Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam khoom tiav, ntau tus nyiam siv cov kev xaiv classic, ua pov thawj ntau xyoo. Thaum nws los txog rau hauv pem teb, vuas tam sim ntawd los rau hauv siab. Cov khoom no muaj kev ua haujlwm siab. Tab sis kom nws kav ntev, koj yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog hnub no.
Tile: pros and cons
Vim li cas cov khoom no xav tau ntau? Nws yog nrov rau ntau yam:
- Water resistant (zoo meej rau chav dej).
- Nyob zoo.
- Nyob zoo.
- Resistant rau tshuaj.
- Tsis ntshai ultraviolet rays.
- Yooj yim ntxuav.
- Tau qhov kub thiab txias heev.
- Zoo rau pem teb cua sov.
Cov khoom siv yog universal. Koj tuaj yeem ruaj ntseg nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb ntawm lub sam thiaj, chav dej lossis hauv tsev. Kuj niaj hnub noMuaj ntau hom vuas. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom ntawm cov xim sib txawv lossis txawm tias parquet imitation. Cov pobzeb yog ib qho zoo ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Tsis ntev los no, cov vuas dub thiab dawb tau dhau los ua qhov cuam tshuam. Nws yog siv hauv ob chav da dej thiab chav ntxhua khaub ncaws.
Tab sis koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom no:
- High rigidity. Yog tias cov txheej txheem no siv hauv chav ua noj, yog tias cov tais diav poob, lawv yuav tawg tam sim.
- Ntxig nto. Qhov no siv rau cov vuas enamel. Yog li ntawd, hom no zoo dua tsis txhob siv hauv chav dej. Cov qauv nrog matte nto yog qhov zoo dua ntawm no.
Thaum txiav txim siab siv qhov ua tiav, koj yuav tsum tau mus ua haujlwm. Yuav ua li cas nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb? Xav paub ntxiv.
Npaj cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv
Nws tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi ntawm cov vuas hauv pem teb koj xaiv. Cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom siv yuav zoo ib yam. Yog li, koj yuav tsum npaj:
- kua nplaum los yog grout rau vuas.
- Lib rau kos.
- tsev theem.
- Grout rau vuas.
- ntsuas daim kab xev
- Rubber spatula.
- Tile cutter.
- roj hmab rauj.
- Muaj peev xwm sib tov cov tshuaj.
Kev npaj
Yuav kom peb pem teb kom muaj zog thiab txawm, nws yuav tsum tau npaj kom zoo. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau tshem tawm tag nrho cov khoom siv thiab cov rooj tog zaum hauv chav no. Chav yuav tsum tsis muaj dab tsi. Yog hais tias tiling yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv chav dej, nws yog ntshawdismantle lub chav dej, tom qab kaw cov dej.
Yuav ua li cas nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum rhuav tshem lub qub (yog tias muaj). Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los rhuav tshem cov pobzeb rau hauv av, nrog rau cov qub cement mortar. Peb kuj tseem nco ntsoov tias yav tom ntej nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem kho qhov tsis sib xws los ntawm kev siv lub ntim loj. Yog li ntawd, tom qab tshem tawm cov pobzeb qub, screed yuav tsum tau ua. Waterproofing yuav tsis yog superfluous (tshwj xeeb yog tias kho dua tshiab hauv chav dej).
Screed nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua tau ob txoj hauv kev:
- Wet.
- Nyob.
Thawj zaug xav tias muaj lub hauv paus pob zeb. Feem ntau siv yog cov vuas raug ntsia hauv chav dej. Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum txhim kho cov vuas rau ntawm phab ntsa, koj yuav tsum tau siv ib qho ntxiv reinforcing mesh. Tab sis nyob rau hauv peb rooj plaub (thaum tso cov vuas rau hauv pem teb), daim phiaj no tsis tas yuav siv. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua lub qhov rooj thiab cov rooj zaum yuav tsum raug tshem tawm.
Ua li no, peb yuav tsum tau kos ib kab ntawm qhov sib nrug ntawm thawj kab ntawm cov vuas. Yog tias nws muaj xim thiab nrog cov qauv, qhov chaw ntawm cov vuas yog cim rau hauv cov chaw uas cov qauv yuav txawv.
Txiav qhov khoom
Yuav ua li cas tom qab kos npe? Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem pib txheej txheem installation. Peb xav tau dab tsi rau qhov no? Ntawm no koj yuav xav tau pobzeb nplaum. Qhov twg yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv, peb yuav xav txog me ntsis tom qab. Cov tshuaj nplaum tuaj yeem ua rau qhuav thiab npaj txhij. Hauv thawj kis, peb tus kheej yuav tau dilute nws kom txog rau thaum qhov kev xav tau sib xws. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov nplais nplaum yuav tsum zoo sib xws hauv qhov sib xwsrau qaub cream Siv ib tug notched trowel, siv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv me me feem rau saum npoo. Lub txheej yuav tsum nyias. Tom ntej no, nteg cov vuas. Nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau nias nyuaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav daws tau tag nrho lub hnab ntim cov pobzeb, koj yuav tsum tau me ntsis tig nws raws axis. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov nplaum npog tag rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov nplais.
Tab sis koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias yav tom ntej nws nyuaj heev rau kev rhuav tshem cov pobzeb. Yog li ntawd, thaum txhim kho nws rau hauv pem teb, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov pobzeb no tau xaiv ntau xyoo tuaj thiab ua tiav cov kev xav tau. Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum tso cov vuas, koj tuaj yeem siv roj hmab mallet. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem muab ntau dua adhesion yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov pobzeb nws tus kheej (txawm hais tias nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev puas tsuaj rau hauv pem teb pobzeb, vim nws thickness yog ob peb zaug siab tshaj qhov uas npaj rau phab ntsa). Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem nias nyuaj ntawm cov nplais, vim tias ib feem ntawm cov kua nplaum yuav tawm ntawm cov npoo. Tag nrho cov pob qij txha yuav tsum huv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm qhov sib txawv me me - ntawm no cov grout rau cov vuas yog txuas ntxiv. Nws cov xim yuav txawv, tab sis classic dawb feem ntau yog xaiv. Qhov grout no pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ya raws los ntawm sab hauv, uas yuav ua rau puas tsuaj thiab pwm hauv cov kab noj hniav.
Kuv puas yuav tsum tau nruab cov vuas ib zaug? Yog tias koj twb muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws, koj tuaj yeem nruab ob peb lub vuas ib zaug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua lub pobzeb yuav tsum tau nias kom zoo dua ntawm cov nplaum nplaum. Thaum tsiv mus rau kab tshiab, koj yuav tsum siv qib. Koj yuav tsum tau xyuas seb cov pobzeb tshiab tau mus rau sab. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias thaum tso cov vuasxws deviations yuav tsum tsis. Thiab rau qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov khoob, crosses yog siv rau cov vuas. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg yuav txawv. Qhov no parameter yog los ntawm 0.5 mus rau 6 millimeters. Tab sis feem ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig rau cov vuas uas tau nruab rau hauv pem teb yog los ntawm 1.5 mus rau 2 millimeters. Qhov no yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov vuas pem teb.
Txhim cov vuas pem teb yog pom zoo kom ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev ncua. Yog tias tsim nyog, tshem tawm cov nplaum nplaum nyob ib ncig ntawm cov npoo. Txwv tsis pub, cov tshuaj yuav qhuav thiab lub zog ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yuav nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug yav tom ntej.
Txhim kho cov pobzeb uas ploj lawm
Koj ua li cas nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes? Thaum tag nrho cov pobzeb yog tag nrho, peb mus rau lub installation ntawm cov uas ploj lawm. Ua li no, txiav cov khoom. Qhov no yog ua tiav nrog lub pobzeb cutter. Nws tuaj yeem yog phau ntawv lossis hluav taws xob. Yog tias tsis muaj pobzeb cutter, koj tuaj yeem siv lub grinder nrog lub voj voog tshwj xeeb lossis lub khob txiav. Tab sis koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum txiav cov khoom, cov hmoov av ntau yog tsim. Yog li ntawd, nco ntsoov siv lub tshuab ua pa thiab qhib qhov rais hauv chav. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub koj xav tau ua ib txoj kab nkhaus, siv phau ntawv pobzeb cutters.
Qhov no yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb thaum tso cov vuas. Tab sis qhov kev ua haujlwm no tsuas yog ua tom qab cov tshuaj nplaum qhuav tag. Qhov no yuav tsum tau tsawg kawg ib hnub ntawm chav tsev kub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis raug tso cai taug kev ntawm cov pobzeb zoo li no thiab ua rau lwm yam thauj khoom ntawm nws. Tom qab cov tshuaj dries, tshem tawm cov ntoo khaub ligthiab ua grout. Raws li yav tas los, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntawv sau hauv qab no:
- YSilicon.
- Epoxy.
- Cement based.
Xaiv qhov twg? Nws nyob ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov nplais nws tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis zoo li thawj ob, cement grout yog muag qhuav. Nws yuav tsum tau npaj ntawm nws tus kheej (dilute nrog dej). Tab sis qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog yuav cov khoom sib txuas hauv cov raj (rau cov phom mounting).
Ua ntej siv cov grout, ua tib zoo ntxuav cov seams ntawm cov vuas los ntawm cov av, plua plav thiab cov nplaum seem. Txwv tsis pub, lub grout yuav tsis zoo. Thaum siv thawj ob txoj kev xaiv, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov nplais nrog daim kab xev. Tshem tawm epoxy thiab silicone grout yuav nyuaj, tsis zoo li cov cement. Cov yav tas yog muab tshem tawm nrog ib tug zoo tib yam ntub chopper.
Tom ntej no, nrog cov roj hmab spatula, koj yuav tsum tau siv lub grout rau lub seam, nias qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg me ntsis hauv. Tshaj tawm yog muab tshem tawm nrog ib daim ntaub ntub dej. Yog hais tias nws yog ib qho enameled nto, lub grout yuav tsum tsis pub kom qhuav. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav nyuaj rau kev tshem tawm ntawm nws (txawm tias los ntawm cov cement). Koj yuav tsum tau ua tiav tag nrho cov seams, suav nrog qhov chaw zais. Tom qab ntawd tos kom txog thaum lub grout hardens. Qhov no feem ntau siv sijhawm 24 teev. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho saum npoo ntawm hauv pem teb yog ntxuav nrog ib daim ntaub ntub dej. Nyob rau theem no, kev tso cov vuas rau hauv pem teb tau ua tiav tiav.
Txiav nuances
Ua ntej tso cov khoom siv hauv tsev, koj yuav tsum paub qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom thiab txiav cov pobzeb. Cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab nrog ib tug margin(+ 10 feem pua ntawm qhov xav tau ntim). Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum txiav cov nplais tuaj yeem deformed. Ntau tus nyiam siv lub khob txiav.
Lub log ntawm lub iav cutter yog ntsia rau saum npoo ntawm cov pobzeb thiab kos raws kab ua ntej cim. Tom qab ntawd, demolition yog ua. Tab sis yog hais tias cov khoom muaj zog heev los yog tuab, ces koj xav tau ib tug pobzeb cutter los yog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub voj voog rau lub grinder. Vim qhov loj ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub log txiav, cov nplais cutter yuav muab cov khoom zoo txiav. Txoj haujlwm nws tus kheej tau ua tiav hauv ntau theem:
- Cov pobzeb muab tso rau ntawm qhov txwv nrog cov kab cim. Cov khoom yuav tsum tau teem kom cov kab txiav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov pobzeb cutter.
- Nyob rau saum lub cuab yeej muaj lub tsheb nrog nres thiab lub log. Nws ua raws li cov lus qhia. Peb yuav tsum muab nws tso tseg (los ntawm peb tus kheej). Tom qab ntawd ib lub log txuas rau cov pobzeb thiab txiav cov khoom tiav.
Ib txoj kev nyuaj dua yog ua cov kab curly lossis ib lub voj voog. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua yog tias cov pobzeb kaw ib qho kev sib txuas lus hauv pem teb - qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau ua ntej nthuav tawm cov duab ntawm qhov txiav ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm cov khoom. Thiab tom qab ntawd qhov kev txiav yog ua tiav ntawm lub pobzeb cutter. Qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov pobzeb yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. Tab sis lub ntug tom qab ntawd yuav tsis sib xws. Yog li ntawd, kom smoothness ntau dua, peb yuav tsum tau ua ib feem nrog ib daim ntawv.
Txhim cov vuas ntawm cov vuas qub
Puas puas tuaj yeem tso cov nplais pobzeb yam tsis tau rhuav tshem cov pobzeb qub? Raws li peb tau hais ua ntej, ua ntej kev teeb tsa, hauv pem teb yuav tsum tau npaj. Tab sisfeem ntau cov tswv xav txuag lub sijhawm thiab nruab ncaj qha rau ntawm cov pobzeb qub. Cov kws txawj hais li cas txog qhov no? Nws yog ib qho ua tau rau nruab cov vuas nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej qhov adhesion ntawm cov vuas qub rau hauv pem teb. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov roj hmab mallet. Yog hais tias cov khoom trembling raws li kev cuam tshuam, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau nruab ib lub pobzeb tshiab rau nws. Txwv tsis pub, tsis ntev koj yuav tau rov kho dua. Tsis tas li, cov kws tshaj lij tsis qhia mounting txheej yog tias cov pobzeb qub muaj cov kab nrib pleb. Koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nrog rau kev teeb tsa tsuas yog tom qab ua kom cov pobzeb qub txuas nrog rau hauv pem teb.
Yuav ua li cas nteg cov vuas rau hauv pem teb nrog cov vuas qub? Muaj ob peb txoj kev xaiv. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov tsis zoo thiab txiav tawm cov glaze nrog lub grinder. Tab sis nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis ua qhov no, tab sis tsuas yog siv cov primer tshwj xeeb. Nws yog thov nrog ib tug roller los yog txhuam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom lub adhesion kom zoo, lub nto ntawm cov pobzeb yog thawj degreased thiab cov slightest plua plav yog cais. Qhov nruab nrab, nws yuav siv li 3 litres ntawm xws li primer ib 10 square meters. Txij li thaum muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xuab zeb, cement thiab tshwj xeeb muab tub lim, qhov chaw yuav dhau los ua ntxhib. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau tos kom txog thaum cov khoom dries. Qhov no yuav siv li peb teev. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem nteg cov vuas rau ntawm cov nplaum nplaum. Cov txheej txheem installation tsis txawv ntawm cov lus qhia saum toj no. Beacons kuj raug ntsia.
Recommendations
Ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov vuas hauv chav dej lossis chav ua noj kom yooj yim li sai tau, koj yuav tsum ua raws li ob pebTswv yim:
- Sim ua kom haum cov vuas ua ke kom ntau li ntau tau yam tsis muaj kev txiav. Lossis koj yuav tsum tau txav nws kom cov pobzeb kawg tseem nyob tsis tau. Thiab koj tuaj yeem tso cov vuas dav dav hauv qhov sib txawv.
- Koj yuav tsum nyeem cov lus qhia ntawm kev ntim cov nplais nplaum. Qee lub tuam txhab tsim cov tebchaw uas tsuas yog siv rau qhov chaw ntub dej. Cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account.
- Ua ntej txiav ib lub pobzeb, nws yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv dej rau ib teev. Cov nplais ntub dej tau yooj yim txiav nrog lub khob txiav thiab tawg raws kab. Cov yav tas yuav tsum tau thov tsis pub ze tshaj ib centimeter ntawm ntug ntawm cov pobzeb.
- Qhov hauv cov vuas yog tsim los ntawm kev xyaum tshwj xeeb (ballerina).
- Nws txwv tsis pub npog tag nrho cov av hauv pem teb nrog mortar.
- Cov grout yuav tsum muaj qhov sib xws ntawm cov tshuaj nplaum tuab.
- Thaum kawg, hauv pem teb yeej polished.
Kua rau cov vuas: qhov twg zoo dua rau xaiv?
Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom siv cov nplaum tshwj xeeb rau cov vuas hauv pem teb. Nws muaj ntau ntawm plasticizer. Nws sau tag nrho cov voids hauv qab cov vuas thaum gluing. Peb kuj tseem nco ntsoov tias nws tsis tuaj yeem siv rau phab ntsa - cov pobzeb tuaj yeem ntab. Yog tias koj tab tom txhim kho cov vuas hauv chav dej, koj tuaj yeem yuav cov kua nplaum uas tiv thaiv dej. Nws kuj yog siv los ua kom tiav cov pas dej da dej.
Cov khoom xyaw qhuav yog tsim los ntawm cov cement. Txhawm rau kom tau txais kev daws teeb meem, nws yog txaus kom dilute cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog dej hauv qhov kev faib ua feem. Dab tsi hom yuav kua nplaum rau cov vuas square? Muaj ob peb lub tuam txhab zoo:
- "Mask". Cov kua nplaum no tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Ua nrog cov cim sib txawv. Yuav siv tau rau cov vuas hnyav.
- Knauf. Qhov no yog German kua nplaum. Nws yog suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov uas tau tsim hauv daim ntawv qhuav. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau ob qho tib si hauv pem teb thiab phab ntsa. Nws kuj tseem siv tau thaum cov pobzeb muab tso rau hauv pem teb ntoo. Qhuav maj mam. Siv rau cov vuas hauv ib txheej nyias. Kev siv cov kua nplaum tsawg tsawg.
- "Eunice". Nws muaj cov khoom nplaum siab thiab dries sai. Tom qab peb teev, koj tuaj yeem taug kev ntawm qhov chaw zoo li no. Glue tolerates kub heev thiab high humidity. Tab sis koj yuav tsum ua hauj lwm nrog nws sai sai, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ob peb teev nws crystallizes.
- Ceresite. Muaj ib tug zoo-paub chaw tsim tshuaj paus nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub tuam txhab tsim cov khoom sib tov rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Cov kua nplaum tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm qhov chaw tsis sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam txhab no tsim grout rau cov vuas (xim tuaj yeem sib txawv heev).
Kev noj cov ntoo khaub lig
Nws tsis tas yuav suav raws nraim pes tsawg pobzeb hla koj yuav tsum tau yuav. Yuav tsum muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv, yog li rau ib chav koj yuav xav tau tsawg kawg yog ob pob. Muab lawv cov nqi penny, koj tuaj yeem yuav nrog cov paj. Raws li kev siv cov ntoo khaub lig, lawv tau nruab vertically. Ob tug ntoo khaub lig yog mounted rau txhua sab ntawm lub pobzeb. Yog tias nws yog cov pobzeb extruded, txog li plaub crosses tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm ntug ntev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv lawv yuav tsum tau ntsia tiaj tus. Nws yuav nyuaj rau tshem tawm lawv, thiab qhov sib txawv yuav tsis sib npaug. Yog li ntawd, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau nruab crossesraws li pom hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Raws li kev noj cov khoom sib xyaw qhuav, qhov ntsuas no nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov pobzeb nws tus kheej. Yog hais tias nws yog absorbent heev, nrog ib tug enameled nto, thiab lub installation yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb los yog masonry, nws yog zoo dua los siv Ceresit CM9 kua nplaum rau sab hauv ua hauj lwm. Kev siv kua nplaum yuav yog los ntawm ob mus rau plaub kilograms ib square meter. Daim duab tseeb yuav nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov hniav ntawm cov trowel siv.
Yog tias nws yog cov pobzeb tsis muaj zog (los ntawm 3 mus rau 10 feem pua), uas yog npaj rau sab hauv cladding, koj tuaj yeem siv "Ceresit CM11" (nws yog universal thiab haum rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab sab nrauv). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws noj yuav yog los ntawm 1.7 mus rau 4.2 kilograms ib square meter. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm siv cov vuas loj (loj - 40 x 40 centimeters) ua los ntawm ntuj los yog profiled pob zeb, yuav tsum tau siv ib tug sib tov ntawm CM16. Nws muaj viscosity ntau dua thiab muaj adhesion zoo dua. Khoom siv ib square meter - los ntawm 1.7 mus rau 5.6 kilograms.
Yog li, peb saib yuav ua li cas kom cov vuas vov rau hauv pem teb hauv chav. Raws li koj tau pom, cov txheej txheem yog heev complex thiab mob siab rau. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum ua siab ntev ua ntej thiab npaj tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kab los ntawm kev hloov pauv, cov cim yuav tsum tau ua. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mount lub pobzeb ntawm lub qub yog tias nws muaj cov kab nrib pleb thiab lwm yam deformations. Rau qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov khoob, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov yas hlais, tso lawv raws cov npoo ntawm cov vuas nrog txhua qhov.sab.
