Tiv thaiv qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub tsev, siv ntau hom ru tsev. Lawv saib zoo nkauj heev, piv txwv li, plaub-txoj kab nqes, lub duav, ntau tus nplaig. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov tswv ntawm cov tsev ntiag tug txhim tsa lub ru tsev zoo tib yam. Daim ntawv ntawm lub ru tsev no yog nrov vim yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev sib dhos, tab sis kuj yog vim muaj kev ntseeg siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev ntawm no ntau yam muaj txaus qhov chaw rau ib tug loj attic los yog attic.
Design nta
Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub ru tsev gable truss system, zoo li lwm yam, yog ua tiav ntawm Mauerlat. Tsis tas li, kev tsim lub ru tsev no yuav suav nrog:
- rafters;
- racks, khiav, pw;
- skate;
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
Tiv thaiv lub kaw lus truss los ntawm ya raws, hydro thiab vapor barriers yog siv. Lawv feem ntau yog ntsia rau saum lub rwb thaiv tsev. Cov khoom no yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv lub qab nthab los yog attic los ntawm txias. Tau kawg, nyob rau theem kawg, lub thav duab ntawm lub tsev yog sheathed nrog vov tsev.
Mauerlat rau lub ru tsev gable: installation nta
Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ru tsev no feem ntau yog sib sau los ntawm cov ntoo tuab heev (section 150-200 mm). Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog nws leej twg ua tus txhawb nqa lub ru tsev. Mauerlat muab tso rau saum cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev. Yog tias tom kawg tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov pa roj los yog ua npuas ncauj ua npuas ncauj, ib qho kev siv pob zeb ua kom muaj zog yog qhov ua ntej. Txhawm rau txhim kho Mauerlat, thauj tog rau nkoj bolts yog nchuav rau hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv ib lub ru tsev gable, Mauerlat feem ntau haum tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm ob phab ntsa - parallel ntev sawv daws yuav. Cov khoom no tsis yog siv rau hauv cov tsev cobbled, cav thiab vaj huam sib luag. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub Upper crown los yog strapping pab raws li ib tug Mauerlat.
ru tsev rafters
Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ru tsev. Lub truss system yog sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv feem ntau siv cov khoom xws li ib tug nqaj ntawm 100100 mm los yog 150150 mm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub rooj tsavxwm 100150 mm tuaj yeem siv hauv qab nws. Ua ntej erecting lub rafter system, cov khoom yog txiav nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas nyob rau sab saum toj ob txhais ceg nyob rau hauv ib leeg los yog mus rau lub ridge kom nruj li sai tau (txiav ntawm ib tug tej lub kaum sab xis). Kuj qee zaum xaiv tsaws zes nyob rau sab qis ntawm ob txhais ceg. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los tsim lub ru tsev ruaj khov dua.
Ntoo rafters tuaj yeem txuas rau Mauerlat, sab saud lossis strapping nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau kho nrog "knot" rau peb cov ntsia hlau thiab cov hlau tuab. Tab sis ntau zaus, txawm li cas los xij, ob txhais ceg txuas nrog galvanized steel fab ntawm ob sab. Qhov no pab tau zoo heevkev sib dhos. Nyob rau sab saum toj, cov rafters txuas rau ib leeg siv hlau jumpers los yog rau lub ridge ntawm cov ces kaum.
Ntawm cov tsev ntoo, ntoo (100100 mm, 150150 mm lossis 100150 mm) yog fastened nrog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntxiv - "sled". Qhov no ua kom lub zog ntawm cov rafters. Kev siv cov fasteners zoo li no yog qhov tsim nyog los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum ziab tawm, cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev muaj peev xwm txo qis. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom rigidly fasten lub truss system (ntawm tes los yog fab) nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. Txwv tsis pub, nws tsuas yog coj.
Gable ru tsev rafters: ntau yam
Qee lub sij hawm txoj kab nqes nqes ntawm lub ru tsev thav duab tsuas yog txuas hauv qab no - rau Mauerlat thiab saum toj - rau ib leeg lossis rau kev khiav. Xws li rafters yog hu ua dai. Tab sis lwm hom thav duab feem ntau yog siv. Hauv qhov no, ib qho kev txhawb nqa ntxiv yog ntsia hauv qab ob txhais ceg (raws li tag nrho qhov ntev) nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm txoj kab nqes. Yog li ntawd, lub ru tsev yog "tawg". Xws li gable ru tsev yog hu ua attic, thiab lawv cov rafters yog hu ua txheej. Qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub teb chaws lub tsev. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov rafters - ob qho tib si txheej thiab dai - yog txiav txim siab raws li cov thickness ntawm cov ntoo xaiv, qhov ntev ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau cov kauj ruam yog 60-80 cm.
Sub-rafter ncej system
Ntawm cov tsev loj, ntxiv rau Mauerlat, txoj kab nqes ru tsev tuaj yeem txhawb nqa los ntawm girders, racks thiab txaj. Thawj yog ntsia horizontally, qhov thib ob - vertically. dag yog hu ua beam nteg nyob rau hauv pem teb beams. Lawv txuas nrog rau nws nrog qee cov kauj ruam raws tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm lub ru tsev khib. Tom ntej no rau lawvskating khiav yog ntsia. Rau lub caij no, ib lub bar 100x150 mm feem ntau yog siv.
skate run
Kev teeb tsa lub ru tsev gable truss system siv cov khoom no ua tiav ntau zaus. Thiab qhov no txawm hais tias lub ru tsev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog kim dua. Qhov tseeb yog tias lub ru tsev ncej nrog ib tug khiav yog ntau txhim khu kev qha thiab zoo dua resists ntau yam loads.
Lub ntsiab lus no yuav tsum tau teeb tsa ua raws li txhua yam kev siv thev naus laus zis. Qhov tseeb ntawm lub geometry ntawm lub ru tsev nyob ntawm seb nws yuav ua tib zoo mounted. Thaum sib sau ua ke ib lub ru tsev nrog ib tug ridge khiav, ua ntej nruab cov huab racks (raws li gables). Tom ntej no, ib tug inelastic qaum yog rub ntawm lawv thiab leveled. Tom qab ntawd, tsom rau nws, nruab tag nrho cov racks nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub ridge khiav txuas rau lawv yav tom ntej yuav nyob rau hauv horizontally.
Crate
Qhov no kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm txhua lub ru tsev. Lub rooj tsavxwm rau lub crate feem ntau yog xaiv tuab heev. Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv vov tsev, kev xaiv 2.5-5 cm tuaj yeem siv, tsis txhob nqa nqaim lossis dav lath rau lub crate. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov laug cam tuaj yeem warp, hauv qhov thib ob - tawg. Qhov dav dav ntawm cov khoom siv rau lub crate yog 20 cm.
Cov kauj ruam ntawm cov laug cam, nrog rau lawv cov tuab, nyob ntawm hom cladding xaiv. Xws li ib tug sparse crate tsuas yog haum rau cov nplooj ntawv nruj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev thiab nyias hlau, ib qho khoom yog mounted. Rau xws li lub crate, nws feem ntau tsis yog lub rooj tsavxwm uas siv, tab sis cov nplooj ntawv tuab plywood lossis OSB.
tshav kub-insulating txheej thiab waterproofing
Qhov tsim ntawm lub ru tsev gable yog qhov uas cov khoom siv niaj hnub no tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv nws qhov chaw sab hauv los ntawm qhov txias. Feem ntau, cov ntxhia wool yog siv los insulate lub qab nthab los yog attic. Qee zaum polystyrene ua npuas ncauj kuj tseem siv tau. Muaj tsawg zaus, lub ru tsev yog insulated los ntawm txau polyurethane ua npuas ncauj.
Raws li kev txhawb nqa rau cov ntaub plaub tsiaj ntxhia thiab polystyrene, ib lub xaim raug rub los ntawm sab ntawm lub qab nthab. Cov nplooj ntawv los yog daim hlau lawv tus kheej raug ntsia ncaj qha ntawm cov rafters. Mineral wool yog mounted yooj yim los ntawm surprise. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polystyrene ua npuas ncauj thiab cov ntoo yog kaw nrog tshwj xeeb mounting ua npuas ncauj thiab glued nrog daim nplaum. Chav thiab dej insulators yog tsau nrog me ntsis sag (2 cm) nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub kawg theem ntawm assembling lub truss system.
khoom siv vov tsev
Hlau pobzeb, slate, ondulin, profiled ntawv tuaj yeem siv rau ru tsev sheathing. Qee zaum cov ru tsev yog nruab nrog cov khoom siv vov tsev. Lub ru tsev ntawm cov tsev loj loj uas kim heev feem ntau them nrog cov vuas av nplaum. Feem ntau, tsuas muaj ntau hom ntaub ntawv vov tsev xwb. Cov ntawv hlau yog tsau rau ntawm txoj kab nqes los ntawm kev siv tus kheej tapping screws. Cov khoom siv vov tsev yog glued mus rau lub crate tas li siv bituminous mastic. Nws kuj coats cov seams. Cov vuas av nplaum kuj txuas rau lub ru tsev nrog tus kheej tapping screws los ntawm qhov hauv nws.
Txoj cai xaiv cov ntoo
Gable ru tsev truss installation yuav tsum ua tiav siv cov ntoo zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum yuav lawv, koj yuav tsum ua raws li qee cov lus pom zoo. Lumber npaj rau assembling lub ru tsev ncej yuav tsum qhuav. Qhov tso cai feem pua ntawm nws cov av noo yog 18%. Feem ntau hauv kev cob qhia woodworking lawv muag cov khoom uas tsis ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej sib sau ua ke lub ru tsev, nws yog advisable kom qhuav tsob ntoo nyob rau hauv ib tug canopy rau tsawg kawg yog rau lub hlis.
Nws tuaj yeem tsim lub ru tsev tam sim tom qab yuav cov ntoo thiab cov laug cam tsuas yog ua los ntawm "lub caij ntuj no" hav zoov. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau lub caij txias, cov kua dej nres hauv cov kab ntoo. Yog li ntawd, cov ntoo ua los ntawm cov cav ntoo no tsis muaj dej ntau dhau lawm.
Thaum xaiv cov laug cam thiab ntoo, ntxiv rau lawv cov dej noo, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lawv qhov zoo. Cov pob txha tsawg dua hauv cov ntoo, qhov zoo dua. Raws li hom ntoo, ntoo thuv feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ru tsev.
Lwm qhov ntsuas los xav txog thaum yuav cov ntoo thiab cov laug cam yog lawv qhov geometry. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum ncaj ncaj. Nws tsis raug tso cai siv "twisted" boards lossis ntoo rau kev sib dhos lub ru tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau qhov tawg.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub kaw lus
Kev tsim kho lub ru tsev gable yog txheej txheem uas muaj kev siv, thiab lwm yam, ntawm ntau yam khoom siv rautxhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ntub ntawm kab teeb thiab dej nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw hauv qab. Raws li ib tug waterproofing neeg sawv cev, technical polyethylene zaj duab xis yog feem ntau siv. Qee zaum kuj siv ib daim nyias nyias tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom siv zoo li no kim dua li polyethylene, tab sis nws kuj siv sijhawm ntev dua. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm ntau yam no tuaj yeem khaws cov dej noo los ntawm sab nraud, thiab tib lub sijhawm cia cov vapors los ntawm sab hauv tsev dhau los ntawm lawv. Qhov no ua kom lub tshav kub insulator thiab ntoo hauv lub ru tsev "pie" ib txwm qhuav. Uas, tau kawg, ho txuas lub neej ntawm lub ru tsev nws tus kheej.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sheathing nyob rau hauv lub attic los yog attic, ib tug tshwj xeeb zaj duab xis yog mounted, uas yog hu ua vapor barrier. Qee zaum cov ntawv foil tshwj xeeb kuj siv tau. Lawv raug nqi ntau dua li zaj duab xis, tab sis, ntawm lwm yam, lawv pab txhawb kom khaws cov cua sov hauv qab nthab lossis hauv qab nthab, tsim kom muaj "thermos effect".
Tom qab kev teeb tsa ntawm lub ru tsev gable truss system tiav, mus rau nws cov sheathing. Cov khoom siv vov tsev yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xaiv. Tseeb, qhov kev ntseeg ntawm lub ru tsev ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws qhov zoo. Yog li ntawd, thaum yuav, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lub koob npe nrov ntawm ob lub khw thiab cov neeg muag khoom.
ru tsev xam: txoj kab nqes
Tau kawg, txhawm rau kom lub ru tsev tig tawm los ua qhov sib luag thiab ruaj khov li sai tau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kos ib qhov project kom ntxaws ua ntej sib sau ua ke. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum tau nrog cov duab kos ntawm lub ru tsev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej thiab profile projection, thiabkuj npaj (saib saum toj).
Lub gable zoo ntawm lub ru tsev kuj zoo vim nws yog kiag li yooj yim los xam nws. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm lub rafters, hla ntu ntawm cov khoom thiab nws qhov ntau. Thawj qhov ntsuas yog txiav txim siab raws li cov khoom siv vov tsev uas yuav tsum tau siv rau sheathing. Yog li, piv txwv li, rau cov nplais hlau qhov ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yog 12 gr. Ruberoid tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm lub ru tsev nrog txoj kab nqes mus txog 15 degrees. Hauv qhov no, plaub txheej yog siv. Thaum pasting lub ru tsev ntawm 40 degrees, 3 txheej yog pw, thiab tshaj 45 gr. - ob. Ceramic vuas tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm lub ru tsev nrog txoj kab nqes ntawm 22 txog 45 degrees.
Yog lub ru tsev tiaj tus dhau lawm, nws tuaj yeem khoov lossis txawm tias tawg hauv qab qhov hnyav ntawm cov daus npog. Txoj kev nqes hav heev yuav raug cua daj cua dub. Yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination, ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub climatic yam ntxwv ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Ntawd yog, qhov siab tshaj plaws cua thiab daus daus hauv koj cheeb tsam.
Lub kaum sab xis ntawm txoj kev nyiam xaiv thaum tsim lub tsev nrog lub ru tsev gable nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws, koj tuaj yeem paub siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov rooj tshwj xeeb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, 35-45 grams yog suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhia. Mansard gable ru tsev tau nruab nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm lub sab sauv rafters nrog rau lub qab ntug tsis tshaj 30 degrees.
Xaiv cov ntaub ntawv
Yog li, nws tsis yooj yim los txiav txim siab lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov siab ntawm txoj kab nqes. Thaum qhov teeb tsa noyog xaiv, koj tuaj yeem mus rau kev suav ntawm lub ru tsev ncej. Thawj kauj ruam yog los xam qhov ntev ntawm cov rafters. Paub txog lub kaum sab xis thiab qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa luv ntawm lub tsev, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm no siv qhov tsim nyog trigonometric muaj nuj nqi. Rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim duab, ntxiv 20-40 cm rau lub overhang ntawm cornice.
Paub qhov ntev thiab qhov nrug ntawm cov rafters (thiab lawv tus lej), nws yog ib qho yooj yim los txiav txim siab seb yuav yuav cov ntoo li cas. Txhawm rau xam cov boards ntawm lub crate, koj yuav tsum paub cov kauj ruam ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cornice thiab nyob rau hauv lub ridge, ob kab ntawm cov khoom yog khoom nrog cov khoom. Txhawm rau xam cov ntaub ntawv thermal insulator, zaj duab xis thiab sheathing, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj. Rau qhov tshwm sim daim duab koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv 10% rau poob.
ru tsev nqi npaum li cas
Ntxiv rau cov duab kos, tus nqi kwv yees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau txuas nrog rau qhov project. Los ntawm kev suav lawv tus lej xav tau, koj tuaj yeem suav tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub ru tsev. Rau 2016, kwv yees tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau lub ru tsev yog:
- ntoo thuv beam 150x100 mm (rau rafters) - 612-700 rubles / pc. (6 m);
- ntoo thuv 25x200x6000 mm (rau lathing) - txog 500-550 rubles / daim;
- nqaj 200x200 mm (Mauerlat rau lub ru tsev gable) - txog 1200-1500 rubles / daim. (6 m);
- Technical polyethylene zaj duab xis (80 microns) - 990-1,000 rubles. ib yob (3x10 m);
- vapor barrier - 400-500 rubles. ib yob;
- mineralpaj rwb ntaub plaub "Ursa" - 1,500 rubles. (pob 2x9000x1200x50).
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev, qhov kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj yog cov khoom siv vov tsev. Ib yob nqi txog 350-400 rubles. Tab sis feem ntau, cov tswv ntawm lub teb chaws tsev npog lub ru tsev nrog cov vuas hlau. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom no yog hais txog 300 rubles. ib daim ntawv.
Yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej xav tau
txhawm rau txhim kho cov kab ke rafter, koj yuav xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob (lossis hluav taws xob pom), lub taub hau thiab rauj. Rau sheathing lub ru tsev nrog cov ntawv hlau, ntawm lwm yam, koj yuav tsum tau npaj cov txiab ntse ntse. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom txiav cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug polymer txheej nrog ib tug grinder, txwv tsis pub lub sab sauv txheej ntawm cov nplooj ntawv yuav puas. Yog li ntawd, lub ru tsev sheathing yuav pib xeb sai heev.
Yog tias nws txiav txim siab los npog lub ru tsev nrog cov khoom siv vov tsev, nws tsim nyog npaj ib lub thoob rau melting bitumen thiab ib tug pas nrog ib tug tuab rag qhov txhab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Koj tseem yuav xav tau ntau lub thoob.
Tau kawg, rau kev txhim kho lub ru tsev koj yuav xav tau ib tus ntaiv txhim khu kev qha, thiab tej zaum cov kev taug kev poob los ntawm cov laug cam. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov vuas hlau, nws kuj yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj cov khau nrog cov mos mos, tab sis tsis khaus khaus.
