Kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho - nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj cov qauv uas yuav tsis xav txog qee lub sijhawm dhau los.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, cov tshuab tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej ua kom nws ua tau sai, siab dua thiab ntseeg tau ntau dua. Tab sis muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis uas tsis poob lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Xws li yog cov pob zeb uas muaj zog ntxiv - lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau tsim ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab xyoo dhau los, tab sis feem ntau futuristic tej yaam num ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj nws.
1867 Patent
Ntau tus neeg paub txog zaj dab neeg ntawm tus tswv teb Fab Kis Fab Kis Joseph Monnier, uas tau txhawb nqa ib lub pob zeb uas nyias nyias uas nws tau ua los ntawm cov hlau rods thiab npog nws nrog ib txheej ntawm cov cement mortar. Cov khoom ua tau monolithic muaj cov khoom tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Monier patented nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws txoj kev rau zus tau tej cov qauv ntawm reinforced pob zeb, nrog rau ib tug reinforced pob zeb slab rau phab ntsa thiab partitions.
Cov kws tshaj lij tau tsim kho lawv tus kheej rau kev txhim kho tus neeg tsim khoom: nws tso qhov kev txhawb zog kom raugnyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pob zeb txheej, thiab cov kev xam pom tau hais tias qhov chaw ntawm lub reinforcing tawb yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub loads ua nyob rau hauv no structural unit. Yog li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txhawb cov kab rov tav cov pob zeb ua pob zeb los ntawm kev tso cov pas nrig ze rau hauv qab lub dav hlau ntawm cov pob zeb, qhov twg lub zog tensile loj tshaj plaws yog.
Txhim kho thev naus laus zis
Hnub no, cov pob zeb muaj zog tau muab cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. Cov ntsiab lus muaj zog - txhawb cov tawb - tuaj yeem ua rau thaj tsam thiab tiaj tus; prestressed (txoj hlua, nqaj) cov pob zeb ntxiv nrog kev txhim kho cov qauv zoo tau tshwm sim. Ntau yam additives nyob rau hauv pob zeb ua kom qeeb los yog ceev qhov chaw thiab tau txais lub zog. Reinforced pob zeb yog siv dav hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ob qho tib si tshwj xeeb, ib qho khoom siv, thiab cov tsev loj, kev lag luam.
Kev tsim khoom, lub zog, ua haujlwm ntev, ya raws-, bio- thiab hluav taws kub tsis kam, kev ua haujlwm zoo - cov txiaj ntsig no yuav txiav txim siab siv cov pob zeb ntxiv rau yav tom ntej. Monolithic reinforced pob zeb slabs los yog ua rau prefabricated vaj tsev tsim yuav nyob rau hauv kev thov rau lub sij hawm ntev heev, vim hais tias, ntawm lwm yam, muaj xws li ntuj Cheebtsam, cov qauv no yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab yooj yim recyclable thiab reusable.
Types of reinforced concrete slabs
Raws li qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov, lub hauv paus, txoj kev thiab hauv pem teb slabs txawv. Xws li cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas, tom qab ntawd xa mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho thiab mounted. Feem ntau, cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, zoo li lwm yam khoom siv prefabricatedkev tsim vaj tsev, yog kho los ntawm vuam los ntawm kev kos cov hlau qhov chaw.
Cov slab tuaj yeem ua hauv zos. Ib qho monolithic slab, ob qho tib si rau lub hauv paus thiab rau kev teeb tsa nruab nrab ntawm cov plag tsev thiab lub ru tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo lossis qhov uas nws nyuaj rau siv cranes tsim nyog rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv ua vaj tse. Kev ua lag luam muaj cov khoom siv txaus (suav nrog cov ntawv ua haujlwm) uas ua rau cov txheej txheem no pheej yig rau kev tsim tus kheej.
Floating foundation
Qhov kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus hauv qab lub tsev tsis yog qhov kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj plaws, tab sis feem ntau yog qhov laj thawj. Ib qho monolithic reinforced pob zeb slab, rov hais dua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm tag nrho cov sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm thawj pem teb, feem ntau hu ua ib tug floating foundation. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub load los ntawm ib tug neeg qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev yog pauv mus rau hauv av lub hauv paus tusyees, lub slab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tib lub ntsiab, nws yuav tsis raug deformation vim heaving av, loj freezing depths los yog siab hauv av. Tau kawg, qhov no yog txhua yam siv tau rau lub hauv paus slab ua nrog zoo zoo.
Ib theem tseem ceeb thiab kim kim hauv kev tsim kho lub hauv paus los ntawm txhua qhov kev pom yog kev npaj cov xuab zeb hauv paus, uas cov slab yuav muab pov tseg. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua qee yam hauv av, sau thiab cog cov xuab zeb - los ntawm kev nchuav dej los yog tamping.
Txhim kho lub hauv paus slab
Cov txheej hauv qab feem ntau yog yobgeotextile, uas tiv thaiv cov tshuaj los ntawm seeping rau hauv av. Tom qab ntawd ua tiav kev npaj ua tiav rau kev ua kom tsis muaj dej. Tom qab txheej txheej no tau hardened, yob waterproofing yog dov tawm nrog sib tshooj thiab gluing.
Txhim kho yog ib qho khoom siv ntawm ob txheej txheej mesh. Cov tuav tuav ntawm lub hauv qab txheej yog ntsia rau hauv tshwj xeeb clamps kom nws tob rau hauv cov pob zeb txheej. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus nqa tawm concreting ncaj qha los ntawm lub automixer raws lub tais, qhob twj tso kua mis, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab lub sijhawm kho, cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv yog npaj rau kev tsim kho lub tsev.
Monolithic pem teb slab
Hauv kev tsim kho qis, xws li hauv pem teb slab, cam khwb cia hauv formwork nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, yog siv ntau heev. Muaj tej yam yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov no. Ntxiv rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov pob zeb uas muaj zog - lub zog, hluav taws kub, kev faib tawm ntawm kev pom zoo - muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo thaum xaiv cov tshuab no. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis muaj qhov xav tau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hnyav thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev teeb tsa hauv pem teb ntawm txhua yam hauv kev npaj.
Nws yog qhov zoo dua los tso siab rau kev suav ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj thickness ntawm cov slab thiab cov tswv yim ntawm nws qhov kev txhawb zog rau cov kws tshaj lij. Txwv tsis pub, koj yuav tsum paub cov hauv qab no. Lub slab yog ua tsis muaj thinner tshaj 150 hli, thaum lub thickness ntawm lub hauv pem teb slab yog txiav txim siab raws li qhov ntev ntawm qhov qhib yuav tsum tau them, nyob rau hauv qhov ratio ntawm 1:30 - 1:35. Thaum txhim kho, nco ntsoov txhawm rau txhim kho cov ntug ntawm cov nplais nrog U-shaped thiab L-shaped brackets.
Txoj Kevtechnology
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau cov qauv siv rov qab rau cov pob zeb monolithic ntawm lub khw. Tab sis kev yuav nws rau tus neeg ua haujlwm pib ua haujlwm yog kim heev. Txawm hais tias muaj lub sijhawm los xauj cov khoom siv tshaj lij, qhov no yuav yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws - kev lees paub ntawm kev ceev thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hauv pem teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los siv telescopic stands raws li kev txhawb nqa dua li cov laug cam los yog tuav, vim tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev teeb tsa lub formwork raws qib.
Concreting yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam, nrog compaction thiab vibration ntawm sib tov. Thawj peb hnub, cov pob zeb yuav tsum tau dampened los ntawm kev txau kom tsis txhob tawg los ntawm kev ziab tsis sib xws.
Precast qhob
Kev tsim kho vaj tse los ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb ua los ntawm cov kab tshwj xeeb hauv lub Hoobkas yog suav tias yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntau ntau. Tab sis txawm rau cov tsev me me, prefabricated pem teb slabs yog qhov kev xaiv tsim nyog. Reinforced qhob prefabricated slabs yog ib qho kev xaiv pheej yig dua rau hauv pem teb, lawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau txhua qhov huab cua, thiab kev teeb tsa nrawm dua.
Kev siv cov plag tsev prefabricated yog qhov nyuaj vim qhov hnyav hnyav uas cov pob zeb muaj zog ntxiv. Lawv qhov ntev yog tus qauv - qhov no yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account ntawm theem tsim. Lwm qhov teeb meem yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub crane txawm rau thaj tsam me me.
Hom prefabricated pem teb slabs
Khoom, tag nrho lub cev slabs yog siv rau cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov rooj sib txoos: hauvraws li cov ntsiab lus ntxiv lossis rau cov cuab yeej ntawm cov channel rau kev sib txuas lus. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov muaj zog thiab hnyav hnyav.
Slabs nrog puag ncig lossis arcuate longitudinal voids yog sib dua thiab muaj suab zoo dua thiab cov khoom cua sov. Reinforced qhob multi-hollow slabs yog cov khoom siv tshaj plaws rau prefabricated ceilings. Lawv yog siv rau cov tsev uas muaj zog reinforced pob zeb thav duab, vaj huam sib luag vaj huam sib luag vaj tse, cib phab ntsa, thiab lwm yam Voids yuav siv tau rau nteg cables rau ntau yam hom phiaj - hluav taws xob, tsis tshua muaj tam sim no.
Hom thib peb yog ribbed lossis tented, feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim kho kom npog qhov loj. Lub thickness ntawm pem teb slab, tsis suav lub hwj chim tav, yog 140-160 mm.
Rau qhov tsim cov slabs hauv pem teb, kev siv lub zog ua kom muaj zog yog siv, uas ua rau lawv lub zog ntsuas zoo ib yam li cov pob zeb ua vaj huam sib luag.
Standard board qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Kev siv prefabricated hollow flooring yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau theem tsim ntawm lub tsev yav tom ntej. Cov txheej txheem qhov ntev ntawm cov slabs tuaj yeem yog qhov txiav txim siab hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tsev yav tom ntej. Hauv pem teb uas yuav tsum tau slabs ntawm cov duab tsis yog tus qauv lossis qhov ntau thiab tsawg tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau dhau.
Yog li, tus qauv tsim yuav tsum muab rau kev siv cov qauv qauv: lub thickness ntawm lub slab yog 220 hli, qhov dav yog 1, 1, 2 thiab 1.5 m, thiab qhov ntev yog los ntawm 2.4 mus rau 9 m, a ntau yam ntawm 100 mm.
Txoj kev tsim cov slabs
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hollow core slabsob txoj kev tseem ceeb yog siv. Ib qho yog cov tsoos ntau dua, siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab los tsim cov slabs ntawm qhov ruaj khov, cov qauv loj. Tom qab kev txhim kho qhov cuab lub zog thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov voids, cov pwm tau ntim nrog cov pob zeb sib xyaw thiab ua kom sov kom ceev cov txheej txheem ntawm pob zeb hardening thiab tau txais lub zog. Reinforced qhob slabs tau txais nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, GOST 9561-91 sau ntawv yuav tsum tau cim nrog cov tsiaj ntawv PK.
Nyob rau hauv lwm - ntau zuj zus - cov slab yog stretched ntawm sawv, ntawm ib tug rhuab khiav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nruam daim kab xev 100-200 m ntev siv lub tshwj xeeb molding tshuab. Prestressed reinforcement muaj daim ntawv ntawm stretched steel ropes ntawm cov seem yuav tsum tau. Thaum cov sib tov ncav cuag ib tug tej yam degree ntawm lub zog, daim kab xev yog txiav nrog ib tug pob zeb diamond cuab tam rau hauv cov seem ntawm qhov xav tau ntev thiab txawm nyob rau ntawm lub kaum sab xis yuav tsum tau. Cov pob zeb ua pob zeb tau txais, tus nqi yog 20% qis dua li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub - cassette - ntau lawm txoj kev. Cov phiaj xwm no tau cim nrog cov cim PB.
Kev tsim qauv rau hollow core slabs muaj ob peb pawg cim cim. Lawv txhais tau hais tias hom, ntev thiab dav hauv decimeters, tsim load (hauv kPa), hom thiab chav kawm ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Piv txwv li: PK 63-12-8-ATV - slab nrog round voids 63 dm ntev, 12 dm dav, tso cai load - 800 kg ib m 2, ATB - hom prestressed reinforcement.
Kev teeb tsa ntawm prefabricated slabs
Qhov zoo ntawm lub tsev prefabricated ua los ntawm hollow-core slabs ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov kev npaj raug rau kev teeb tsa, ceev faj thiabceev faj tus txheej txheem ntawm slab installation txheej txheem thaum saib xyuas cov txheej txheem nrog ib tug ntsuas.
Nws tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov qauv tsuas yog tias kev sib dhos ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov slab rau ntawm phab ntsa lossis txhua kab ua tau raug ua tiav. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhov tob ntawm xws li kev txhawb nqa yog xaiv raws li kev tsim ntawm phab ntsa, cov khoom siv los ntawm cov qauv txhawb nqa. Piv txwv li, 70 hli ntawm slab kev them nyiaj yug yog txaus rau cov kab hlau, 75 hli rau reinforced pob zeb crossbars, thiab 90 hli rau lub cib ntsa.
Rau cov phab ntsa uas cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tshua muaj peev xwm siv tau los ua cov khoom siv - cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus, cov pa roj silicate lossis polymer pob zeb ua vaj huam sib luag, feem ntau cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom tsim cov khoom siv dag zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb muaj zog armored siv nyob rau sab saum toj, uas lub pem teb slabs yuav so.
Kev tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom tau qhia meej meej thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa ntawm cov plag tsev prefabricated. Yog hais tias cov slabs hauv pem teb yog fastened los ntawm welding embedded qhov chaw rau ib leeg siv tsis yog unitary qhov chaw, tab sis random pov tseg ntawm reinforcement, koj yuav tsum ceev faj, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho lub tsev qauv yog siab dhau.
Txoj kev daim phiaj
Ib yam khoom hu ua lub phaj yog ib qho parallelepiped nrog tag nrho qhov ntev uas lub thickness tsawg dua qhov ntev lossis dav. Qhov no tag nrho siv rau txoj kev slabs. Lawv raug siv rau cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ruaj ntseg npog ntawm txoj kev lossis airfield runways. Cov txheej txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem ua tau ruaj khov lossis ib ntus, piv txwv li cov slabs no tuaj yeem siv tau ob peb zaug, thiab qhov no yog ib qho zoo ntawm kev siv tshuab. Kev suavreinforced pob zeb slab yog nqa tawm raws li thaj tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov, kev npaj thauj khoom ntawm txheej thiab kev pab cuam lub neej.
Thaum tso txoj kev slabs, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ua qhov tsim nyog npaj ntawm lub hauv paus nrog cov khoom zoo - feem ntau cov no yog cov txheej ntawm cov pob zeb crushed thiab gravel, nrog rau cov xuab zeb cushion ntawm qhov xav tau tuab thiab ntom.
Sib txawv ntawm txoj kev thiab lub tshav dav hlau slabs, kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab ib ntus. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov khoom thiab hom kev txhawb zog siv nyob rau hauv nws tsim. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshwm sim hauv kev kos npe siv rau cov phiaj.
Example: 1P30.18-30AV - reinforced pob zeb slabs, qhov ntev - 3000x1750 mm, rau txheej mus tas li (2P - rau ib ntus), tsim rau lub tsheb hnyav 30 tons, chav kawm AB reinforcing steel tau siv.
Kev xaiv yog
Ib theem tsim qauv zoo yuav pab koj xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo rau kev tsim lub hauv paus, phab ntsa, qab nthab lossis pavement ntawm txoj kev thiab kev khiav. Niaj hnub nimno precast qhob nroj tsuag muaj ntau yam ntawm prefabricated qhov chaw rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev txheej txheem.
Nws muaj peev xwm yuav cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv, tus nqi uas yuav tsim nyog, thiab qhov zoo yuav ua tau raws li cov qauv thiab cov qauv.
