Cib yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrov heev uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov khoom siv rau yuav luag txhua lub hom phiaj. Cov tsev nyob, kev cob qhia ntau lawm, pavilions, laj kab, thiab lwm yam, ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ceramic, yog qhov txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cib yog fastened nyob rau hauv masonry thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub tsev lub hnab ntawv, lub hauv paus, thiab lwm yam nrog mortars ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb.
Cov kev sib xyaw ua ke no tau ua, tau kawg, nrog kev ua raws li qee txoj cai. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm tsim technologies, lawv kneading yuav tsis ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug muaj zog qauv thiab yuav tsis kav ntev rau yav tom ntej. Cias muab, hom ntawm mortar rau brickwork yuav tsum raug xaiv kom raug.
Daim ntawv thov nta
Technology rau kev tsim cov vaj tse cib yog siv kwv yees li hauv qab no:
- Masonry mortar yog kis rau ntawm kab dhau los, feem ntau nrog ib txheej ntawm 1 cm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntev ntawm kab yog 4 cib.
- Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog theem thiab tshem tawm nrog ntug ntawm lub trowel pib ntawm sab pem hauv ntej.
- Cov mortar tshem tawm yog siv rau lub cib, uas yog tom qab ntawd nias tawm tsam yav dhau los thiab tapped nrog ib lub mallet.
Lub thickness ntawm ntsug seams nyob rau hauv xws li masonry yog feem ntau 0.8 cm.
Qee lub sij hawm siv cov txheej txheem sib txawv me ntsis tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua vaj tse. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tshuaj yog kis mus rau ib tug kab nrog ib tug thicker txheej. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub cib nteg txav mus rau yav dhau los nrog kev ntes ntawm qhov sib tov. Qhov kawg, thaum siv cov txheej txheem no ("nias"), ua cov kab ntsug ntsug.
Qhov twg masonry mortar yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws: yuav tsum
Tom qab teeb tsa, cov khoom sib tov siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv yuav tsum tsis txhob:
- shrink;
- crack;
- ntsev tawm;
- collapse nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hloov, pwm;
- ua rau corrosion ntawm hlau fittings.
Cov kev cai hauv qab no siv rau cov pob zeb zeb lawv tus kheej:
-
siab adhesion rau cib;
- nrawm nrawm;
- plasticity.
Siab adhesion ntawm mortar rau cib ua rau cov masonry muaj zog li sai tau thiab pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv. Ntev kom qhuav thiab hardening ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom zooua haujlwm ua haujlwm qeeb. Cib, raws li koj paub, yog cov khoom hnyav. Thiab ob peb kab ntawm masonry, uas tsis muaj sij hawm los harden, cov kua mortar yuav tsuas crush.
Ua kom qeeb ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv cib thiab kev siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab tsis zoo. Nws yuav nyuaj rau tus tswv kom nteg ib lub pob zeb rau ntawm qhov sib tov. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab tsis zoo yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv cib nws tus kheej.
Muaj ob lub ntsiab ntawm lub tsev sib xyaw siv rau kev tsim cov tsev thiab cov qauv ntawm cib:
- universal;
- special.
Thawj hom mortar rau brickwork pob qij txha yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tsim thiab siv dav heev. Piv txwv li, nws yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas siv rau hauv kev tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev nyob qis thiab siab siab, muab faib, laj kab, hauv paus.
Cov tshuaj khib tshwj xeeb tau npaj siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb lossis qib siab ntawm cov cement, muab cov khoom tsim nyog rau qhov xwm txheej no:
- hluav taws kub;
- moisture resistance;
- resistance to aggressive environment.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam no tuaj yeem siv tau, piv txwv li, rau kev tsim cov phab ntsa hauv cov chaw tsim khoom, chimneys, foundations.
Main Components
Hom cement mortars rau masonry tej zaum yuav txawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, xws li mixes yuav tsum muaj obCov khoom tseem ceeb:
- filler;
- binder.
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov universal masonry mortar, thiab feem ntau yog ib tug tshwj xeeb, xuab zeb yog siv los ua ib tug muab tub lim. Lub binder nyob rau hauv xws li sib tov yog yuav luag ib txwm cement. Masonry mortars raug kaw feem ntau nrog dej.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb
Xuab zeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw masonry feem ntau yog siv dej loj. Cov khoom siv hauv chaw txua txiag zeb ntawm hom no kuj tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis tsuas yog thaum tsim cov phab ntsa rau cov tsev nyob qis qis qis.
Lub npe ntawm mortar rau brickwork, thiab lwm yam, nyob ntawm seb hom cement siv rau nws cov khoom, nrog rau nws cov feem pua. Xws li cov khoom sib txawv feem ntau nyob rau theem ntawm lub zog tom qab hardening.
Cement ntawm qib qis yog siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom siv thauj khoom tsis raug rau qhov tsis zoo ib puag ncig. Cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua yog siv rau kev npaj cov kev daws teeb meem rau kev tsim cov phab ntsa thiab cov hauv paus. Feem ntau hom ntawm xws li cement yog, piv txwv li, M400. Kuj tseem muaj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv no, tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov qauv uas raug cov dej noo lossis cov neeg ua phem rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
Cement belongs rau pawg ntawm hydraulic binders. Tab sis qee zaum, thaum tsim cov qauv, lawv tuaj yeem siv tauhuab cua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no ntau yam. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, av nplaum, txiv qaub thiab gypsum. Cov binders no yog siv los npaj tshwj xeeb masonry mortars.
Av nplaum, piv txwv li, feem ntau yog siv rau kev sib xyaw ua ke npaj rau kev tsim cov qauv uas raug kub siab thaum ua haujlwm. Cov no tuaj yeem yog, piv txwv li, chimneys, qhov cub, qhov cub. Masonry mortars rau cib yog tsis tshua muaj ua rau txiv qaub thiab gypsum. Xws li kev sib tov yog suav tias yog sov dua li cov cement. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj txawv ntawm lub zog tsawg dua. Cov khoom sib xyaw no tuaj yeem siv los tso cov khoom tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov tsev xwb.
Dab tsi ntxiv tuaj yeem siv tau
Universal mortars feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab cement. Piv txwv li, nws yog cov khoom sib tov uas yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv kev tsim kho cov phab ntsa thiab cov hauv paus. Thaum tso cov qauv tseem ceeb tsawg, cov cement mortar kuj tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov txiv qaub ua cov yas yas. Xws li ib tug sib tov yog xyaum tsis inferior mus rau ib txwm muaj zog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog elastic dua, uas yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv. Lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog ntxiv ntawm txiv qaub yog suav tias yog qib qis ntawm kev tiv thaiv kom ya raws.
Qee zaum, cov tshuaj polymeric tshwj xeeb kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua kom cov elasticity ntawm cov tshuaj. Tab sis xws li additives feem ntau yog suav nrog, ntawm chav kawm, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Hoobkas qhuav masonry mixs. Thaum npaj cov kev daws teeb meem nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chawHauv kev tsim kho, txiv qaub yog siv los ua plasticizer feem ntau.
Cov av nplaum tib yam feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv refractory hauv kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb masonry mortars. Qee lub sij hawm xws li kev sib tov yog tsim los ntawm fireclay crumbs. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum npaj masonry mortars, additives yuav siv tau:
- tiv thaiv te;
- kev nrawm nrawm;
- nce noo noo thiab adhesion, thiab lwm yam.
Cov cim ntawm mortars rau brickwork raws li GOST
Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse, raws li tau hais tseg, nyob ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov cement thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qib ntawm lub zog ntawm kev daws teeb meem thiab nws lub hom phiaj, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tau kawg, los ntawm nws cov hom. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog kev cia siab ntawm yav tom ntej ntawm kev noj cov cement hauv kilograms ib 1 m 3 sand/mortar raws li GOST.
| Qib ntawm cement / mortar | 150 | 100 | 75 | 50 | 25 | 10 |
| 400 | 350/400 | 255/300 | 100/240 | 140/175 | - | - |
| 300 | 470/510 | 340/385 | 270/310 | 185/225 | 105/135 | - |
| 200 | - | - | 405/445 | 280/325 | 155/190 | 25/95 |
Txiav txim siab qib ntawm cov cement mortar rau brickwork, feem ntau nws compressive zog.
Mixes raws li qhov ntsuas no raug xaiv raws li lub tswv yim yooj yim. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum faib cov hom cib ua ob. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, koj tuaj yeem xaiv ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau kev tsim kho ntawm txhua qhov qauv - hnyav lossis hnyav hnyav. Ntawd yog, cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm hom tshuaj khib nyiab twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum siv, piv txwv li, M150 pob zeb yog M50 lossis M75, nyob ntawm seb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv tsim.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li txoj cai no thaum yuav thiab ua cov mortar. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cement thiab cib muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej nqus thiab lub zog. Yog li ntawd, muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws - qhov kev daws teeb meem muaj zog dua, qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov masonry. Lub cib tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom muaj zog, uas yuav ua rau deformations thiab tawg.
Yog li, qhov sib tov rau cov khoom siv ceramic raug xaiv, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev thauj khoom ntawm cov qauv. Piv txwv li, cov neeg uas txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub suburban cheeb tsam yog txaus siab, thiab lwm yam, nyob rau hauv dab tsi hom ntawm mortar rau brickwork ntawm sab nrauv phab ntsa yog tsim nyog. Rau kev tsim cov qauv ntawm hom no tuaj yeem siv tauceramic pob zeb los ntawm M75 rau M200. Raws li, qhov sib tov yog siv qib 50-100.
Kev
Qhov zoo ntawm masonry nyob ntawm seb qhov sib npaug ntawm cov seams hauv nws yuav ua li cas. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv huab cua voids ntawm cov cib, lub mortar yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev txav mus los. Qhov ntsuas no hauv qhov sib xyaw yog nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau lawv cov yam ntxwv.
Tsuas muaj 4 hom mortars rau brickwork raws li qhov ntsuas no - los ntawm Pk1 txog Pk4. Nws ntseeg tias:
- Pk1 mix zoo rau vibrated rubble;
- Pk2 - rau tsis muaj vibrating;
- Pk3 - rau hollow cib thiab ceramic pob zeb;
- Pk4 - rau sau cov voids hauv masonry.
Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum ua raws li txoj cai thaum ua noj
Lub hom tshuaj khib twg yog qhov haum rau qhov no lossis qhov ntawd, yog li, nws yog qhov tseeb. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib tov yog txiav txim siab nyob ntawm seb cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic nws tus kheej. Tab sis, tau kawg, kev daws yuav muaj qhov tsim nyog tsuas yog tias nws tau npaj kom raug. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov kev daws teeb meem tiav yuav dhau los ua qhov zoo, thiab cov masonry nws tus kheej yuav ruaj khov.
Thaum npaj sib tov ob qho tib si los ntawm kev npaj ua kom qhuav qhuav thiab los ntawm ib tus neeg cov khoom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua tiav nws qhov sib xws. Tsis ntev los no, cov kev daws teeb meem no tau kneaded hauv troughs lossis ntawm cov ntawv hlau,siv shovels thiab hoes. Tab sis niaj hnub no, feem ntau, txawm tias cov tswv ntawm cov tsev me me hauv lub tebchaws muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tsim los rau kev tsim khoom, suav nrog kev sib xyaw ua vaj tse. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov tswv ntawm suburban cheeb tsam ua kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv pob zeb mixers. Thaum siv cov cuab yeej no, qhov sib tov tiav, vim nws qhov sib xws, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Ua ntej, cov khoom qhuav ntawm cov tshuaj khib yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub pob zeb tov khoom hopper. Tom qab sib tov rau ob peb feeb, xws li cov cuab yeej raug muab tua. Tom qab ntawd 75% ntawm cov dej tau teev tseg yog nchuav rau hauv nws. Hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej, cov tshuaj yog nplawm rau lwm 5 feeb. Cov dej ntxiv ntxiv rau nws tom qab nws tau txav los ntawm lub pob zeb sib tov hopper mus rau lub tank masonry.
Cement ua ntej npaj cov tshuaj ntawm kev npaj tshwj xeeb, tau kawg, tsis tas yuav tsum tau. Qhov tsuas yog qhov yog tias ua ntej siv cov khoom no rau kneading, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntawm hnub tso tawm. Tsis txhob siv cov cement stale rau masonry. Piv txwv li, twb tau rau lub hlis tom qab hnub tso tawm, lub zog ntawm cov khoom no txo ob peb zaug. Raws li, hom ntawm cement-xuab zeb mortar rau brickwork npaj los ntawm nws kuj yog txo.
Khaws cov khoom no, tau kawg, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, cov cement zoo heev tau tsim los ntawm kev tua, cov pob uas, yog tias ntub dej, tuaj yeem tawg thiab siv tau zoo rau kev tso lossis nchuav cov pob zeb ua vaj tse. Cov khoom siv niaj hnub ntawm hom notsim los siv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Raws li ntau craftsmen, nws yog inferior nyob rau hauv zoo rau lub Soviet ib tug. Yog li ntawd, hmoov tsis, nws tsis tuaj yeem siv Portland cement niaj hnub uas tau teeb tsa hauv pob.
Xuab zeb ua ntej kneading mortar rau kev sib txuas ntawm brickwork yuav tsum tau sieved. Thaum kawg, tsis muaj cov organic impurities lossis khib nyiab yuav tsum nyob hauv nws.
Ntau cov khoom xyaw
Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Hoobkas npaj cov tshuaj khib nyiab feem ntau tsuas yog qhia rau ntawm pob. Thaum sib xyaw cov khoom sib xws ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv qee qhov sib piv los ntawm ntim.
Thaum npaj ib lub mortar rau masonry, cov cement / xuab zeb feem ntau yog siv raws li hauv qab no: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 lossis 1/5. Cov tshuaj yas yog tsim nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm tib txoj kev. Qhov sib tov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov masons yog npaj nyob rau hauv feem ntawm cov cement / xuab zeb / txiv qaub, zoo li 1/5/1.
Tag nrho cov khoom tau muab tso rau hauv lub pob zeb sib tov hauv qhov ntau uas cov zis ntawm cov tshuaj tsis loj dhau. Cov cement masonry sib tov hardens nyob rau hauv li 2-2.5 teev. Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv 1-1.5 teev, qhov chaw npaj rau hauv lub pob zeb tov yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm.
Kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj refractory
Yuav ua li cas xaiv ib hom tshuaj khib rau cov cement masonry thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi ntim nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw, peb pom saum toj no. Tab sis dab tsi yog txoj hauv kev zoo los ua cov khoom siv refractory ntawm hom no? Volume ratioscov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov av nplaum mined hauv ib cheeb tsam. Qhov fatter nws yog, cov xuab zeb ntau koj yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv qhov sib tov. Qhov tsim nyog ntawm xws li ib tug mortar rau masonry yog xyuas nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim txoj kev. Ua li no, ua ntej ua ib feem me me ntawm cov sib tov sib txawv. Tom ntej no, ib lub pob yog dov los ntawm lawv txhua tus thiab pov los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 1 m. Ib qho kev daws yog suav tias tsim nyog uas tsis tawg thaum lub sij hawm sim.
