Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub staircase nrog koj tus kheej tes thiab dab tsi koj xav tau rau qhov no. Thaum tsim ib lub staircase, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj mloog tsis tsuas yog rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov qauv, tab sis kuj rau qhov tsos. Ua ntej pib tsim khoom, nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account txhua yam uas cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si tsim thiab qhov ntev.
yam cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov ntaiv
Yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv cov ntaiv suav nrog:
- Muaj cheeb tsam ntawm chav tsev uas cov qauv npaj yuav nruab.
- siab ntawm chav.
- Yooj yim siv.
- Lub nra tus ntaiv yuav tsum tau tsim rau.
Tab sis yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub staircase nrog koj tus kheej tes kom raug? Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau kev ua tiav, yog li kev xaiv yuav tsum tau ua kom huv si. Tom ntej no, peb yuav xav txog qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev ua stairs nrog peb tus kheej tes.
ntaiv yuav ua li cas?
Muaj kauv thiab nruab nrab lub dav hlau ntaiv. Tus tsim ntawm lub tom kawg yog heevyooj yim, nws yog qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yuav ua koj tus kheej. Tab sis txhawm rau ua kom txoj kab nqes ib txwm thiab qib siab, yuav tsum muaj thaj chaw loj. Xws li tus ntaiv yog yooj yim heev rau kev khiav lag luam, nws muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov khoom hnyav. Tab sis nrog nws koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem yooj yim nqa rooj tog thiab lwm yam khoom mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob yav tom ntej. Nws kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb heev, yog li nws yuav yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog tias cov neeg laus lossis menyuam yaus nyob hauv tsev.
Raws li tus qauv tsim ntawm lub voj voog staircase, nws yog qhov nyuaj dua. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej yog tias koj txwv hauv qhov chaw. Feem ntau nws yog ntsia tau yog tias tsis muaj qhov chaw txaus los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kab nqes ntawm lub davhlau. Lub ntsiab tsis zoo yog feem ntau tsis yog ib qho yooj yim tsim, nws ua rau nws nyuaj rau nqa cov khoom loj. Tab sis yog tias koj ua ib lub staircase zoo nkauj thiab zoo, ces nws yuav muaj lub zog siab, nrog rau kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Tab sis cia saib yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub staircase rau hauv pem teb thib ob nrog koj tus kheej tes.
Ua ntej koj pib ua stairs, koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb li sai tau. Ua ntej, nws yuav tsum yog ergonomic thiab xis nyob. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam, txoj kab nqes ntawm cov ntaiv, nrog rau cov duab thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub railing. Qhov thib ob, tag nrho cov qauv yuav tsum tiv taus ib qho kev thauj khoom. Nco ntsoov coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov kauj ruam yuav tsum tsis txhob plam, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov balusters yuav tsum tau xaiv nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas los ntawmtus me nyuam tsis tuaj yeem nyem los ntawm lawv thiab poob.
ntaiv tsim nta
Tam sim no wb tham txog yuav ua li cas ua ib lub staircase rau pem teb ob. Nyob ntawm seb cov kauj ruam txuas li cas, kev taug kev tuaj yeem ua tau raws li hauv qab no:
- Nyob rau ntawm bowstrings. Lawv muaj ob sab kab teeb, cov kauj ruam yog txuas rau lawv. Cov kab teeb no hu ua bowstrings thiab yog ua los ntawm ntoo lossis hlau. Lawv fastening yog nqa tawm mus rau phab ntsa lossis rau cov kev txhawb nqa, uas ua kom lub zog ntawm cov qauv. Ua ntej koj tsim ib lub staircase ntoo, koj yuav tsum ua qhov kev xam kom raug kom nws muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab kev ntseeg tau.
- Nyob stringers. Cov hlua khi yog txuas nrog cov kab teeb nyob hauv qab no. Lawv raws nraim rov hais dua cov geometric loj ntawm tag nrho cov qauv. Cov kab teeb no tuaj yeem yog nkhaus lossis ncaj. Ncaj stringers feem ntau yog serrated, cov kauj ruam yog mounted ntawm cov hniav.
- Kev sib txuas bolted yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws, yog li cov qauv no tsis tas yuav muaj kev txhawb nqa ntxiv. Lawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus xwb. Cov kauj ruam yog mounted thiab fastened rau ib leeg nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb bolts - hlau rods. Yog li ntawd, nws hloov tawm mus tshem tawm cov creak, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txhuam ntawm cov khoom ntoo. Yog tias koj yuav tsim ib lub staircase hauv tsev mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob, nco ntsoov xav txog qhov tseeb tias nws tuaj yeem creak thaum tib neeg txav mus los. Thiab qhov ntawd tsis zoo heev.
xaiv khoom
Yuav ua rau tus ntaiv, feem ntau yog siv ntoo softwood. Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau kev xaiv cov khoom tshwj xeeb no,ntawm cov tseem ceeb yog tus nqi thiab yooj yim ntawm kev ua. Raws li rau cov ntoo qhib staircase, nws yuav ua tau ntev, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov qauv yuav siab dua ob peb zaug. Thiab koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau qhov tseeb hais tias ntoo qhib yog ntau nyuaj rau txheej txheem tshaj conifers.
Koj yuav xav tau tsis yog tsuas yog muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj muaj kev paub dhau los. Raws li koj nkag siab, tsim ib lub staircase nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog koj tus kheej tes yog yooj yim npaum li cas yooj yim dua ua ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev.
theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Tam sim no cia peb pib xav txog cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua stairs ntawm stringers. Ua ntej koj pib tsim cov qauv, koj yuav tsum nkag siab rau koj tus kheej tias txawm tias qhov tsis raug me me thiab kev ua yuam kev hauv kev suav yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa, thiab qhov hnyav heev. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas txhua theem raws li ua tau.
Tam sim no hais txog yuav ua li cas ua ib lub staircase rau pem 2. Kev tsim cov ntaiv yuav muaj peb yam:
- Kosourov.
- Handrails.
- pab.
Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo xam.
Yuav ua li cas xam qhov siab thiab dav ntawm cov kauj ruam
Feem ntau ntawm cov tswv siv tib lub mis thaum xam qhov loj ntawm cov kauj ruam. Qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam thiab ob tus nqi ntawm qhov dav yuav tsum sib npaug li 64 cm. Feem ntau qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam yog coj los ntawm 14 mus rau 17 cm. Piv txwv li, hauv peb cov kev suav peb yuav siv tus nqi ntawm 16 cm. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum ntsuas tag nrho qhov siab ntawm cov ntaiv thiab faib los ntawm16. Piv txwv li, koj qhov siab tag nrho yog 240 cm. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum faib 240 los ntawm 16. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tau txais 15. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov qauv yuav muaj 15 kauj ruam.
Thov nco ntsoov tias nws yuav yog tus lej tsis yog tus lej, qhov twg nws yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug. Paub qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov dav. Siv cov qauv saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias qhov dav yuav sib npaug li ib nrab ntawm qhov sib txawv: (64 - 16) / 2=24 (cm). Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub ua ntej ua tus ntaiv hauv koj lub tsev.
Ib feem ntawm cov kauj ruam uas dai ntawm lub riser hu ua lub ledge thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 4 cm. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ua qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam uas nws phim qhov nruab nrab khau loj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv (qhov no yog hais txog 42nd loj - txog 30 cm).
Tib lub sijhawm, koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kauj ruam thiab cov khoom uas nyob saum lawv. Piv txwv li, saum toj no kab teeb, qab nthab, sam thiaj. Qhov kev ncua deb no yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 2 m. Kab rov tav, cov ntaiv yuav tsum muaj qhov ntev hauv qab no: muab qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam los ntawm lawv tus lej. Thaum ua li no, nco ntsoov tias hauv pem teb yog thawj kauj ruam, yog li kev suav yuav zoo li no: 13 x 24=312 (cm).
Yog li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm cov ntaiv yuav tsum yog 312 cm. Yog tias qhov siab ntawm cov qauv loj heev, koj tuaj yeem ua lub platform. Lawv raug ntsia txhua 7-8 kauj ruam. Yog tias koj xav tau tsim ib lub staircase nrog ntau cov kauj ruam, koj tuaj yeem txo lawv qhov siab me ntsis txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho lub platform ntawm cov plag tsev.
Howua braids
Yuav ua kom cov hlua, siv cov ntoo thuv nrog qhov dav ntawm yam tsawg kawg 40 hli. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau ua ib tug qauv uas yuav raws nraim rov qab qhov loj ntawm qhov profile ntawm cov kauj ruam. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum muab cov cim rau ntawm cov laug cam. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum txiav cov hniav nrog lub hacksaw, tab sis nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los siv hluav taws xob jigsaw. Qhov twg kosour yuav koom nrog cov kauj ruam, koj yuav tsum tau txiav lub ces kaum.
Thaum ib qho kosour npaj tau, nws tuaj yeem coj los ua qauv rau kev tsim cov hlau. Qhov tseeb, nws yuav yog tus qauv. Thov nco ntsoov tias ob qho tib si kev nyab xeeb thiab lub zog thiab durability ntawm tag nrho cov staircase nyob ntawm kosour. Yog li ntawd, tsis tas yuav txuag ntawm lawv tus lej.
Tsis tas li, koj tsis tuaj yeem txuag ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom uas lawv tau tsim. Nws tsis raug tso cai siv cov laug cam nrog cov pob caus lossis cov cim qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab teeb meem. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav ua ntej yuav ua li cas kom ceev cov stringers. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav lub zog xav tau, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv 3-4 stringers rau tag nrho cov qauv.
Yuav ua li cas rau nruab cov kauj ruam thiab railings
Kho cov kauj ruam tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si nrog stringers thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntoo ntxiv, uas yog hu ua fillies. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau kos npe thiab txiav tawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov risers thiab cov kauj ruam ntawm cov ntoo. Nco ntsoov coj mus rau hauv tus account lub protrusion. Cov kauj ruam yog fastened nrog rau tes los yog tus kheej tapping screws.
Tus tsim kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws yog ib qho uas siv cov duab peb sab. Lawv yogfastened nrog dowels, rau lawv koj yuav tsum tau ua grooves ua ntej. Tus tsim muaj zog tshaj plaws yuav yog ib qho uas siv cov fillies ntawm complex duab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txiav tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua rau ntawm stringers.
Cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau txuas thiab txuas nrog tus kheej tapping screws thiab adhesives. Thaum cov kauj ruam tau npaj lawm, balusters thiab railings tuaj yeem txuas rau lawv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv ntoo los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, xws li pwm, kab, dampness, kua roj vanish yog siv.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, ua koj tus kheej cov ntaiv ntoo tsis nyuaj heev. Txhua yam koj xav tau yog ntoo zoo thiab ib lub cuab yeej. Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav txog tag nrho cov nuances uas cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej tsim. Nco ntsoov xyuas ob zaug txhua qhov kev suav uas tau ua nyob rau thawj theem.
kab laug stairs
Cia peb sau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus ntaiv kauv. Tom qab tag nrho, tus tsim ntawm ib tug marching staircase tsis haum rau txhua leej txhua tus. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov ntsia hlau yog tias nws yog compact heev. Yog hais tias lub ntsiab staircase yog ob peb meters ntev, ces nws yuav siv sij hawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm chav tsev, koj yuav plam qhov chaw siv tau. Raws li rau lub kauv staircase, nws yuav nyob ib cheeb tsam ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 2 m2. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav ua qhov tsim nyog txoj kab nqes thiab qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam. Thiab tag nrho cov qauv tsim yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim li sai tau.
Thiab qhov zoo dua thib ob ntawm qhov tsim no yog tias nws pheej yig heev. Rautsim ib tug kauv staircase koj yuav siv ib tug npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom me me dua rau ib nrab-flight. Thiab yog tias koj tseem ua txhua yam haujlwm ntawm koj tus kheej, koj yuav txuag tau nyiaj ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus qauv tsim ntawm kauv staircase muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, yog li ntxiv rau kev siv rau nws lub hom phiaj, nws tuaj yeem dhau los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau lub tsev. Yog tias txawj ua tiav, lub staircase yuav muab lub sab hauv ntawm chav tsev tus kheej thiab tsis sib xws.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus ntaiv kauv
Tab sis qhov kev tsim no muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias nws tsis yooj yim rau siv raws li kev taug kev. Thiab nrog tus ntaiv zoo li no, koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem rub lub rooj zaum lossis lub txaj txaj, nrog rau cov rooj tog hnyav, mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob lossis hauv qab nthab.
Kuj, nce los yog nqis los rau hauv ib lub kauv yog me ntsis nyuaj dua li txoj kab ncaj nraim. Thiab yog li ntawd, yog hais tias xws li ib tug tsim yog lub ntsiab staircase, koj yuav tsum xav txog nws ergonomics. Nco ntsoov xav txog seb cov kauj ruam yuav dav npaum li cas, thiab suav lawv tus lej. Nco ntsoov tias cov ntaiv no yuav tsum muaj cov railings xis thiab txhim khu kev qha.
hom qauv tseem ceeb
Nyob ntawm seb tus ntaiv kauv nyob li cas, nws tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm kab ntsug lossis ntawm phab ntsa. Cov tom kawg feem ntau muaj cov duab polygonal, rov ua cov txheej txheem ntawm phab ntsa. Cov kauj ruam yog txuas nrog ib tug bowstring rau ib leeg. railings tuaj yeem yog kauv lossis ncaj.
Koj tuaj yeem tso cov kauj ruam ntawm cov hlua khi lossis khi lawv nrog bolts. Xws li ib lub staircase tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntxiv, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm railing. Lawv yuav muaj peev xwm muab qhov tsim nyog nruj rau cov ntaiv.
Khoom siv ua stairs
Cov kauj ruam rau siv rau ntawm cov stairs kauv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo xws li maple, beech lossis ntoo qhib. Cov ntoo tawv no yog cov tawv tawv heev tab sis nyuaj dua los tuav. Koj tuaj yeem siv tempered iav, hlau, yas. Rau kev tsim cov ntaiv sab nraum zoov, koj tuaj yeem siv marble, dag granite, ceramics. Cov hlua thiab railings feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau lossis ntoo laminated.
Yog tias koj yuav ua koj tus kheej kauv staircase nyob ib ncig ntawm kev txhawb nqa kab rov tav, koj yuav tsum ua cov ntoo, hlau lossis pob zeb hauv nruab nrab. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev xaiv tsim nyog tshaj plaws yog siv cov yeeb nkab steel, vim nws muaj lub zog siab, thiab tseem tso cai rau koj kom nrawm nrawm rau nws yooj yim heev.
Yuav ua li cas ntaiv nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau ua cov lej. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws dav ntawm lub kauv staircase yog hais txog 0.8-0.9 m. Cia peb hais tias koj yuav tsum ua ib tug staircase nrog ib tug dav ntawm 0.85 m thiab ib tug siab ntawm 2.7 m. Cov hlau khib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 20 cm. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tag nrho txoj kab uas hla ntawm tag nrho cov qauv, nws yuav sib npaug rau tus nqi ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov ntaiv thiab cov thickness ntawm cov ncej txhawb nqa. Yog li ntawd, koj xav tau 0.85 x 2 thiab ntxiv 0.2 rau tus nqi no, koj tau txais 1.9 m.
Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum nkag mus rau lub voj voog thib ob rau hauv lub voj voog no. Nws yuav nyob nrog nws yav tom ntejtxav tus txiv neej uas nce ntaiv. Lub voj voog no muaj ib lub vojvoog sib npaug rau ib nrab ntawm qhov dav thiab lub vojvoog ntawm tus ncej B. Kev xam qhov no, peb tau txais tus nqi ntawm 0.475 m. Thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi rau qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam yuav yog 20 cm, tab sis nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv nws nce nrog kev ncua deb ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov qauv. Rau kev tsim khoom ntawm peb cov ntaiv, koj yuav tsum siv cov kauj ruam nruab nrab ntawm 20 cm.
txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus lej ntawm cov kauj ruam ib zaug, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau faib qhov ntev ntawm lub voj voog sau los ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam. Koj yuav tau txais tus nqi 14.9. Yog tias koj hloov nws mus rau tag nrho tus lej, koj tau 15 kauj ruam. Qhov no yog tus lej ntawm cov kauj ruam ib tig ntawm cov ntaiv, tam sim no koj yuav tsum xam lawv qhov siab.
Ua li no, koj yuav tsum faib lub voj voog rau hauv 15 qhov sib npaug siv cov kab radial. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim nqa, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog uas cov kauj ruam qhov siab yog li 14 cm. Paub qhov no, koj tuaj yeem suav tag nrho cov kauj ruam. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum faib qhov siab ntawm cov ntaiv los ntawm tib theem loj. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum faib 2.7 m los ntawm 0.14 m. Rounding, koj tau txais cov kauj ruam - 20 pieces.
Yuav ua li cas ua cov kauj ruam thiab railings
Koj tuaj yeem siv ntoo qhib lossis beech los ua cov kauj ruam ntawm cov kauj ruam. Tab sis nws yuav yooj yim dua los ua cov kauj ruam ua tiav, thiab tom qab ntawd ua qhov khoob ntawm qhov xav tau los ntawm lawv. Muaj ntau cov kauj ruam uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo ntawm kev ua lag luam, thiab lawv cov thickness tuaj yeem sib txawv. Dav, txawm li cas los xij, ib yam nkaus. Tag nrho cov kauj ruam yuav ua tau ntawm nws tus kheej sawn diagonally, nrogQhov no yuav ua rau ob qhov khoob hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub trapezoid.
Tab sis yuav ua li cas los tsim ib lub staircase rau hauv pem teb (thib ob los yog attic) kom nws haum txig rau sab hauv. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo nkauj raws li qhov ua tau, yog li txhua lub ces kaum yuav tsum tau muab sib dhos, thiab cov npoo yuav tsum tau ua tiav siv lub grinder lossis ntawv xuab zeb. Cov khoom tiav yuav tsum tau varnished. Bushings tseem yuav tsum tau txuas mus rau txhua kauj ruam, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv yuav raug kho ntawm lub hauv paus khib.
Balusters tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov hlau lossis ntoo. Handrails, raws li txoj cai, yog ua los ntawm cov nplaum laminated ntoo lossis yas. Kev tsim ntawm lub railing tej zaum yuav muaj xws li ob peb tuav - ncaj los yog nkhaus. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los siv cov duab curvilinear, tab sis cov railings zoo li ntxim nyiam heev. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hlua cov kauj ruam ntawm lub khib, tom qab ntawd nws tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw uas tau npaj ua ntej thiab tsau rau hauv pem teb thiab qab nthab.
Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov kev xaiv rau fastening lub khib thiab xyuas kom meej tias nws ntseeg tau. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog uas cov kauj ruam sib tshooj sib tshooj li ntawm 5 cm. Thiab cov kauj ruam yog kho nrog kev pab los ntawm bolts. Balusters yog screwed rau qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam. Thiab twb railings yog fastened rau balusters. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom lub baluster ntev me ntsis ntawm thawj kauj ruam, vim nws yuav tsum tau kho rau hauv pem teb. Qhov no yuav ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm cov qauv. Tam sim no koj paub yuav ua li cas tsim ib lub staircase kom zoo thiab koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi rau qhov no.
