Tam sim no ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tsis cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg nyob rau ntau txhiab xyoo.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev qhia dav dav ntawm cov kev cai uas yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb uas tsis yog hluav taws xob rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, cov txheeb cais tseem nyob tsis tu ncua: tib neeg lub tsev niaj hnub no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.
Tseem tshuav ib qho xwb thaum muaj hluav taws kub rau cov neeg nyob yog khiav, uas yog, khiav tawm. Txoj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws kom dim ntawm cov tsev ntau-storey yog hluav taws khiav tawm ntaiv.
Kev phom sij rau tib neeg thaum hluav taws tsis yog hluav taws xwb. Cov pa luam yeeb kuj txaus ntshai. Tab sis tus yeeb ncuab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Ib tug neeg yuav tsis pom nws cov teebmeem (tsis zoo li kev kub nyhiab, carbon monoxide tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw lossis xim). Cov pa roj carbon monoxide lom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev loj hlob sai. Tom qab ob peb feeb, tus neeg raug tsim txom yuav tsis nco qab, tom qab ntawd nwsyeej tsis muaj txoj kev cawm seej.
Yog li ntawd, hauv txhua lub tsev, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev cawm cov neeg nyob thaum muaj hluav taws, cov ntaiv tsis muaj pa luam yeeb tau nruab. Dab tsi yog hom ntaiv uas tsis muaj pa taws thiab ntaiv?
ntaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev
Staircase yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev ntau-storey. Muaj cov qauv zoo tib yam uas ua haujlwm sib txuas lus hauv pem teb, nrog rau cov kauj ruam khiav tawm, uas yog, tsis muaj pa luam yeeb.
Qhov tshwm sim tom kawg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv uas tib neeg tau khiav tawm thaum muaj hluav taws. Rau ntau lub tsev, nws tau hais los ntawm SNIP, yog li ntawd, architects yuav tsum tau muab rau thaum tsim ib qhov project.
Kev khiav tawm ntaiv: lub hom phiaj
Cov ntaiv khiav tawm yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv cov tsev siab. Cov qauv no ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm hluav taws kub lossis thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Qhov kev npaj ntawm kev khiav tawm ntaiv nyob rau hauv ntau hom tsev yog ua raws li cov qauv ntawm lawv qhov loj, teeb tsa thiab kev tso kawm. Txawm hais tias hom qauv, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv no yog los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg tawm ntawm lub tsev yog tias tsim nyog.
Cov neeg nyob hauv tsev, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov qhua ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, siv cov ntaiv khiav tawm, tuaj yeem tawm hauv thaj chaw yam tsis muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Txoj kev khiav tawm yog tsim los tiv thaiv lawv ntawm hluav taws thiab pa taws. Nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub meejpub dawb rau txhua tus hauv lub tsev.
Kev khiav stairs tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no muaj tseeb rau cov qauv uas tsis tau nruab nrog lub qhov rooj sab nraud. Cov kev cai tiv thaiv hluav taws txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev saum toj no peb lub plag tsev uas tsis tau nruab nrog cov ntaiv khiav tawm.
Qhov chaw
Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb siv rau qhov chaw ntawm kev khiav tawm stairs. Feem ntau lawv qhov kev tso kawm yog tsim nyob rau tom qab ntawm cov tsev pej xeem lossis los ntawm qhov kawg, yog tias qhib hom kev tawm yog npaj.
Nrog rau txoj kev npaj ntawm kev tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev hauv lub tsev, ib chav sib cais lossis txoj hauv kev tau faib rau cov ntaiv. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg nqis los thaum muaj hluav taws kub thiab tiv thaiv kev thaiv qhov feem ntau tsuas yog tuaj yeem tawm hauv tsev.
Chav tsev zoo li no yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub qhov rooj tiv thaiv hluav taws uas muaj peev xwm muaj cov nplaim taws tsawg kawg 1 teev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej lub sealing ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab tshem tawm cov pa luam yeeb sai.
Txhua pem teb yuav tsum tau nruab nrog kev tawm mus rau lub stairwell. Nws qhov dav nyob ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm txoj kab thiab cov kauj ruam. Semi-kaw qauv muab rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw, lub qhov rooj los ntawm uas coj mus rau ib tug sab nrauv staircase. Qhov no yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov xwm txheej uas nws tsis tuaj yeem kaw tag nrho txoj kev los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb.
Rau hom qhib sab nraum zoov, siv txoj cai tshwj xeeb: nyob deb ntawmntug ntawm cov ntaiv mus rau phab ntsa yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 100 cm. Qhov no txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws nkag mus rau qhov kev tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thiab tiv thaiv cua sov ntawm cov qauv, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv tes.
khoom
Vim tias qhov kev tsim no yog tsim los siv rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, suav nrog hluav taws kub, qee qhov kev xav tau txiav txim siab xaiv cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho. Lub ntsiab mob yog los xyuas kom meej lub zog thiab hluav taws tsis kam ntawm cov ntaiv. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws yog pob zeb thiab hlau.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws kub, tawg lossis tso cov tshuaj lom thaum cua sov yog txwv tsis pub.
Yuav tsum muaj SNIP thiab GOST
GOST thiab SNiP cov qauv tswj cov qauv uas txhua hom ntaiv tau teeb tsa. Lawv kuj siv rau cov qauv khiav tawm.
- Txoj kev nqes hav ntawm cov stairs khiav tawm yog qhov piv ntawm qhov ntev thiab qhov siab ntawm qhov ntev yog 2: 1.
- Rau 1 lub Peb Hlis, tso cai 3-18 kauj ruam. Rau 2 marchers, lawv tus lej yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 16 daim.
- Qhov dav ntawm lub tread yuav tsum ua haujlwm kom muaj kev nplij siab ntawm kev txav, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog 24-29 cm.
- kauj ruam qhov siab feem ntau yog 20-22 cm.
- Qhov dav ntawm tus ntaiv yog muab los ntawm cov kev xav tau xws li 2 tus neeg tuaj yeem hla nws tib lub sijhawm. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tso cai tus nqi yog - 1 m. Nws raug tso cai kom txo qhov ntev ntawm cov qauv sab nraum zoov mus rau 70 cm.
- Thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev taug kev loj yuav tsum sib haum rau qhov dav ntawm cov ntaiv thiabtawm mus rau nws.
- Yuav kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm lub tsev thaum muaj hluav taws, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj kev tawm mus rau cov ntaiv, uas ua rau qhov chaw qhib lossis mus rau chav sib cais, tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab pa taws.
Kev faib tawm
Cov ntaiv khiav tawm yog cais raws li hom khoom siv, qhov chaw, thiab cov qauv tsim. Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev khiav tawm niaj hnub no, uas txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li lub hom phiaj, dav thiab teeb tsa:
- nyob ntawm cov ntaiv uas tsis muaj pa luam yeeb tshwj xeeb hauv lub tsev;
- nyob rau hauv lub tsev, thiab tsis nyob nrog phab ntsa;
- nyob sab nraud thiab yog qhov tsim tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Tom ntej yog siv tshwj xeeb rau kev khiav tawm, thaum thawj ob hom ntaiv qee zaum hloov lub ntsiab nkag.
Hais txog cov qauv tsim tau
Rau kev khiav tawm, kev taug kev ncaj qha kuj tau siv, nruab nrog nruab nrab platforms. Qee zaum, thaum tsis muaj chaw txaus rau lawv qhov chaw, cov qauv ntsug zoo li cov neeg tua hluav taws tau teeb tsa ua ke lossis nrog txoj kab nqes me ntsis rau ntawm phab ntsa.
txwv tsis pub
Stairs yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws:
- nrog cua tshuab;
- nrog nkhaus thiab tsis sib xws;
- ntsej;
- nrog cov kauj ruam sib txawv.
Dab tsi yog haus luam yeebstairwells?
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv hauv tsev yog tsim los ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg thaum muaj hluav taws. Lawv yog cov kev taug kev ntawm qee qhov ntau thiab tsawg, uas yuav tsum nyob hauv thaj chaw tsim nyog ntawm lub tsev.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev cai tseem ceeb rau kev tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yog nws cais tawm ntawm cov pa luam yeeb. Cov stairwells tsis muaj pa luam yeeb yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum muaj hluav taws kub lawv tsis tau OFP (pa taws, pa taws, thiab lwm yam).
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv no ua kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ntau lub tsev thaum muaj hluav taws. Cov kev cai sib txawv tau muab tso rau ntawm lawv nyob ntawm hom tshwj xeeb.
Type
Cov staircases tsis muaj pa luam yeeb tau muab faib ua ntau hom, uas tuaj yeem faib los ntawm lawv cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb, qhov chaw, nkag mus rau lawv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Stairwell hom:
- H1 suav tias yog tus qauv hauv paus. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv tsim yog qhov muaj kev nkag tau siv qhov chaw qhib. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev tsis muaj pa luam yeeb mus rau qhov tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
- H2 muab huab cua siab thaum muaj hluav taws kub.
- H3 yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm H2, tab sis muab kev nkag mus rau lub peb hlis ntuj los ntawm vestibule-gateway. Kuj tseem muaj kev txhawb nqa huab cua ntxiv, uas yog muab rau ob qho tib si thaum muaj hluav taws kub thiab nyob ruaj khov.
Requirements
Kev nyab xeeb hluav taws hauv stairwellstau lees paub los ntawm cov cai uas muab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej:
- teeb pom kev kub ntxhov tau teeb tsa hauv txhua tus ntaiv tsis muaj pa luam yeeb.
- Qhov dav ntawm qhov rooj yuav tsum yog 1.2m lossis ntau dua thiab qhov siab yuav tsum yog 1.9m lossis ntau dua.
- Qhov dav ntawm qhov tawm ntawm kev ya davhlau ntawm ntaiv yuav tsum tsis txhob nqaim dua qhov dav ntawm qhov dav.
- Thaum txhim kho lub tawb tsis muaj pa luam yeeb nyob ib sab ntawm lub elevator ncej, lub qhov cua tau teem rau hauv phab ntsa kom ntseeg tau tias huab cua nkag mus tau dawb (nyob rau theem ntawm pem teb saum toj kawg nkaus).
- Cov khoom ntiag tug raug txwv nyob rau hauv cov kab mus rau cov ntaiv uas tsis muaj pa luam yeeb. Kev tsaws yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam, vim tias cov thoob khib nyiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev khiav tawm ntawm tib neeg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws.
- Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib faib tsis yog muab los ntawm txoj haujlwm tsim kho, nrog rau kev txiav cov kab hauv cov pob hluav taws uas twb muaj lawm, raug txwv.
- Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj pa taws tsis muaj kev ya davhlau ntawm cov ntaiv nrog cov tes tuav ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis muaj hluav taws xob thiab cua sov tsawg.
H1 stairs tsis haus luam yeeb
"Cov cai hauv tsev thiab cov cai" xeev: hauv cov tsev uas nws qhov siab tshaj 30 m, cov staircases tsis muaj pa luam yeeb ntawm hom H1 yuav tsum tau teeb tsa.
Qhov kev pom no xav tau kev teeb tsa cov ntaiv uas tuaj yeem nkag tau los ntawm kev tsaws hauv pem teb, siv qhov chaw qhib cua kom txav mus los. Qhov chaw ntawm H1 tuaj yeem yog veranda, lub sam thiaj lossis fenced tsaws, tshem tawm ntawm chav. Qhov no yog vim qhov yuav tsum tau muab kev sib cais ntawm ntuj tsim los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb ntawm lub tsev ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam xwm txheej ceev. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tso hom staircase no yog lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub tsev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj hauj lwm yog lub ces kaum sab hauv, nruab nrog ntxiv piers. Lawv cov qauv tsim yog qhov tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog cov plag tsev ntawm lub tsev.
Qhov kev tso chaw ib txwm ntawm H1 hlwb yog nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum ntawm cov tsev nyob rau sab cua. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sam thiaj hom, nrog rau laj kab nrog cov ntxaij vab tshaus tiv thaiv. Kev hloov pauv yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhib qhov chaw los yog loggia, qhov dav ntawm txoj kev yuav tsum yog los ntawm 1.2 m. Qhov dav ntawm cov nqe lus, nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm phab ntsa mus rau qhov rais, yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 2 m..
H2 stairs tsis haus luam yeeb
Stairwell H2 yog teem rau hauv ib lub tsev, pem teb saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm qhov siab ntawm 28-50 m. Cua siab yog tsim nyob rau hauv H2 hlwb (lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub cub tawg cua ntsawj ntshab). Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ruaj khov lossis qhib thaum muaj hluav taws kub tswb. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog rov qab siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob cua twj uas muab cua siab, uas yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam.
Thaum tsim lub qhov cua, koj yuav tsum xam kom raug lub zog thawb (los yog dej rov qab). Lub siab yuav tsum tso cai rau lub qhov rooj hluav taws qhib dawb rau cov ntaiv. Lub siab nyob rau hauv pem teb yuav tsum tsawg kawg yog 20 pascals, nyob rau hauv pem teb sab sauv - tsis ntau tshaj 150 pascals.
Tambours lossis sluices los ntawm kev nkag mus rau H2 stairwells yog muab nruab nrog lub qhov rooj hluav taws. Nyob rau hauv lub tawb tsis muaj pa luam yeeb ntawm pawg no, nws raug nquahu kom siv lub cuab yeejntsug partitions nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm 7-8 pem teb.
H3 stairs tsis haus luam yeeb
H3 pa taws-dawb stairwell tseem tab tom tsim los siv cua tshuab. Lawv qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm cov chav tshwj xeeb taug kev-los ntawm chav nrog nws tus kheej-kaw qhov rooj. Lawv qhov ntev yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 4 square meters. m. Nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm hom no, huab cua yog pressurized rau hauv qhov chaw nyob los ntawm cov ntaiv thiab mus rau hauv tshwj xeeb locks. Cov cua ntsawj ntshab yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ruaj khov lossis tig rau ntawm qhov hluav taws kub lossis haus luam yeeb.
Main Materials
Thaum tsim kev khiav tawm tsis muaj pa taws, cov pob zeb feem ntau yog siv. Nws yog cov khoom siv hluav taws kub zoo, ruaj khov thiab siv tau yooj yim. Raws li ib qho ntxiv rau lub hauv paus, cov qauv steel yog siv, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov laj kab lossis qhov rooj. Hlau spans kuj raug cai nyob rau hauv lub teeb tsim qauv.
Cov khoom ntoo yog siv rau hauv cov ntim me me: cov ntoo tuav lossis lub qhov rooj, uas yuav tsum tau kho nrog cov hluav taws kub sib txuas.
