Nyob hauv peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm tib neeg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tiv thaiv peb tus kheej los ntawm lawv qhov kev tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Thiab rau qhov no, ionizing hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau kuaj. Yog li ntawd, thaum tsis muaj cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, txhua lub xov tooj cua amateur tuaj yeem sim ua lub txee Geiger nrog nws tus kheej tes.
Geiger counter yog dab tsi?
txhawm rau ntsuas cov xov tooj cua keeb kwm yav dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij tau tsim cov khoom siv - Geiger counters. Raws li ib tug sensor rau alpha, beta thiab gamma hluav taws xob, ib tug kaw gas paug raj uas muaj ib tug sib tov ntawm inert gases yog siv, muaj npe tom qab inventors ntawm lub txee Geiger-Muller. Tab sis cov cuab yeej tshaj lij tsis yooj yim nkag mus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm niaj hnub no thiab kim heev.
Ntau ntau yam ntawm cov qauv tsim tau tsim. DIY Geiger txee los ntawm lub teeb neon tuaj yeem ua rau txawm tias tus neeg tsis npaj siab tshaj plaws rau kev ciaj sia nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tom qab apocalyptic.
Ntau yam ntawm cov qauv tsim tawmGeiger counters
Lub txee Geiger tau tsim thiab tsim los ntawm ntau tus neeg nyiam ua haujlwm nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Muaj ntau yam kev xaiv tsim. Cov tswv yim tsim kho hauv tsev feem ntau yog paub:
- Xov tooj cua, siv lub fluorescent lossis neon pib ua beta thiab gamma sensor.
- Qhov taw qhia hluav taws xob hauv tsev yooj yim raws li STS-5 sensor.
- Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws dosimeter nrog lub sensor SBM-20.
- qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob me me raws li SBT-9 sensor.
- Qhov taw qhia ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob raws li lub sensor los ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor - diode.
- Qhov taw qhia hluav taws xob yooj yim tshaj plaws nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev ua los ntawm lub raj mis PET thiab lub kaus poom.
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tsim
Cov qauv tsim ntawm tus kheej-ua dosimeters thiab cov ntsuas hluav taws xob siv cov sensors SBM-20, STS-5, SBT-9 yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab muaj qhov rhiab heev. Tab sis lawv muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tseem ceeb - lawv yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob, uas nyuaj rau kev nkag mus thiab kim yuav.
Qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor yog pheej yig, tab sis vim tsis yog-linearity ntawm semiconductor yam ntxwv, nws nyuaj rau kev teeb tsa, rhiab rau kev hloov pauv hauv qhov kub thiab txias.
Cov cuab yeej nrog lub ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv tsev los ntawm lub raj mis PET yog qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis yuav tsum muaj lub voj voog nrog cov nyhuv transistor, uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj rau DIYer. Tsis tas li ntawd, teb-effect transistors yog qhov yooj yim rau kev tawg nyob rau hauv muaj zoghluav taws xob.
Tus nqi pheej yig tshaj plaws yog cov qauv tsim nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov teeb tsis muaj fluorescent lossis neon teeb. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub sensor los ntawm lub oob khab, zoo li lub teeb neon, suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, qhov xav tau los tiv thaiv lub sensor los ntawm lub teeb thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Qhov zoo muaj xws li qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim thiab teeb tsa lub txee Geiger nrog koj tus kheej tes.
Tshaj tawm ntawm qhov taw qhia hluav taws xob nrog lub teeb neon ua lub sensor
Ua ib lub txee Geiger nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes yuav tsum pib los ntawm kev kawm lub voj voog ntawm lub cuab yeej. Lub voj voog no siv lub teeb neon ua gamma thiab beta sensor.
Cia peb xav txog daim duab kos.
Diode D1 yog siv los kho qhov hloov pauv tam sim no. Txhawm rau muab qhov hluav taws xob tas li ntawm 100 V, siv lub voj voog ruaj khov raws li zener diode D2. Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov resistor R1 yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob Vac thiab suav nrog cov qauv
R1=(Vac-100V)/(5 mA).
Kev hloov pauv tsis tau R2 teeb tsa qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb neon me ntsis hauv qab qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Lub teeb neon nyob rau hauv hom standby yuav tsum tsis txhob teeb. Thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ya mus los ntawm lub khob iav, cov roj inert ionizes thiab lub teeb flashes.
Tam sim no lub teeb nyem, qhov hluav taws xob poob yuav tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis kam R3, thiab lub teeb neon yuavvoltage, tsawg dua tuav voltage. Yuav tsis muaj qhov ntws tam sim no ntawm lub teeb kom txog thaum nws tau ignited los ntawm ib qho ionizing particle. Thaum lub sijhawm luv luv ntws los ntawm lub teeb, lub suab nrov yuav nrov hauv lub suab nrov. Tom qab sib sau ua ke lub txee Geiger nrog koj tus kheej tes los ntawm lub teeb neon, koj tuaj yeem pib teeb tsa.
Teeb tsa thiab ntsuas qhov ntsuas Geiger
Tus qauv tsim ntawm lub txee tom qab apocalyptic Geiger yooj yim teeb tsa nrog koj tus kheej tes. Nrog rau qhov sib txawv kuj tsis sib xws R2, cov cuab yeej tau muab tso rau hauv hom standby, ntawm lub verge ntawm ua rau lub sensor los ntawm lub teeb neon. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau qhov kev sim, lub plua plav plua plav mus txog qhov taw qhia ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov cuab yeej raug hloov kho los ntawm kev tswj cov resistor R2. Txij li thaum cov plua plav yog tag nrho ntawm cov hluav taws xob isotopes, neon qhov taw qhia ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav tsum nyem ib ntus thaum kho kom raug, tus hais lus lub taub hau yuav tsum ua suab nrov thiab nias.
Rau qhov kev ntsuas kom raug ntau dua ntawm lub cuab yeej, koj yuav tsum siv qhov chaw muaj hluav taws xob muaj. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov hloov pauv los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tub rog hauv xov tooj cua nrog lub luminous radioactive phosphor siv rau nws. Calibration yog ua los ntawm tus qauv dosimeter. Qhov zaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev Geiger txee yog hloov kho rau qhov zaus ntawm kev suav cov hluav taws xob theem ntawm kev lag luam dosimeter. Rau calibration, tus qauv hluav taws xob qhov chaw, uas feem ntau yog nruab nrog tub rog dosimeter, kuj siv tau.
Khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej rau kev sib sau ua ke Geiger counter
Thaum sib dhos Geiger txee nrog koj tus kheej tes, cov ntaub ntawvtxhua yam muaj nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua amateur siv tau. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua sib haum rau cov duab saum toj no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xaiv lub teeb neon ua lub sensor kom qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob kwv yees li ntawm 100 V. Qhov no, cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si txawv teb chaws thiab hauv tsev. Cov kev txwv ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum raug xaiv siv cov ntaub ntawv siv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv daim duab qhia Circuit Court, ib qho kev hloov pauv hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm lub ntsiab Vac \u003d 220 V yog siv raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis muaj hluav taws xob, thiab qhov no yog qhov txaus ntshai rau hluav taws xob poob rau lub cev. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev raug mob hluav taws xob, qhov ntsuas vaj tse yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob insulating. Rau lub hom phiaj no, plexiglass, getinax, fiberglass, polystyrene, thiab lwm yam laminates yog haum.
Thaum sib sau ua ke Geiger txee nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes, cov cuab yeej sib txawv yog siv:
- A 60W hluav taws xob soldering hlau yog xav tau rau cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua.
- Hacksaw yog siv dav rau kev txiav cov ntawv ci fiberglass, hauv kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board. Nws yog siv rau kev txiav thiab txiav cov yas lub cev.
- Lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog siv rau qhov drilling qhov ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm, sib sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ces kaum.
- Tweezers yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm nrog me me thaum soldering thiab mounting hluav taws xob Circuit Court.
- Sab cutters raug pom zoo rau kev txiav cov hlau lead ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua.
- Rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej, tus ntsuas theem pib yog qhov tsim nyog, uas koj yuav xav taucoj qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas, nrog rau lwm yam hluav taws xob tsis zoo.
- Rau lub hwj chim tswj hwm tus kheej ntawm lub txee tom qab apocalyptic Geiger tiag tiag, nws raug nquahu kom txuas lub roj teeb 4.5-9 V, uas siv cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob yooj yim mus txog 220 V AC.
Kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum ua raws thaum ua haujlwm nrog hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
