Stairs yog hom kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov chav nyob ntawm ntau qib. Tag nrho lwm cov qauv (ramps, elevator) raug suav hais tias yog txoj kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev thauj mus los.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov ntaiv yog txhawm rau xyuas kom cov neeg txav mus los. Qhov no yog ib tug guarantee ntawm lawv kev nyab xeeb thiab kev nplij siab. Raws li qhov no, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm erecting txhua tus qauv, cov craftsmen yog coj los ntawm cov yuav tsum tau thiab cov qauv teev nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb GOST thiab SNiP.
Stair structure elements
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom thiab hom, ntaiv muaj ob peb yam tseem ceeb:
- Dav hlau ntaiv (flight). Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov qauv inclined uas txuas ob lub tsev nyob ze tshaj plaws. Muaj kev txwv raws li qhov yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj 12 kauj ruam hauv ib ntu. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus yog peb kauj ruam.
- Platform yog kab rov tav, yuav tsum tau ua rau ntaiv ntawm ntau lub davhlau.
- Fencing - qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov qauv no muaj balusters thiab railings. Nws muab tso rau hauv ib qholos yog ob sab ntawm cov ntaiv. Hom, qhov siab thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub laj kab yog teev nyob rau hauv cov qauv.
tsaws yog dab tsi thiab nws lub luag haujlwm yog dab tsi?
Staircases, qhov ntev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm cov kev cai, sawv cev rau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ob txoj kev taug kev. Kev tsim kho ntawm kev tsaws yog tsim nyog yog tias qhov siab ntawm txoj kab tawm mus dhau qhov kev tso cai lossis nws tau npaj los txhim kho ob txoj kev taug kev ntawm ib lub kaum rau ib leeg.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsaws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws dhau los ua "qhov chaw hla kev", qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg nce toj tuaj yeem so. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaiv no yog siv los txuas ob lub davhlau ntawm cov ntaiv.
Ntawm ntau yam ntaiv (rectilinear, teb, curvilinear) platforms muab tso rau txhua 10 - 14 kauj ruam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev npaj cov qauv rau thaj chaw nyob, lub ncua sij hawm yog 15 - 20 kauj ruam.
Dimension of landings
Zoo li ntau lwm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov dav, qhov tob thiab cov khoom siv ntawm kev tsaws yog raws li kev cai. Kev txhim kho tag nrho cov cai no yog ua raws li kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb thiab kev nplij siab ntawm cov neeg uas yuav siv cov qauv.
- Muaj qhov tsaws tsim nyog rau txhua hom ntaiv. Lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog xam raws qhov dav dav ntawm tib neeg cov kauj ruam.
- Cov qauv sau tseg tias lawv qhov dav tsis tuaj yeem nqaim dua li cov kauj ruam. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, piv txwv li, thaum tsim khoib qhov project, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus platform dav yuav tsum yog 640 mm.
- Txhawm rau muab ob qho tib si sib dhos, qhov dav ntawm qhov tsaws yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 130 hli. Qhov ntawd yog yuav luag ob kauj ruam rau tus neeg nruab nrab.
- Lwm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm kev tsaws (qhov tob thiab ntev) yog xam los ntawm cov qauv lossis sib txheeb nrog qhov dav ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj.
Tus nqi ntawm qhov tob qhov ntsuas, raws li txoj cai, yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov kauj ruam thiab ib kauj ruam:
Qhov tob tsawg kawg=kauj ruam dav + ib kauj ruam ntev
Txhim kho qhov tsaws hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov kab tawm mus, tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev suav yog siv. Yog tias tsim nyog los ua kom qhov tob ntawm cov qauv loj, nws yuav tsum yog ntau qhov tob ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus.
Txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaiv ncig lossis cov qauv nrog cov kauj ruam uas tsis yog qauv
Ntau zaus, thaum tsim ib lub tsev ntiag tug lossis chav tsev ntau theem, lawv mus rau kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj heev (tab sis qee zaus tsis yooj yim heev) kauv lossis kauv staircases.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov qauv no tsis pom zoo raws li lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav, vim nce lawv tsis yooj yim li ntaiv nrog ncaj flights.
Qhov ntev ntawm kev ya davhlau ntawm ntaiv thiab tsaws ntawm cov qauv helical thiab kauv yog raug tswj nruj heev.
Thaum lub davhlau ntawm cov ntaiv yog ntawm kaum ntawm 135 txog 180 degrees, qhov ntev ntawm lub platform nruab nrab yuav tsawg dua 640 hli.
Txawm li cas los xij, ua raws li qhov loj me no yog qhov tsim nyog thaum nws los txogib lub platform, radially muab faib ua ob halves, los yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ob-theem platforms. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm ob theem ntawm lub platform yuav tsum sib npaug rau qhov siab ntawm cov kauj ruam.
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsaws qhov me me (640 mm) kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov kauj ruam thiab cov kauj ruam nrog goose kauj ruam.
ntaiv raws li txoj kev khiav
Txhawm rau tswj kev tsim cov ntaiv thiab tsaws hauv cov tsev uas feem ntau muaj neeg coob, GOST thiab SNiP muaj cov lus qhia nruj tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov ntev ntawm qhov tsaws ntawm no tau txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm tus tsim tawm thiab tus tsim cov kev tshawb pom, tab sis feem ntau yog los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau kev ua tiav thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg khiav tawm thaum muaj hluav taws kub lossis lwm yam kev puas tsuaj.
Cov kev xav tau ntau dhau los ua:
- Ua raws li qhov ntev (dav thiab qhov tob) ntawm qhov chaw.
- Tsis muaj cov khoom tsis tsim nyog thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntaiv uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev haus luam yeeb.
- Kev tsim tawm sab nraum zoov thiab tshem tawm cov ntaiv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tuaj yeem tawg.
- Lub teeb pom kev txaus ntawm cov ntaiv uas siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob (qhov loj ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm kev tsaws thiab hom kev ua haujlwm yog tswj hwm).
Dab tsi yuav tsum yog cov ntaiv thiab tsaws ntawm cov ntaiv khiav tawm?
Kev npaj khiav tawm thiab kev cawm dim yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsim cov tsev ntau lub tsev lossis cov tsev pej xeem.
Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ncua thiab tsaws uas raug cai. Qhov ntev (GOST txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb) ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, nrog rau qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev uas txuas nrog cov qauv no, yuav tsum tsis txhob sib txawv ntawm cov qauv.
Yog li, qhov dav ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj uas siv tau rau kev khiav tawm yuav tsum tsis txhob nqaim dua li lub qhov rooj coj mus rau nws. Dimensions of landings and marches:
- Rau cov tsev ntawm chav kawm F 1.1 (tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev nyab xeeb hluav taws rau ntau lub tsev uas muaj coob tus neeg npaj yuav nyob lossis nyob ib ntus), qhov loj yog 1350 mm.
- Yog tias muaj ntau tshaj 200 tus neeg nyob rau hauv pem teb ntawm lub tsev (tshwj tsis yog thawj tus), ces tus ntaiv yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 1200 hli.
- Thaum tus qauv ntaiv mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg, nws qhov dav tau tso cai los ntawm 700 hli.
- Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, qhov ntsuas no yuav tsum muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 900 mm.
ntaiv yog dab tsi?
Rau qhov tsim cov ntaiv thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (kev taug kev, balusters, railings, platforms) ntau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog:
- Teeb.
- Metal.
- iav.
- pob zeb.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv ntaiv ua los ntawm cov pob zeb tsim nyog tau piav qhia cais. Raws li txoj cai, cov khoom siv no yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau-storey tsev thiab pej xeem vaj tse. Rau cov tsev ntiag tug, ntoo, hlau, lossis kev sib xyaw ntawm ob peb cov ntaub ntawv (hlau nrog iav, ntoo nrogpob zeb).
pob zeb yog cov khoom siv ntau yam
Qhob stairs thiab platforms ntawm lawv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm prefabricated ntsiab. Cov qauv zoo li no yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv qib siab (yam tsawg B15), thiab tseem muaj cov txheej txheem hlau.
Cov khoom siv dag zog yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw lag luam, uas nws cov haujlwm tau tswj hwm nruj, yog li tus tsim tawm tsis tas yuav txhawj xeeb txog kev ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev tsim khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib dhos kom raug thiab kho cov qauv tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov tsim nyog ntawm tus tswv tsim.
pob zeb slabs ntawm landings (qhov loj me yog xaiv los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev thiab qhov dav ntawm marches) yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cib thiab pob zeb vaj tse, thiab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim ua ke.
Lawv lub zog, kev siv yooj yim thiab muaj peev xwm dav rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj nrawm nrawm thiab pab txhawb kev tsim kho.
Cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog (qhov loj me tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm) raug pom zoo los ua cov ntaiv sab hauv thiab sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv dag zog ntxiv tuaj yeem tswj hwm lawv cov khoom thaum tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cua sov yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg -40 degrees.
Txoj kev tsaws tsaws
Ib qho yooj yim ua staircase ntsia hauv ib lub tsev yog sheathed nrog ntoo panels, pleev xim rau los yog ntaub pua plagcover.
Stair cov qauv kab nrog cov vuas luaj ceramic, laminate lossis parquet board pab tau zoo thiab ntev.
Kev siv cov ntoo lossis hlau ua cov khoom siv rau cov ntaiv yuav tsum tau kos duab ua tiav ntawm cov khoom tiav. Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom, cov xim tsim nyog raug xaiv:
- Yim xim pleev xim rau hlau.
- Emulsions thiab impregnations rau ntoo.
- Tshwj xeeb pleev xim rau ntoo ntawm cov hom sib xws.
Ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ya davhlau ntawm ntaiv thiab tsaws yog qhov chaw teeb pom kev zoo. Feem ntau, LEDs (sib cais teeb lossis tapes) raug xaiv rau lub hom phiaj no. Lawv txuas nrog rau txoj hlua, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw lossis nqes ntawm cov kauj ruam.
