txiv qaub thiab siliceous tshuaj. Los ntawm nws cov khoom nws zoo ib yam li cov cement thiab siv rau hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb muaj zog.
Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, pob zeb ua tau:
- Regular. Siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho pej xeem.
- Special. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv cov qauv hydraulic, nrog rau hauv txoj kev, rwb thaiv tsev thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ua haujlwm.
- Lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Nws yog pob zeb resistant rau tshuaj, thermal thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam.
Cement nqi
Cov neeg tsim khoom tsim cov khoom ntim los ntawm qhov hnyav. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub hnab cement yog 35, 42, 26, thiab 50 kg. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los yuav qhov kev xaiv kawg. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev thauj khoom thiab txuag ntawm kev ntim khoom. Nyob ntawm qhov khoom,uas yuav raug kho, ntau qib ntawm cov cement yog siv, uas muaj lawv tus kheej cov nqi. Thaum them nyiaj, txhua lub hnab ntawm cov cement yog muab rau hauv tus account. Nws tus nqi raug kho thiab yuav hloov pauv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus neeg muag khoom.
Ua ntej koj pib xam cov nqi nyiaj ntsuab, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab rau ib qho ntxiv. Qee zaum koj tuaj yeem pom qhov kev tshaj tawm uas qhia tus nqi qis dua tus qauv. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob poob rau hauv lub ntxiab zoo li no. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, kim cement yog diluted nrog pheej yig dua. Yeej ob peb rubles, koj yuav poob qhov zoo ntawm lub tsev khoom.
Nyob ib lub hnab 50 kg. Tus nqi ntawm M400D0 hom yuav yog 220 rubles. Tus nqi ntawm lwm tus yuav txawv, tab sis qhov nruab nrab yog:
- M400D20 - 240 rubles.
- M500D0 - 280 rubles.
- M500D20 - 240 rubles.
Yog tias koj yuav tsum siv ob peb lub hnab ntim cov cement xwb, ces nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los yuav lawv ntawm cov khw muag khoom siv tsev ze tshaj plaws. Thiab yog tias koj xav tau ntau npaum li cas, ces koj yuav tsum hu rau cov chaw tsim khoom.
Kev siv cov cement
Ua ntej yuav ua ib qho kev tsim kho, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm seb yuav tsum tau cement ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov sib xws ntawm cov mortar yuav tsum yog dab tsi. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, lub zog yuav tsum tau khaws cia thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj.
Thaum lub luag haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm hnyav ua ntej, nws tsis tuaj yeem lees txais cov cement thiab xuab zeb "los ntawm qhov muag". Yog tias koj tsis tso cov ntawv khi, nrog cov ntim loj nws yuav raug nqi nyiaj ntau.
Yog li yuav tsum tau cement ntau npaum li cas rau kev ua haujlwm? Cov lej hauv tsev (SNiP) yuav pab teb. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov khoom sib tov. Tsom ntsoov rau lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov yam tseem ceeb, koj tuaj yeem paub meej tias cov cement noj tus nqi ib 1 cubic meter ntawm mortar.
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas ntau tus neeg tsim khoom tsis suav nrog yog tias cov cement tau faib rau hauv qhov khoob ntawm cov xuab zeb. Nco ntsoov tias qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj kev ua haujlwm. Yog tias khaws cia hauv tsev ntev ntev, qib 500 yuav dhau los ua 400 tom qab ob peb lub hlis. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau thov daim ntawv pov thawj nrog hnub teeb meem thaum yuav.
